Aenasius arizonensis Girault 1915 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)’in farklı sıcaklıklarda gelişme süresi, parazitleme oranı ve sabit sıcaklıkta parazitleme davranışının belirlenmesi

Öz

Aenasius arizonensis Girault, 1915 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae)’in önemli parazitoitlerinden biri olarak bilinmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada A. arizonensis’in farklı sıcaklıklarda bazı biyolojik özellikleri belirlenerek P. solenopsis’e karşı biyolojik mücadelede kullanım potansiyeli değerlendirilmiştir. Bu parazitoit için en uygun parazitleme sıcaklığını belirlemek için 6 farklı sıcaklık (15, 20, 25, 30, 35±2 ve 25/35±2 °C) çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgulara göre parazitleme ile ergin çıkışı arasında en iyi gelişme süresi (16-17 gün) ve en yüksek parazitleme oranı (79%) 25 °C’de elde edilmiştir. 30 ve 35 °C’de daha kısa gelişme süresi bulunmasına rağmen parazitleme oranının yüksek sıcaklıklarda düştüğü tespit edilmiştir. En uzun gelişme süresi ve en düşük parazitleme oranı 20 °C’de bulunmuştur. A. arizonensis’in parazitlemede farklı konukçuları tercih çalışmaları yapılmış ve sadece P. solenopsis’i parazitlediği belirlenmiştir. En iyi parazitlemenin elde edildiği 25 °C’de A. arizonensis’in artan konukçu yoğunluğuna bağlı parazitleme davranışı çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen regresyon eğrisine göre bu parazitoit Holling Tip II olarak sınıflandırılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, A. arizonensis, P.solenopsis ile mücadelede etkili bir parazitoit olarak kullanılabileceği ve bu parazitoitin kitle üretiminin 25 °C’de başarılı bir şekilde gerçekleştirilebileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Aenasius arizonensis
• farklı sıcaklık
• parazitleme davranışı
• Phenacoccus solenopsis

The determination of developmental time, parasitism rate at different temperatures and parasitism behavior at constant temperature of Aenasius arizonensis Girault 1915 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae)

Abstract

Aenasius arizonensis Girault, 1915 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) is a primary parasitoid species of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Some biological characteristics of A. arizonensis at different temperatures were studied to evaluate its potential role against P. solenopsis in biological control. Six temperatures (15, 20, 25, 30, 35±2, and 25/35±2 °C) were studied to determine the most suitable temperature for parasitism. The results showed that the highest parasitism rate (79%) and the optimum developmental time from parasitism to adult emergence (16-17 days) were recorded at 25 °C. Although developmental periods were shorter at 30 and 35 °C, parasitism rate was lower at higher temperatures. The longest developmental period and lowest parasitism rate were recorded at 20 °C.The host preference of A. arizonensis was studied on different mealybug species and this parasitoid parasitized only P. solenopsis. The parasitism behavior of A. arizonensis based on the increasing the number of the host was carried out at 25 °C, where the best results were obtained in terms of parasitism rate during this study. The regression curve showed that A.arizonensis can be classified as Holling Type II. In conclusion, this study revealed that A. arizonensis can be an effective biological control agent to use against P. solenopsis and 25 °C is an optimum temperature for the mass-rearing of this parasitoid.

Keywords

• Aenasius arizonensis
• different temperature
• parasitism behavior
• Phenacoccus solenopsis

References

1. Abdin Z., Arif M.J., Gogi M.D., Arshad M., Hussain F., Abbas S.K., Shaina H., Manzoor A. 2012. Biological characteristics and host stage preference of mealybug parasitoid,Aenasius bambawalei Hayat, (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). Pak Entomological, 34(1): 47–50.
2. Aga T.M., Tambe V.J., Nagrare V.S., Naikwadi, B., 2016. Parasitoid, Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae): Its biology, morphometric, host stage preference and use in biological control. Journal of Biological Control, 30(2), 91-98.
3. Ben-Dov Y., Miller D.R., Gibson G.A.P., 2012. ScaleNet: a database of the scale insects of the world. http://www.sel.barc.usda.gov/scalenet/. Erişim tarihi: 26 August, 2019.
4. Bodlah I., Ahmad M., Nasir M.F., Naeem M., 2010. Record of Aenasiusbambawalei Hayat, 2009 (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Sternorrhyncha: Pseudococcidae) from Punjab, Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Zoology,42, 533-536.
5. Chong, J.H., Oetting R.D., 2006. Functional response and progeny production of the Madeira mealybug parasitoid, Anagyrus sp. nov.nr. sinope: the effects of host and parasitoid densities.Biological Control, 39(3), 320-328.
6. Çalışkan A.F., Ulusoy M.R., 2018. Distribution, host plants, parasitoids, and predators of cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae) from the Eastern Mediterranean region (56 pp.) 4thInternational Agriculture Congress, 05-08 July 2018.
7. Çalışkan-Keçe A.F., Kahya D., Hayat M., Ulusoy M.R., 2018. A new record of a parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of an invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) from Turkey. Turkish Journal of Biological Control, 9(1):31-37.
8. Çalışkan A.F., Hayat M., Ulusoy M.R., Kaydan M.B., 2016. Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) of an invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 40(2):133-148.

