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Ekonomik Özgürlüklerin Turizm Rekabetçiliği Üzerine Etkisi: Latin Amerika Ülkelerinden Ampirik Kanıtlar

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 192 - 202, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.906691

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Latin Amerika ülkeleri kapsamında ekonomik özgürlüklerin turizm rekabetçiliği ile olan ilişkisinin araştırılması amaçlanmaktadır. Ekonomik özgürlük göstergesi olarak Heritage Foundation tarafından yayınlanan Ekonomik Özgürlük Endeksi kullanılmıştır. Turizm rekabetçiliği göstergesi olarak ise Dünya Ekonomik Forumu tarafından yayınlanan Seyahat ve Turizm Rekabetçiliği Endeksi kullanılmıştır. Ekonomik özgürlük endeksinin alt endeksi olan kamu harcamaları ve bunun dışında Yolsuzluk Algısı Endeksi, kişi başına düşen GSYİH, doğrudan yabancı sermaye yatırımları ve ticari açıklık oranı ise açıklayıcı değişkenler olarak çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. 18 Latin Amerika ülkesine ait 2007-2019 dönemine ait veriler kullanılarak panel veri analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda incelenen Latin Amerika ülkelerinde ekonomik özgürlükler arttıkça bu ülkelerde turizm rekabetçiliğinin arttığı bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır.

References

  • Ali, A. M. (2003). Institutional differences as sources of growth differences. Atlantic Economic Journal, 31(4), 348–362.
  • Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic growth second edition. Cambridge MA.: The MIT Press.
  • Borović, Z. (2014). Does economic freedom impact economic growth: Evidence from two Western Balkan countries. Industrija, 42(2), 57–70.
  • Das, J., & Dirienzo, C. (2010). Tourism competitiveness and corruption: A cross-country analysis. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 477–492.
  • Das, J., & DiRienzo, C. E. (2009). Global tourism competitiveness and freedom of the press: A nonlinear relationship. Journal of Travel Research, 47(4), 470–479.
  • Dawson, J. W. (1998). Institutions, investment, and growth: New cross‐country and panel data evidence. Economic Inquiry, 36(4), 603–619.
  • De Haan, J., & Sturm, J.-E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(2), 215–241.
  • Dupeyras, A, MacCallum, N. (2013). Indicators for measuring competitiveness in tourism: A Guidance Document (2013/02; OECD Tourism Papers).
  • Easton, S. T., & Walker, M. A. (1997). Income, growth, and economic freedom. The American Economic Review, 87(2), 328–332.
  • Gooroochurn, N., & Sugiyarto, G. (2005). Competitiveness indicators in the travel and tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 11(1), 25–43.
  • Gwartney, J., & Lawson, R. (2003). The concept and measurement of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 405–430.
  • Harrell Jr, F. E. (2015). Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. Springer.
  • Henriques, C. H. N. (2017). Measuring competitiveness in tourism. Journal of Research on Trade, Management and Economic Development, 8(2), 109–116.
  • Hosmer Jr, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (Vol. 398). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ivanov, S., & Webster, C. (2007). Measuring the impact of tourism on economic growth. Tourism Economics, 13(3), 379–388.
  • Karahuta, M., Gallo, P., Matušíková, D., Šenková, A., & Šambronská, K. (2017). Forecast of using neural networks in the tourism sector. CBU International Conference Proceedings, 5, 218–223.
  • Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: cross‐country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics & Politics, 7(3), 207–227.
  • Kubickova, M. (2016). The role of government in tourism: linking competitiveness, freedom, and developing economies. Czech Journal of Tourism, 5(2), 73–92.
  • Kubickova, M., & Li, H. (2017). Tourism competitiveness, government and tourism area life cycle (TALC) model: the evaluation of Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(2), 223–234.
  • Lu, Z., Li, H., Lau, C. K. M., & Isah, A. B. (2021). Preferences and Tourism Development under Uncertainty: An Empirical Study. Sustainability, 13(5), 2534.
  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712.
  • Meriç, S., Şahin, S., & Metin, D. (2018). Uluslararası Rekabet ve Turizm. In D. Şahin & A. T. Bayram (Eds.), Turizm Ekonomisi (pp. 179–198). Değişim.
  • Miller, T., & Kim, A. B. (2013). Defining economic freedom. Miller AT, Holmes KR, Feulner EJ (Eds), 87–94.
  • Muslija, A., Satrovic, E., & Colakovic, N. (2019). Dynamic panel data analysis of the relationship between economic freedom and tourism. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 327–343.
  • Navickas, V., & Malakauskaite, A. (2009). The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. Engineering Economics, 61(1).
  • Öcal, O., Altınöz, B., & Aslan, A. (2020). The Nexus Between Economic Freedom and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries.
  • Ozcan, C. C., Aslan, M., & Nazlioglu, S. (2017). Economic freedom, economic growth and international tourism for post-communist (transition) countries: A panel causality analysis. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 24(2).
  • Poon, A. (1993). Tourism, technology and competitive strategies. CAB international.
  • Saha, S., Su, J.-J., & Campbell, N. (2017). Does political and economic freedom matter for inbound tourism? A cross-national panel data estimation. Journal of Travel Research, 56(2), 221–234.
  • Shrestha, N. (2020). Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis. Am J Appl Math Stat, 8(2), 39–42.
  • Širá, E., & Pukała, R. (2019). Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism in Selected Countries. Czech Journal of Tourism, 8(1), 17–31.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi Stata Uygulamalı (3rd ed.). Beta.
  • Young, D. S. (2018). Handbook of regression methods. CRC Press.

