The Role of Polyvinylpyrrolidone as a Pore Former on Microstructure and Performance of Polysulfone Membranes

Abstract

In this study, the effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a pore former on the performance of polysulfone (PSF) membrane was studied. XRD spectra revealed that a crystalline-to-amorphous phase transition occurred with the increasing PVP amount. SEM results indicated the shape and size of macrovoids in the membranes were altered with the increasing PVP amount in the polymer solution. The Tg values for the pure PSF and of 5 wt% PVP added PSF membrane were measured as 189 and 182 °C, respectively. The performances of the membranes were determined by using the pure water flux (PWF) measurements. The PWF of the membranes increased from 36.76 to 86.80 L m^-2 h^-1 with the increase of PVP amount (0 to 10 wt %) in PSF polymer solution. The relationship between PWF and PVP content was explained with the increased thermodynamic instability and kinetic hindrance.

Keywords

• Membrane,Pore Former,Polysulfone,Polyvinylpyrrolidone,SEM

Polisülfon Membranlarının Mikroyapı ve Performansı Üzerine Bir Gözenek Oluşturucu Olarak Polivinilpirolidonun Rolü

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, gözenek oluşturucu olarak polivinilpirrolidonun (PVP), polisülfon (PSF) membran performansı üzerindeki etkisi incelenmiştir. XRD spektrumları, artan PVP miktarı ile kristalin fazdan amorf faza geçişinin gerçekleştiğini ortaya koydu. SEM sonuçları, membranlardaki makro boşlukların şekli ve boyutunun, polimer çözeltisindeki artan PVP miktarı ile değiştiğini gösterdi. Saf PSF ve ağırlıkça % 5 PVP ilave edilmiş PSF membranı için Tg değerleri sırasıyla 189 °C ve 182 °C olarak ölçülmüştür. Membranların performansı, Saf Su Akışı (SSA) ölçümleri kullanılarak belirlendi. Membranların SSA'sı PSF polimer çözeltisinde PVP miktarının (ağırlıkça %0’dan %10’a) artmasıyla 36.76 L m^-2 s^-1 'dan 86.80 L m^-2 s^-1 'e yükselmiştir. SSA ve PVP içeriği arasındaki ilişki artan termodinamik kararsızlık ve kinetik engel ile açıklanmıştır.

Keywords

• Membran,Gözenek Oluşturucu,Polisülfon,Polivinilpirolidon,SEM,SEM

References

1. [1] Summers, G. J., Ndawuni, M. P., & Summers, C. A. (2003). Dipyridyl functionalized polysulfones for membrane production. Journal of Membrane Science, 226, 21-33.
2. [2] Park, J. Y., Acar, M. H., Akthakul, A., Kuhlman, W. A., & Mayes, M. (2006). Polysulfone-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) graft copolymers for surface modification of polysulfone membranes. Biomaterials, 27 , 856-865.
3. [3] Ju, H., McCloskey, B. D., Sagle, A. C., Kusuma, V. A., & Freeman, B. D. (2009). Preparation and characterization of crosslinked poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate hydrogels as fouling-resistant membrane coating materials. Journal of Membrane Science, 330, 180-188.
4. [4] Nadya, N. M., Franssen, C. R., Zuilhof, H. M., Eldin, S. M., Boom, R., & Schroën, K. N. (2011). Modification methods for poly(arylsulfone) membranes: A mini-review focusing on surface modification. Desalination, 275, 1-9.
5. [5] Torrestiana-Sanchez, B. R., Ortiz-Basurto, R. I., & Brito-De La Fuente, E. (1999). Effect of nonsolvents on properties of spinning solutions and polyethersulfone hollow fiber ultrafiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 152, 19-28.
6. [6] Reddy, A. V. R., Mohan, D.J., Bhattacharya, A., Shah, V.J., & Ghosh, P.K. (2003). Surface modification of ultrafiltration membranes by preadsorption of a negatively charged polymer: I. Permeation of water soluble polymers and inorganic salt solutions and fouling resistance properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 214, 211-221.
7. [7] Han, M-J., & Nam, S-T. (2002). Thermodynamic and rheological variation in polysulfone solution by PVP and its effect in the preparation of phase inversion membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 202, 55-61.
8. [8] Matsuyama, H., Maki, T., Teramoto, M., & Kobayashi, K. (2003). Effect of PVP additive on porous Polysulfone membrane formation by immersion precipitation method. Separation Science and Technology, 38, 3449-3458.