9. Daane K.M., Malakar-Kuenen R.D., Walton V.M., 2004. Temperature-dependent development of Anagyrus pseudococci (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) as a parasitoid of the vine mealybug, Planococcus ficus (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae). Biological Control, 31(2), 123-13. Fernández-arhex V., Corley J.C., 2003. The functional response of parasitoids and its implications for biological control.Biocontrol Science and Technology,13(4), 403-413.
10. Hayat M., 2009. Description of a new species of Aenasius Walker (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasitoid of the mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in India. Biosystematica, 3(1): 21-26.
11. García M.M., Denno B.D., Miller D.R., Miller G.L., Ben-Dov Y., Hardy N.B., 2016.ScaleNet: A literature-based model of scaleinsectbiologyandsystematics. Database. DOI: 10.1093/database/bav118. http://scalenet.info
12. He L.F., Li P., Zhou Z.S., Xu Z.F., 2017. Temperature-dependent parasitism and development in Aenasius arizonensisGirault (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a solitary endoparasitoid of Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). International Journal of Pest Management, 64(1):45-50.
13. Holling C.S., 1959. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. The Canadian Entomologist, 91(7):385-398.
14. Holling, C.S., 1965. Thefunctional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation.TheMemoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada,97(S45), 5-60.
15. Joodaki R., Zandi-Sohani N., Zarghami S.,Yarahmadi F., 2018. Temperature-dependent functional response of Aenasius bambawalei (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) to different population densities of the cotton mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). European Journal of Entomology, 115:326-331.
16. Kahya D.,Ulusoy M.R., Çalişkan-Keçe A.F., 2019. The determination of host biological stages preferred by Aenasius arizonensisGirault (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) parasitization of Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Turkish Journal of Biological Control,10(2):104-110.
17. Kaydan M.B., Çalışkan A.F., Ulusoy M.R., 2013. New record of invasive mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in Turkey. EPPO Bulletin, 43(1): 169-171.
18. Mani M., Shivaraju C.,. 2016. Mealybugs and their management in agricultural and horticultural crops (655pp ).India: Springer.
19. Mendel Z., Watson G.W., Protasov A., Spodek M., 2016. First record of the papaya mealybug, Paracoccus marginatus Williams &Granara de Willink (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Pseudococcidae), in the Western Palaearctic. EPPO Bulletin, 46(3):580-582.
20. Nagrare V.S., Kranthi S., Biradar V.K., Zade N.N., Sangode V., Kakde G., Shukla R.M., Shivare D., Khadi B.M., Kranthi K., 2009. Widespread infestation of the exotic mealybug species, Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), on cotton in India. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 99(5): 537-541.
21. Prasad Y.G., Prabhakar M., Sreedevi G., Thirupathi M., 2011. Spatio-temporal dynamics of the parasitoid, Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) on mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley in cotton based cropping systems and associated weed flora. Journal of Biological Control, 25(3), 198-202.
22. Ram P., 2016. Influence of temperature on the biology of Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), a parasitoid of solenopsis mealybug, Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. Journal of Biological Control, 30(4):210-216.
23. Ram P., Saini R.K., 2009. Preliminary studies on field parasitization and biology of solenopsis mealybug parasitoidAenasius bambawalei Hayat, (Encyrtidae:Hymenoptera). Journal of Cotton Research and Development, 23: 313–315.
24. Shera P.S., Karmakar P., Sharma S., Sangha, K.S., 2017. Suitability of differentmealybugspecies as hoststosolitaryendoparasitoid, Aenasius arizonensis (Girault)(= Aenasius bambawalei Hayat). International journal of pest management, 63(4), 280-288.
25. Solangi GS, Mahmood R (2011). Biology, host specificity and population trends of Aenasius bambawalei Hayat and its role in controlling mealy bug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley at Tandojam Sindh (pp. 23-25.). In Proceeding of 5th meeting Asian Cotton Research and Development network, conference held at Lahore Pakistan.
26. Spargo G., Khan M., Byers K., 2013. A parasitoid of solenopsis mealybug found at Emerald. Australian Cottongrower. 34: 22–23.
27. Thimmegowda M., 2017. Investigations on thermal tolerance of cotton mealybug parasitoid, Aenasius arizonensis (Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) (79pp). Doctoral dissertation, Division of Entomology Icar-Indian Agricultural Research Institute New Delhi.
28. Vijaya (2011). Biology and population Dynamics of solenopsis mealybug parasitoid, Aenasius bambawaleiHayat (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae) (41pp). Master of Science Thesis. CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar
29. Zhang J., Huang J., Lu Y., Xia T., 2016. Effects of temperature and host stage on the parasitization rate and offspring sex ratio of Aenasius bambawalei Hayat in Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley. The Journal of Life & Environmental Science, 4:1-1