The Impact of Economic Freedoms on Tourism Competitiveness: Empirical Evidence from Latin America Countries

Year 2021, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 192 - 202, 31.12.2021
https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.906691

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between economic freedoms and tourism competitiveness with respect to Latin American countries. Index of Economic Freedom published by Heritage Foundation was used as the indicator of economic freedoms. Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index published by World Economic Forum was utilized as the indicator of tourism competitiveness. In addition to government spending, which is a sub-index of the index of economic freedom, Corruption Perception Index, GDP per capita, foreign direct investments, and trade openness ratio were included in the study as control variables. Panel data analysis was carried out using data of the period 2007-2019 belonging to 18 Latin American countries. It was found out at the end of the analysis that as economic freedoms increased in Latin American countries; tourism competitiveness also increased in these countries.

References

  • Ali, A. M. (2003). Institutional differences as sources of growth differences. Atlantic Economic Journal, 31(4), 348–362.
  • Baltagi, B. (2008). Econometric analysis of panel data. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Barro, R., & Sala-i-Martin, X. (2004). Economic growth second edition. Cambridge MA.: The MIT Press.
  • Borović, Z. (2014). Does economic freedom impact economic growth: Evidence from two Western Balkan countries. Industrija, 42(2), 57–70.
  • Das, J., & Dirienzo, C. (2010). Tourism competitiveness and corruption: A cross-country analysis. Tourism Economics, 16(3), 477–492.
  • Das, J., & DiRienzo, C. E. (2009). Global tourism competitiveness and freedom of the press: A nonlinear relationship. Journal of Travel Research, 47(4), 470–479.
  • Dawson, J. W. (1998). Institutions, investment, and growth: New cross‐country and panel data evidence. Economic Inquiry, 36(4), 603–619.
  • De Haan, J., & Sturm, J.-E. (2000). On the relationship between economic freedom and economic growth. European Journal of Political Economy, 16(2), 215–241.
  • Dupeyras, A, MacCallum, N. (2013). Indicators for measuring competitiveness in tourism: A Guidance Document (2013/02; OECD Tourism Papers).
  • Easton, S. T., & Walker, M. A. (1997). Income, growth, and economic freedom. The American Economic Review, 87(2), 328–332.
  • Gooroochurn, N., & Sugiyarto, G. (2005). Competitiveness indicators in the travel and tourism industry. Tourism Economics, 11(1), 25–43.
  • Gwartney, J., & Lawson, R. (2003). The concept and measurement of economic freedom. European Journal of Political Economy, 19(3), 405–430.
  • Harrell Jr, F. E. (2015). Regression modeling strategies: with applications to linear models, logistic and ordinal regression, and survival analysis. Springer.
  • Henriques, C. H. N. (2017). Measuring competitiveness in tourism. Journal of Research on Trade, Management and Economic Development, 8(2), 109–116.
  • Hosmer Jr, D. W., Lemeshow, S., & Sturdivant, R. X. (2013). Applied logistic regression (Vol. 398). John Wiley & Sons.
  • Ivanov, S., & Webster, C. (2007). Measuring the impact of tourism on economic growth. Tourism Economics, 13(3), 379–388.
