Effect of Microplastics on Marine Environment and Aquatic Organisms

Abstract

In this review study, the effect of microplastic pollution, which is considered as one of the serious environmental problems today and in the future, on marine and marine ecosystems is discussed in a holistic way. In the literature search, primary and secondary microplastics has been observed which are mixed with the marine environment by wastewater treatment plant discharge and river transport, therefore, many marine organism are ingested microplastics and negatively affect living things due to reproductive disorders, fake satiety and injury. In addition, depending on the raw material from which the plastics are obtained, it is possible to transport different toxic compounds to the marine environment. In the extensive literature research, it has been understood that primary and secondary microplastics, which are mixed with the marine environment by wastewater treatment plant discharge and river transport, can be swallowed by living things and negatively affect living things due to reproductive disorders, false satiety and injury. In addition, depending on the raw material from which the plastics are obtained, it is possible to transport different toxic compounds to the marine environment. The results of the study showed that in parallel with the particles detected in the seas, microplastics with similar properties were found in all living groups living in these environments. Particles detected in different structures and organs of other creatures, including protected corals and mammals, revealed that microplastics have spread throughout the entire marine ecosystem. The most common types of microplastics in the examinations are polypropylene and polyethylene polymers and fiber-shaped particles. In addition to the most common blue colored plastic particles, it was concluded that microplastics, which are evaluated as light-colored in the color scale such as white, transparent, and cream, are also quite common in the aquatic environment.

Keywords

• Microplastic
• Source of Microplastic
• Marine Ecosystem

Mikroplastiklerin Deniz Ortamı ve Sucul Canlılara Etkisi

Abstract

Bu derleme çalışmada günümüzde ve gelecekte ciddi çevre problemlerinden biri olarak kabul edilen mikroplastik kirliliğinin deniz ve deniz ekosistemine ait canlılardaki etkisi bütüncül bir şekilde ele alınmıştır. Yapılan kapsamlıliteratür araştırmasında büyük oranda atıksu arıtma tesisi deşarjı ve nehir taşınımı ile deniz ortamına karışan birincil ve ikincil mikroplastiklerin canlılar tarafından yutulabilir olduğu, üreme bozukluğu, yalancı tokluk hissi ve yaralanma gibi nedenlerle canlıların olumsuz etkilendiği anlaşılmıştır. Ek olarak plastiklerin elde edildiği hammaddeye bağlı olarak farklı toksik bileşiklerin deniz ortamına taşınımı da mümkündür. Çalışma sonuçları, denizlerde tespit edilen parçacıklara paralel olarak bu ortamlarda yaşayan canlı gruplarının da tamamında benzer özellikte mikroplastik bulunduğunu göstermiştir. Koruma altındaki mercanlar ve memeliler de dahil olmak üzere diğer canlıların farklı yapı ve organlarında tespit edilen parçacıklar, mikroplastiklerin tüm deniz ekosistemine yayıldığını ortaya koymuştur. Mikroplastik tespitinde izlenen farklı yöntemler ve canlıların gelişmişlik düzeyine bağlı değişen örneklem sayısı bulguların karşılaştırılmasındaki zorluklardan birkaçıdır. Yapılan incelemelerde en çok karşılaşılan mikroplastik türleri polipropilen ve polietilen polimerleri ile lif şeklindeki parçacıklar olmuştur. En sık karşılaşılan mavi renkli plastik parçacıkların yanı sıra beyaz, şeffaf ve krem rengi gibi renk skalasında açık renkli olarak değerlendirilen mikroplastiklerin de sucul ortamda oldukça yaygın olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.

Keywords

• Mikroplastik
• Mikroplastik Kaynakları
• Deniz Ekosistemi

References

1. Hidalgo-Ruz, V. Gutow, L. Thompson R. C. ve Thiel, M. (2012). Microplastics in the Marine Environment: A Review of the Methods Used for Identification and Quantification, Environmental Science & Technology, 46(6), 3060-3075.
2. Andrady, A. L. (2011). Microplastics in the marine environment, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(8), 1596-1605.
3. PlasticsEuroe. (2021). Plastics- the Facts (2021). 01 13. 2022 tarihinde https://plasticseurope.org/: https://plasticseurope.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Plastics-the-Facts-2021-web-final.pdf.
4. do Sul J. A. I. ve Monica, F. C. (2014). The present and future of microplastic pollution in the marine environment, Environmental Pollution, 185, 352-364.
