Characterization and prevalence of disease agents of root rot and wilt disease on sweet almond trees grown in Diyarbakır province

Abstract

Sweet almond (Prunus dulcis L.) is one of the most important nut fruit growing in South East Anatolia region of Turkey. It has been reported that almond causes significant losses in fungal disease factors of soil origin throughout the world. Root rot and wilt disease of almond may be caused by any single or a combination of several common soilborne fungal species. During the spring of 2017, almond orchards and nurseries located in Diyarbakır province were surveyed to evaluate the prevalence and incidence of the fungal disease agent(s) causing root-foot rot and wilt diseases on randomly selected sweet almond trees/seedlings. Several root and crown tissues were collected from suspecious almond trees/seedlings showing poor growth, yellowing, and wilting and death symptoms. All isolates were subjected to pathogenicity test and all were identified according to morphological and molecular methods. According to the results of fungal isolations from roots, crowns and stems collected from suspicious almond plants indicated that the most frequently encountered soil-borne fungal disease agent isolated and characterised in surveyed districts was Fusarium oxysporum (Fusarium wilt disease agent) with the 28.9% prevalence and 38.0% incidence which was followed by Macrophomina phaseolina (Charcoal rot disease agent) with the 24.6% prevalence and 21.5% incidence, Sclerotinia sclerotiorumum (white mold disease agent) with 19.3% prevalence and 11.3% incidence and Ceratobasidium sp. (Ceratobasidium root rot disease agent) with the 16.7% prevalence and 18.3% incidence. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Ceratobasidium sp., F. oxysporum, M. phaseolina and S. sclerotiorum causing almond root rot and wilt diseases in Turkey.

Keywords

• sweet almond,Fusarium,Ceratobasidium,Macrophomina,Sclerotinia

Diyarbakır ilinde yetişen badem ağaçlarında sorun olan kök çürüklüğü ve solgunluk hastalık etmenlerinin karakterizasyonu ve yaygınlığı

Öz

Badem (Prunus dulcis L.) Güneydoğu Anadolu Bölgesi’nin önemli ürünlerinden biridir. Dünya genelinde bademin toprak kökenli fungal hastalık etmenlerinin kayda değer önemli kayıplara sebep olduğu bildirilmiştir. Bademlerde kök çürüklüğü ve solgunluk hastalığına, toprak kaynaklı herhangi bir veya birden fazla türün yer aldığı kombinasyon neden olabilir. Diyarbakır ilinde 2017 bahar döneminde badem bahçelerinde ve fidanlıklarında sürveyler yapılmış, rastgele seçilmiş tatlı badem ağaçları/fidanları, kök-kökboğazı çürüklüğü ve solgunluk hastalıklarına neden olan fungal hastalık etmenlerinin görülme sıklığı ve yaygınlığını değerlendirmek için incelenmiştir. Zayıf gelişmiş, sararmış, solgunluk ve ölüm belirtisi gösteren şüpheli badem ağaçlarının/fidanlarının kök ve kökboğazlarından bitki örnekleri alınmıştır. Sürvey yapılan bölgelerden toplanan hastalık belirtisi gösteren bademlerin kök, kök boğazı ve gövdelerinden yapılan izolasyonlardan elde edilen izolatların patojenisiteleri, morfolojik ve moleküler yöntemlerle teşhisleri yapılmıştır. Şüpheli bitki örneklerinden yapılan izolasyonlar sonucu elde edilen izolatların dağılımına göre en sık rastlanan ve karakterize edilen toprak kaynaklı fungal hastalık etmeni, %28.9 yaygınlık ve %38.0 rastlanma sıklığı ile Fusarium oxysporum (Fusarium solgunluğu hastalığı etmeni) olup, bu hastalık etmenini %24.6 yaygınlık ve %21.5 rastlanma sıklığı ile Macrophomina phaseolina (Kömür çürüklüğü hastalığı etmeni), %19.3 yaygınlık ve %11.3 rastlanma sıklığı ile Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Beyaz küf hastalığı etmeni) ve %16.7 yaygınlık ve %18.3 rastlanma sıklığı ile Ceratobasidium sp., (Ceratobasidium kök çürüklüğü hastalığı etmeni) takip etmiştir. Bildiğimiz kadarıyla, Ceratobasidium sp., F. oxysporum, M. phaseolina ve S. sclerotiorum hastalık etmenlerinin Türkiye'de yetişen bademlerde hastalıklara neden olduğu ilk kez bu çalışmayla bildirilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• badem,Fusarium,Ceratobasidium,Macrophomina,Sclerotinia

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