9. [9] Ding, C., Yin, J., & Deng, B. (2014). Effects of Polysulfone (PSf) support layer on the performance of Thin-Film Composite (TFC) membranes. Journal of Chemical and Process Engineering, 1, 102.
10. [10] Lee, K-W., Sea, B-K. Nam, S-T., & Han, M-J. (2003). Trade-off between thermodynamic enhancement and kinetic hindrance during phase inversion in the preparation of polysulfone membranes. Desalination, 159, 289-296.
11. [11] Sivakumara, M., Mohana, D. R., & Rangarajan, R. (2006). Studies on cellulose acetate-polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes: II. Effect of additive concentration. Journal of Membrane Science, 268, 208-219.
12. [12] Chakrabarty, B., Ghoshal, A. K., & Purkait, M. K. (2008). Ultrafiltration of stable oil-in-water emulsion by polysulfone membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 325, 427-437.
13. [13] Sharma, N., & Purkait, M. K. (2015). Preparation of hydrophilic polysulfone membrane using polyacrylic acid with polyvinyl pyrrolidone. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 41964-419677.
14. [14] Gao F., Wang J., Zhang H.ong W., Jia H., Cui Z., Yang G. (2019). Aged PVDF and PSF ultrafiltration membranes restored by functional polydopamine for adjustable pore sizes and fouling control. Journal of Membrane Science, 570–571, 156-167.
15. [15] Muniz F.T.., Miranda M.A., Morilla Dos Santos C., Sasaki J.M. (2016). The Scherrer equation and the dynamical theory of X-ray diffraction. Acta Crystallogr A Found Adv. 72, 385-390
16. [16] Eren E., Sarihan A., Eren B., Gumus H., Kocak F. O. (2015). Preparation, characterization and performance enhancement of polysulfone ultrafiltration membrane using PBI as hydrophilic modifier. Journal of Membrane Science, 475, 1-8.
17. [17] Han, M-J. (1999). Effect of propionic acid in the casting solution on the characteristics of phase inversion polysulfone membranes. Desalination, 121, 31-39.
18. [18] Avolio, R., Castaldo, R., Gentile, G., Ambrogi, V., Fiori, S., Avella, M., Cocca, M., & Errico, M. E. (2015). Plasticization of poly(lactic acid) through blending with oligomers of lactic acid: Effect of the physical aging on properties. European Polymer Journal, 66, 533-542.
19. [19] Ali, M., Zafar, M., Jamil, T., & Butt, M. T. Z. (2011). Influence of glycol additives on the structure and performance of cellulose acetate/zinc oxide blend membranes. Desalination, 270, 98-104.
20. [20] Xie P., Lannoy C-F., Ma J., Wiesner M. R. (2015). Chlorination of polyvinyl pyrrolidone–polysulfone membranes: Organic compound release, byproduct formation, and changes in membrane properties. Journal of Membrane Science, 489, 28-35.
21. [21] Yoo, S. H., Kim, J. H., Jho, J. Y., Won, J., & Kang, Y. S. (2004). Influence of the addition of PVP on the morphology of asymmetric polyimide phase inversion membranes: effect of PVP molecular weight. Journal of Membrane Science, 236, 203-207.
22. [22] Kang, J. S., & Lee, Y. M. (2002). Effects of molecular meight of Polyvinylpyrrolidone on precipitation kinetics during the formation of asymmetric Polyacrylonitrile membrane. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 85, 57-68.
23. [23] Wienk, I. M., Boom, R. M., Beerlage, M. A. M., Bulte, A. M. W., Smolders, C. A., & Strathmann, H. (1996). Recent advances in the formation of phase inversion membranes made from amorphous or semi-crystalline polymers. Journal of Membrane Science, 113, 361-371.
24. [24] Arthanareeswaran, G., Thanikaivelan, P., & Raajenthiren, M. (2008). Fabrication and characterization of CA/PSf/SPEEK Ternary Blend Ultrafiltration Membranes. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 47 (5), 1488-1494.
25. [25] Ding, C., Yin, J., & Deng, B. (2014). Effects of Polysulfone (PSf) support layer on the performance of Thin-Film Composite (TFC) membranes. Journal of Chemical and Process Engineering, 1 (102), 1-8.
26. [26] Ding, X., Liu, Z., Hua, M., Kang, T., Li, X., & Zhang, Y. (2016). Poly(ethylene glycol) crosslinked sulfonated polysulfone composite membranes for forward osmosis. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 43941, 1-8.
27. [27] Pendergast, M. T. M., Nygaard, J. M., Ghosh, A. K., & Hoek, E. M. V. (2010). Using nanocomposite materials technology to understand and control reverse osmosis membrane compaction. Desalination, 261 (3), 255–263.
28. [28] Zhang, Z., An, Q., Liu, T., Zhou, Y., Qian, J., & Gao, C. (2011). Fabrication of polysulfone ultrafiltration membranes of a density gradient cross section with good anti-pressure stability and relatively high water flux. Desalination, 269, (1-3), 239-248.
29. [29] Homayoonfal, M., Akbari, A., & Mehrnia, M. R. (2010). Preparation of polysulfone nanofiltration membranes by UV-assisted grafting polymerization for water softening. Desalination, 263, (1-3), 217-225.
30. [30] Pagidi, A., Saranya, R., Arthanareeswaran, G., Ismail, A. F., & Matsuura, T. (2014). Enhanced oil–water separation using polysulfone membranes modified with polymeric additives. Desalination, 344, 280-288.
31. [31] Chakrabarty, B., Ghoshal, A. K., & Purkait, M. K. (2008). Preparation, characterization and performance studies of polysulfone membranes using PVP as an additive. Journal of Membrane Science, 315 (1-2), 36-47.
32. [32] Cho, Y. H., Kim, H. W., Nam, S. Y., & Park, H. B. (2011). Fouling-tolerant polysulfone–poly(ethylene oxide) random copolymer ultrafiltration membranes. Journal of Membrane Science, 379 (1-2), 296-306.
33. [33] Sadrzadeh, M., & Bhattacharjee, S. (2013). Rational design of phase inversion membranes by tailoring thermodynamics and kinetics of casting solution using polymer additives. Journal of Membrane Science, 441, 31-44.
34. [34] Ghaemi, N., Madaeni, S. S., Alizadeh, A., Daraei, P., Badieh, M. M. S., Falsafi, M., & Vatanpour, V. (2012). Fabrication and modification of polysulfone nanofiltration membrane using organic acids: Morphology, characterization and performance in removal of xenobiotics. Separation and Purification Technology, 96, 214-228.
35. [35] Ma, Y., Shi, F., Zhao, W., Wu, M., Zhang, J., Ma, J., & Gao, C. (2012). Preparation and characterization of PSf/clay nanocomposite membranes with LiCl as a pore forming additive. Desalination, 303, 39- 47. [36] Yang, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, P., Zheng, Q., & Li, J. (2007). The influence of nano-sized TiO2 fillers on the morphologies and properties of PSF UF membrane. Journal of Membrane Science, 288, (1-2), 231-238.