5. Woodall, L. C. Sanchez-Vidal, A. Canals, M.Paterson, G. L. J. Coppock, R. Sleight, V. Calafat, A. Rogers, A. D. Narayanaswamy B. E. ve Thompson, R. C.(2014). The deep sea is a major sink for microplastic debris, Royal Society Open Science, 1(4), 140317.
6. Geyer, R.JambeckJ. R. ve Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made, Science advances, 3(7),e1700782.
7. Sobhani, Z. Lei, Y. Tang, Y. Wu, L. Zhang, X. Naidu, R. Megharaj M. ve Fang, C. (2020). Microplastics generated when opening plastic packaging, Scientific Reports, 10(1), 1-7.
8. De-la-Torre, G. E. Rakib, M. R. J. Pizarro-Ortega C. I. ve Dioses-Salinas, D. C. (2021) .Occurrence of personal protective equipment (PPE) associated with the COVID-19 pandemic along the coast of Lima, Peru, Social of the Total Environment, 774, 145774.

9. Ma, J. Chen, F. Xu, H.Jiang, H. Liu, J. Li, P. Chen C. C. ve Pan, K. (2021).Face masks as a source of nanoplastics and microplastics in the environment: Quantification, characterization, and potential for bioaccumulation, Environmental Pollution, 288, 117748.
10. Akdoğan Z. ve Güven, B. (2019) .Microplastics in the environment: A critical review of current, Environmental Pollution, 254, 113011.
11. Miller, E. Sedlak, M. Lin, D. Box, C. Holleman, C. Rochman C. M. ve Sutton, R. (2021). Recommended best practices for collecting, analyzing, and reporting microplastics in environmental media: Lessons learned from compregensive monitoring of San Francisco Bay, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 409, 124770.
12. Cole, M. Lindeque, P. Halsband C. ve Galloway, T. S. (2011).Microplastics as contaminants in the marine environment: A review, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 62(12), 2588-2597.
13. Horton, A. A. Walton, A. Spurgeon, D. J.Lahive E. veSvendsen, C. (2017).Microplastics in freshwater and terrestrial environments: Evaluating the current understanding to identify the knowledge gaps and future research priorities, Science of the Total Environment, 586, 127-141.
14. Yurtsever, M. (2019). Nano-ve mikroplastik'lerin insan sağlığı ve ekosistem üzerindeki olası etkileri, Menba Kastamonu Üniversitesi Su Ürünleri Fakültesi Dergisi,5(2),17-24.
15. Kentin E. ve Kaarto, H. (2018).An EU ban on microplastics in cosmetic products and the right to regulate, Review of European, Comparative & International Environmental Law,27(3), 254-266.
16. European Chemicals Agency. (2019). ANNEX XV Restriction Report Proposal For A Restriction. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency.
17. O'Brien, S. Okoffo, E. D. O'Brien, J. W. Ribeiro, F. Wang, X. Wright, S. L. Samanipour, S. Rauert, C. Toapanta, T. Albarracin R. ve Thomas, K. (2020).Airborne emissions of microplastic fibres from domestic laundry dryers, Science of The Total Environment, 747,141175.
18. Science Advice for Policy by European Academies. (2019). A scientific perspective on microplastics in nature and society. Brussels: Science Advice for Policy by European Academies.
19. Browne, M.. A. Crump, P. Niven, S. J.Teuten, E.Tonkin, A. Galloway T. ve Thompson, R. (2011).Accumulation of Microplastic on Shorelines Woldwide:Sources and Sinks,Environmental Science & Technology, 45(21), 9175-9179.
20. Belzagui, F. Buscio, V. Gutiérrez-Bouzán C. ve Vilaseca, M. (2021).Cigarette butts as a microfiber source with a microplastic level of concern, Science of the Total Environment, 762, 144165.
21. Frias, J. Otero V. ve Sobral, P. (2014). Evidence of microplastics in samples of zooplankton from Portuguese coastal waters, Marine Environmental Research,95, 89-95.
22. Dris , R. Gasperi, J. Saad, Mirande M. C. ve Tassin, B. (2016).Synthetic fibers in atmospheric fallout: A source of microplastics in the environment?,Marine Pollution Bulletin,104(1-2), 290-293.
23. Can-Güven, E. (2021).Microplastics as emerging atmospheric pollutants: a review, Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health, 14(2), 203-2015.