  • Karahuta, M., Gallo, P., Matušíková, D., Šenková, A., & Šambronská, K. (2017). Forecast of using neural networks in the tourism sector. CBU International Conference Proceedings, 5, 218–223.
  • Knack, S., & Keefer, P. (1995). Institutions and economic performance: cross‐country tests using alternative institutional measures. Economics & Politics, 7(3), 207–227.
  • Kubickova, M. (2016). The role of government in tourism: linking competitiveness, freedom, and developing economies. Czech Journal of Tourism, 5(2), 73–92.
  • Kubickova, M., & Li, H. (2017). Tourism competitiveness, government and tourism area life cycle (TALC) model: the evaluation of Costa Rica, Guatemala and Honduras. International Journal of Tourism Research, 19(2), 223–234.
  • Lu, Z., Li, H., Lau, C. K. M., & Isah, A. B. (2021). Preferences and Tourism Development under Uncertainty: An Empirical Study. Sustainability, 13(5), 2534.
  • Mauro, P. (1995). Corruption and growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 110(3), 681–712.
  • Meriç, S., Şahin, S., & Metin, D. (2018). Uluslararası Rekabet ve Turizm. In D. Şahin & A. T. Bayram (Eds.), Turizm Ekonomisi (pp. 179–198). Değişim.
  • Miller, T., & Kim, A. B. (2013). Defining economic freedom. Miller AT, Holmes KR, Feulner EJ (Eds), 87–94.
  • Muslija, A., Satrovic, E., & Colakovic, N. (2019). Dynamic panel data analysis of the relationship between economic freedom and tourism. Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 9(2), 327–343.
  • Navickas, V., & Malakauskaite, A. (2009). The possibilities for the identification and evaluation of tourism sector competitiveness factors. Engineering Economics, 61(1).
  • Öcal, O., Altınöz, B., & Aslan, A. (2020). The Nexus Between Economic Freedom and Tourist Arrivals: Evidence from Mediterranean Countries.
  • Ozcan, C. C., Aslan, M., & Nazlioglu, S. (2017). Economic freedom, economic growth and international tourism for post-communist (transition) countries: A panel causality analysis. Theoretical & Applied Economics, 24(2).
  • Poon, A. (1993). Tourism, technology and competitive strategies. CAB international.
  • Saha, S., Su, J.-J., & Campbell, N. (2017). Does political and economic freedom matter for inbound tourism? A cross-national panel data estimation. Journal of Travel Research, 56(2), 221–234.
  • Shrestha, N. (2020). Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis. Am J Appl Math Stat, 8(2), 39–42.
  • Širá, E., & Pukała, R. (2019). Competitiveness of Travel and Tourism in Selected Countries. Czech Journal of Tourism, 8(1), 17–31.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2016). Panel Veri Ekonometrisi Stata Uygulamalı (3rd ed.). Beta.
  • Young, D. S. (2018). Handbook of regression methods. CRC Press.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mustafa Necati Çoban 0000-0003-2839-4403

Publication Date December 31, 2021
Submission Date March 30, 2021
Acceptance Date September 1, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 6 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Çoban, M. N. (2021). The Impact of Economic Freedoms on Tourism Competitiveness: Empirical Evidence from Latin America Countries. Bilecik Şeyh Edebali Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(2), 192-202. https://doi.org/10.33905/bseusbed.906691