24. Eerkes-Medrano, D.Thompson, R. C. veAldridge, D. C. (2015).Microplastics in freshwater systems: A review of the emerging threats, identification of knowledge gaps and prioritisation of research needs, Water Reserch,75, 63-82.
25. Klein, S.Worch E. ve Knepper, T. P. (2015).Occurrence and Spatial Distribution of Microplastics in River Shore Sediments of the Rhine-Main Area in Germany, Environmental Science & Technology, 49(10), 6070-6076.
26. Eriksen, M. Mason, S. Wilson, S. Box, C. Zellers, A. Edwards, W.Farley H. ve Amato, S. (2013).Microplastic pollution in the surface waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 77(1-2), 177-182.
27. González-Pleiter, M. Edo, C. Velázquez, D.Casero-Chamorro, M. C. Leganés, F. Quesada, A. Fernández-Piñas F. ve Rosal, R. (2020).First detection of microplastics in the freshwater of an Antarctic Specially Protected Area, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 161, 111811.
28. Lusher, A. L. Tirelli, V. O'Connor I. ve Officer, R. (2015).Microplastics in Arctic polar waters: the first reported values of particles in surface and sub-surface samples, Scientific Reports, 5(1), 1-9.
29. Sun, J. Dai, X. Wang, Q. van Loosdrecht M. C. ve Ni, B.-J. (2019). Microplastics in wastewater treatment plants: Detection, occurrence and removal, Water Reserch, 152, 21-37.
30. Li, X. Chen, L. Mei, Q. Dong, B.Dai, X. Ding G. ve Zeng, E. Y. (2018). Microplastics in sewage sludge from the wastewater treatment plants in China, Water Research,142, 75-85.
31. He, P. Chen, L. Shao, L. Zhang, H. ve Lü, F. (2019). Municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill: A source of microplastics? -Evidence of microplastics in landfill leachate, Water Reserch, 159, 38-45.
32. Maghsodian, Z. Sanati, A. M. Ramavandi, B. Ghasemi, A. ve Sorial, G. A. (2020).Microplastics accumulation in sediments and Periophthalmus waltoni fish, mangrove forests in southern Iran, Chemosphere,264, 128543.
33. Amelia, T. S. M. Khalik, W. M. A. W. M. Ong, M. C. Shao, Y. T. Pan, H.-J. ve Bhubalan, K. (2021). Marine microplastics as vectors of major ocean pollutants and its hazards to themarine ecosystemand humans, Progress İn Earth and Planetary Science,8(1),1-26.
34. Carpenter E. J. ve Smith Jr., K. L., (1972).Plastics on the Sargasso Sea Surface,Science, 175(4027), 1240-1241.
35. Torres, F. G. Dioses-Salinas D. C. Pizarro-Ortega, C. İ. ve De-La-Torre, G. E. (2020). Sorption of chemical contaminants on degradable and nondegradable microplastics: Recent progress and research trends, Science of the Total Environment, 757, 143875.
36. Tanaka, K. Takada, H. Yamashita R.Mızukawa, K. Fukuwaka, M.-a. ve Watanuki Y. (2015).Facilitated leaching of additive-derived PBDEs from plastic by seabirds’ stomach oil and accumulation in tissues, Environmental Science & Technology, 49(19),11799-11807.
37. Collard, F. Husum, K. Eppe, G. Malherbe, C. Hallanger, I. G. Divine, D. V. ve Gabrielsen, G. W. (2021).Anthropogenic particles in sediment from an Arctic fjord, Science of the Total Environment, 772, 145575.
38. Murphy, F. Ewins, C. Carbonnier, F. ve Quinn, B. (2016). Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) as a Source of Microplastics in the Aquatic Environment, Environmental Science & Technology, 50(11), 5800-5808.
39. McCormick, A. Hoellein, T. J. Mason, S. A.Schluep, J. ve Kelly, J. J. (2014). Microplastic is an Abundant and Distinct Microbial Habitat in an Urban River, Environmental Science & Technology, 48(20), 11863-11871.
40. Blair, R. M. Waldron, S. ve Gauchotte-Lindsay, C. Average daily flow of microplastics through a tertiary wastewater treatment plant over a ten-month period, Water Reserch, cilt 163, p. 114909, 2019.
41. Carr, S. A. Liu, J. ve Tesoro, A. G. (2016). Transport and fate of microplastic particles in wastewater treatment plants, Water Reserch, 91, 174-182.
42. Raju, S. Carbery, M. Kuttykattil, A. . Senthirajah, K. Lundmark, A. Rogers, Z. . SCB, S. Evans, G. ve Palanisami, T. (2020). Improved methodology to determine the fate and transport of microplastics in a secondary wastewater treatment plant, Water Reserch,173, 115549.
43. Franco, A. A. Arellano, J. M. Albendín, G. Rodríguez-Barroso, R. Quiroga, J. M. ve Coello, M. D. (2021). Microplastic pollution in wastewater treatment plants in the city of Cádiz: Abundance, removal efficiency and presence in receiving water body, Science of the Total Environment, 776, 145795.
44. Chae, Y. ve An, Y.-J. (2018).Current research trends on plastic pollution and ecological impacts on the soil ecosystem: A review, Environmental Pollution, 240, 387-395.
45. Golwala, H. Zhang, X. Iskander, S. M. ve Smith, A. L. (2021).Solid waste: An overlooked source of microplastics to the environment, Science of the Total Environment, 769, 144581.
46. Liu, K. Wang, X. Fang, T. Xu, P. Zhu, L. ve Li, D. (2019). Source and potential risk assessment of suspended atmospheric microplastics in Shanghai, Science of the Total Environment,675, 462-471.
47. Collins, C. ve Hermes, J. (2019). Modelling the accumulation and transport of floating marine micro-plastics around South Africa, Marine Pollution Bulletin,139, 46-58.
48. Thiele, C. J. Hudson, M. D. Russell, A. E. Saluveer, M. ve Sidaoui-Haddad, G. (2021).Microplastics in fsh and fshmeal: an emerging environmental challenge? Scientific reports, 11(1), 1-12.
49. Wright, S. L. Thompson, R. C. ve Galloway, T. S. (2013).The physical impacts of microplastics on marine organisms: A review, Environmental Pollution, 178, 483-492.
50. Courtene-Jones, W. Quinn, B. Gary, S. F. Mogg, A. O. ve Narayanaswamy, B. E. (2017).Microplastic pollution identified in deep-sea water and ingested by benthic invertebrates in the Rockall Trough, North Atlantic Ocean, Environmental Pollution, 231, 271-280.
51. Schmid, C. Cozzarini, L. ve Zambello, E. (2021).A critical review on marine litter in the Adriatic Sea: Focus on plastic pollution, Environmental Pollution, 273, 116430.
52. Pojar, L.Stănică, A. Stock, F. Kochleus, C. Schultz, M. veBradley, C. (2021). Sedimentary microplastic concentrations from the Romanian Danube River to the Black Sea, Scientific Reports,11(1), 1-9.
53. Russell, M. ve Webster, L. (2021). Microplastics in sea surface waters around Scotland, Marine Pollution Bulletin,166, 112210.
54. Garnier, Y. Jacob, H. Guerra, A. S. Bertucci, F. ve Lecchini, D.(2019). Evaluation of microplastic ingestion by tropical fish from Moorea Island, French Polynesia, Marine Pollution Bulletin,140, 165-170.
55. Ross, P. S. Chastain, S. Vassilenko, E. Etemadifar, A. Zimmermann, S. Quesnel, S.-A. Eert, J. Solomon, E. Patankar,S. Posacka, A. M. ve Williams,B. (2021). Pervasive distribution of polyester fibres in the Arctic Ocean is driven by Atlantic inputs, Nature Communications, 12(1), 1-9.
56. Huang, W. Chen, M. Song, B. Deng, J. Shen, M. Chen, Q. ve Zeng, G. (2021).Microplastics in the coral reefs and their potential impacts on corals: A mini-review, Science of the Total Environment,762, 143112.
57. Wang, S. Zhong, Z. Li, Z. Wang, X. Gu, H. Huang, W. Kar-Hei Fang, J. Shi, H. Hu, M. ve Wang, Y. (2021).Physiological effects of plastic particles on mussels are mediated by food presence, Journal of Hazardous Materials,404, 124136.
58. Kühn, S. Schaafsma, F. L. Werven, B. v. Flores, H. Bergmann, M. Egelkraut Holtus, M. Tekman, M. B. ve van Franeker, J. A. (2018).Plastic ingestion by juvenile polar cod (Boreogadus saida) in the Arctic Ocean, Polar Biology, 41(6), 1269-1278.
59. Bessa, F. Ratclife, N. Otero, V. Sobral, P. Marques, J. C. Waluda, C. M. Trathan, P. N. ve Xavie, J. C. (2019).Microplastics in gentoo penguins from the Antarctic region, Scientific reports, 9(1), 1-7.
60. Beckwith, V. K. ve Fuentes, M. M. (2018).Microplastic at nesting grounds used by the northern Gulf of Mexico loggerhead recovery unit, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 131, 32-37.
61. Maes, T. de Jel, J. v. D. A. Vethaak, D. Desender, M. Bendall, V. A. van Velzen, M. ve Leslie, H. A. (2020). You Are What You Eat, Microplastics in Porbeagle Sharks From the North East Atlantic: Method Development and Analysis in Spiral Valve Content and Tissue, Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 273.
62. Rai, P. K. Lee, J. Brown R. J. ve Kim, K.-H. (2021).Environmental fate, ecotoxicity biomarkers, and potential health effects of micro- and nano-scale plastic contamination, Journal of Hazardous Materials, 403, 123910.
63. Meaza, I. Toyoda, J. H. ve Wise Sr, J. P. (2020). Microplastics in Sea Turtles, Marine Mammals and Humans: A One Environmental Health Perspecti, Frontiers in Environmental Science, 298.
64. Feng, L. He, L. Chen, J. Zhou, C. Qian, Z.-J. Hong, P. Sun, S. ve Li,C. (2020). Investigating the composition and distribution of microplastics surface biofilms in coral areas, Chemosphere, 252, 126565.
65. http://www.jpi-oceans.eu/. (tarih yok). 12 20. 2021 tarihinde http://www.jpi-oceans.eu/ adresinden alındı.
66. Cole, M. Lindeque, P. Fileman, E. Halsband, C. Goodhead, R. Moger, J. ve Galloway, T. S. (2013).Microplastic Ingestion by Zooplankton, Environmental Science & Technology, 47(17), 6646-6655.
67. Desforges, J.-P. W. Galbraith, M. ve Ross, P. S. (2015). Ingestion of Microplastics by Zooplankton in the Northeast Pacific Ocean, Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology, 69(3), 320-330.
68. Zheng, S. Zhao, Y. Liangwei, W. Liang, J. Liu, Zhu, M. Li, Q. ve Sun, X. (2020). Characteristics of microplastics ingested by zooplankton from the Bohai Sea, China, Science of the Total Environment, 713, 136357.
69. Hall, N. Berry, K. Rintoul, L. ve Hoogenboom, M. (2015).Microplastic ingestion by scleractinian corals, Marine Biology,162(3),725-732.
70. K. S. Oldenburg, J. Urban-Rich, K. D. Castillo ve J. H. Baumann, (2021).Microfiber abundance associated with coral tissue varies geographically on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 163, 111938.
71. Bulleri, F. Ravaglioli, C. Anselmi, S. ve Renzi, M. (2021).The sea cucumberHolothuria tubulosadoes not reduce the size of microplastics but enhances their resuspension in the water column, Science of the Total Environment,781, 146650.
72. Gong, Y. Wang, Y. Chen, L. Li, Y. Chen, X. ve Liu, B, (2021).Microplastics in different tissues of a pelagic squid (Dosidicus gigas) in the northern Humboldt Current ecosystem, Marine Pollution Bulletin,169, 112509.
73. Cauwenberghe, L. V. ve Janssen, C. R. (2014).Microplastics in bivalves cultured for human consumption, Environmental Pollution,193, 65-70.
74. Daniel, D. B. Ashraf, P. M. Thoms, S. N. VeThomson, K. T. (2021).Microplastics in the edible tissues of shellfishes sold for human consumption, Chemosphere,264, 128554.
75. Vieira, K. . S. BaptistaNeto, J. A. Carlos Lopez, M. A. Gaylarde, C. Pierri, B. d. S. Saldaña-Serrano, M. Dias Bairy, A. C. Nogueria, D. J. ve Fonseca, E. M. (2021). Occurrence of microplastics and heavy metals accumulation in native oysters Crassostrea Gasar in the Paranagua ´ estuarine system, Brazil, Marine Pollution Bulletin,166, 112225.
76. Gedik, K. ve Eryaşar, A. R.(2020). Microplastic pollution profile of Mediterranean mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) collected along the Turkish coasts, Chemosphere,260, 127570.
77. Martinelli, M. Gomiero, A. Guicciardi, S.Frapiccini, E. Strafella, P. Angelini, S. Domenichetti, F. Belardinelli, A. ve Colella, S.(2021). Preliminary results on the occurrence and anatomical distribution of microplastics in wild populations of Nephrops norvegicus from the Adriatic Sea, Environmental Pollution, 278, 116872.
78. Feng, Z. Wang, R. Wang, J. Huang, W. Li, J. Xu, J. ve Gao, G. (2020).Microplastics in specific tissues of wild sea urchins along the coastal areas of northern China, Science of the Total Environment,728, 138660.
79. Hennicke, A. Macrina, L. Malcolm- Mckay, A. ve Miliou, A. (2021). Assessment of microplastic accumulation in wild Paracentrotus lividus, a commercially important sea urchin species, in the Eastern Aegean Sea, Greece, Regional Studies in Marine Science, 45, 101855.
80. Steer, M. Cole, M. Thompson, R. C. ve Lindeque, P. K. (2017). Microplastic ingestion in fish larvae in the western English Channel, Environmental Pollution, 226, 250-259.
81. Ding, J. Sun, C. He, C. Li, J. Ju, P. ve Li, F. (2021). Microplastics in four bivalve species and basis for using bivalves as bioindicators of microplastic pollution, Science of the Total Environment, 782, 146830.
82. Pereira, J. M. Rodríguez, Y. Blasco-Monleon, S. Porter, A. Lewis, C. ve Pham, C. K. (2020). Microplastic in the stomachs of open-ocean and deep-sea fishes of the North-East Atlantic, Environmental Pollution,265,115060.
83. Klangnurak, W. ve Chunniyom, S. (2020). Screening for microplastics in marine fish of Thailand: the accumulation of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tractof different foraging preferences, Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 27161-27168.
84. Baalkhuyur, F. M. Qurban, M. A.Psnickan, P. ve Duarte, C. M. (2020). Microplastics in fishes of commercial and ecological importance from the Western Arabian Gulf, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 152, 110920.
85. Gündoğdu, S. Çevik, C. ve Temiz Ataş, N. (2020).Occurrence of microplastics in the gastrointestinal tracts of some edible fish speciesalong the Turkish coast, Turkish Journal of Zoology, 44(4),312-323.
86. Abadi, Z. T. R. Abtahi, B. Grossart, H.-P. ve Khodabandeh, S. (2021). Microplastic content of Kutum fish, Rutilus frisii kutum in the southern Caspian Sea, Science of the Total Environment, 752,141542.
87. López-Martínez, S. Morales-Caselles, C. Kadar, J. ve Rivas, M. L. (2020). Overview of global status of plastic presence in marine vertebrates, Global Change Biology, 27(4), 728-737.
88. Carlin, J. Craig, C. Little, S. Donnelly, M. Fox, D. Zhai, L. ve Walters, L. (2020). Microplastic accumulation in the gastrointestinal tracts in birds of prey in central Florida, USA, Environmental Pollution,264, 114633.
89. Nam, K.-B. Kim, M. Hong, M.-J. ve Kwon, Y. S. (2021).Plastic debris ingestion by seabirds on the Korean Peninsula, Marine Pollution Bulletin,166, 112240.
90. Bourdages, M. P. Provencher, J. F.Baak, J. E. Mallory, M. L. ve Vermaire, J. C. (2021). Breeding seabirds as vectors of microplastics from sea to land: Evidence from colonies in Arctic Canada, Science of the Total Environment, 764, 142808.
91. Seif, S. Provencher, J. F. Avery-Gomm, S. Daoust, P.-Y. Mallory, M. L. ve Smith, P. A. (2018). Plastic and Non plastic Debris Ingestion in Three Gull Species Feeding in an Urban Landfll Environment, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74(3), 349-360.
92. Stewart, L. G. Lavers, J. L. Grant, M. L. Puskic, P. S. ve Bond, A. L. (2020). Seasonal ingestion of anthropogenic debris in an urban population of gulls, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 160, 111549.
93. Teboul, E. Orihel, D. M. Provencher, J. F. Drever, M. C. Wilson, L. ve Harrison, A. L. Chemical identification of microplastics ingested by Red Phalaropes (Phalaropus fulicarius) using Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy, Marine Pollution Bulletin, cilt 171, p. 112640, 2021.
94. Basto, M. N. Nicastro, K. R. Tavares, A. I. McQuaid, C. D. Casero, M. Azevedo , F. ve Zardi, G. I. (2019).Plastic ingestion in aquatic birds in Portugal, Marine Pollution Bulletin, cilt 138, 19-24.
95. Lavers, J. L. Stivaktakis, G. Hutton, I. ve Bond, A. L. (2019). Detection of ultrafine plastics ingested by seabirds using tissue digestion, Marine Pollution Bulletin, cilt 142, pp. 470-474.
96. Eastman, B. C. Farrell, A. J. Whitmore, L. Rollinson Ramia, D. R. Thomas, R. S.Prine, J. Eastman, S. F. Osborne, T. Z. Martindale, M. Q. ve Duffy, D. J. (2020). Plastic Ingestion in Post-hatchling Sea Turtles: Assessing a Major Threat in Florida Near Shore Waters, Frontiers in Marine Science, 7, 693.
97. Caron, A. G. Thomas, C. R. Berry, K. L.Mottş, C. A. Ariel E. ve Brodie, J. E. (2018). Ingestion of microplastic debris by green sea turtles (Chelonia mydas) in the Great Barrier Reef: Validation of a sequential extraction protocol, Marine Pollution Bulletin, 127, 743-751.
98. Di Renzo, L. Mascilongo, G. Berti, M. Bogdanovic, T. Listeš, E. Brkljača, M. Notarstefano, V. Gioacchini, G. Giorgini, E. Olivieri, V. Silvestri, C. Matiddi, M. D'Alterio, N. Ferri, N. ve Di Giacinto, F. (2021).
99. Potential Impact of Microplastics and Additives on the Health Status of Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta) Stranded Along the Central Adriatic Coast, Water Air Soil Pollution, 232(3), 1-20.
100. Parton, K. J. Godley, B. J. Santillo, D. Tausif, M. Omeyer, L. C. ve Galloway, T. S. (2020). Investigating the presence of microplastics in demersal sharks of the North-East Atlantic, Scientific reports, 10(1), 1-11.
101. Mancia, A. Chenet, T. Bono, G. Geraci, M. L. Vaccaro, C. Munari, C. Mistri, M. Cavazzini, A. ve Pasti, L. (2020). Adverse effects of plastic ingestion on the Mediterranean small-spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula), Marine Environmental Research, 155, 104876.
102. Zantis, L. J. Carrol, E. L. Nelms, S. E. ve Bosker, T. (2021). Marine mammals and microplastics: A systematic review and call for standardisation, Environmental Pollution, 269, 116142.
103. Bossart, G. (2011). Marine Mammals as Sentinel Species for Oceans and Human Health, Veterinary pathology, 48(3), 676-690.
104. Hernandez-Gonzalez, A. Saavedra, C. Gago, J. Covelo, P. M.Santos, B. ve Pierce, G. J. (2018). Microplastics in the stomach contents of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) stranded on the Galician coasts (NW Spain, 2005–2010), Marine Pollution Bulletin, 137, 526-532.
105. Zhu, J. Yu, X. Zhang, Q. Li, Y. Tan, S. Li, D. Yang, Z. Ve Wang, J. (2019). Cetaceans and microplastics: First report of microplastic ingestion by a coastal delphinid, Sousa chinensis, Science of the Total Environment, 659, 649-654.
106. Philipp, C. Unger, B. Fischer, E. K. Schnitzler, J. G. ve Siebert, U. (2020). Handle with Care—Microplastic Particles in Intestine Samples of Seals from German Waters, Sustainability, 12(24), 10424.
107. Perez-Venegas, D. J. Toro-Valdivieso, C. Ayala, F. Brito, B. Iturra, L. Arriagada, M. Seguel, M. Barrios, C. Sepúlveda, M. Oliva, D. Cárdenas-Alayza, S. Urbina, M. A. Jorquera, A. Castro-Nallar, E. ve Galbán-Malagón, C. (2020). Monitoring the occurrence of microplastic ingestion in Otariids along the Peruvian and Chilean coasts, Marine Pollution Bulletin,153, 110966.
108. Nelms, S. Barnett, J. Davison, N. Deaville, R. Galloway, T. Lindeque, P. Santillo, D. ve Godley, B. (2019). Microplastic in marine mammals stranded around the British coast ubiquitous but transitory?, Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-8.