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Adapting the Virtual World Risk Perception Scale to Secondary School Level

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 83 - 95, 05.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.632550

Abstract

In this study, Virtual World Risk Perception Scale which was developed to determine the virtual risk perception levels of high school students was adapted to the secondary school level. The scale is a five-point Likert type and consists of 23 items divided into five sub-dimensions. The study group consisted of 261 students in 7th and 8th grade in a secondary school in Sakarya. The validity and reliability of the scale were tested and confirmatory factor analysis, internal consistency coefficients and stability analyzes were examined. In the light of the analyzes, it was concluded that the scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can measure the virtual risk perceptions of secondary school students. Cronbach Alpha, Guttmann Split Half and Sperman Brown values were calculated for the reliability of the whole scale and sub-dimensions. As a result, Dünya virtual corruption “, “virtual deterioration “, “virtual opportunity “, “virtual opportunity” and “virtual awareness”, the five sub-factors and 23 items, which were judged to be valid and reliable as a result of the analysis, the Virtual World Risk Perception Scale (VWRPS) is expected to be a scale that is open to development, usable and fills the gap in the relevant literature.

References

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-offit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49, 155-173.
  • Anklam, P. (2009). Ten years of network. The Learning Organization, 16 (6), 415– 426.
  • Arslankara, V. B. & Usta, E. (2018). Development of virtual world risk perception scale (VWRPS). Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 7 (1) , 111-131 . DOI:
  • Arslankara, V. B., & Usta, E. (2019). Sosyal Medya Tüketiminin Öğrenciler Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Veli Görüşlerinin Sanal Risk Algısı Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. 13th International Computer & Instructional Technologies Symposium (ICITS-2019). 2-4 Mayıs 2019, Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Kırşehir.
  • Ayas, T. & Horzum, M. B. (2011). Exploring the teachers’ cyberbullying perception in terms of various variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences. 3(2), pp. 619-640.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. Ankara.
  • Cao, H, J Jiang, L. B. Oh, Li, H. X. Liao, & Z. Chen (2013). A Maslow’s hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance. Journal of Service Management, 24(2), 170-190.
  • Castro, M. D. & Torres, A. R. (2018). Hikikomori: review on a severe phenomenon of social withdrawal. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Print version ISSN 0047-2085 On-line version ISSN 1982-0208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000214
  • Çelik Ç, B. & Odacı, H. (2012). Kendilik algısı ve benlik saygısının problemli internet kullanımını üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 7, (1),433-441.
  • Dentzel, Z. (2013) How the Internet Has Changed Everyday Life. In Ch@nge: 19 Key Essays on How the Internet Is Changing Our Lives. Madrid: BBVA.
  • Dooley, J.J., Cross, D., Hearn, L. & Treyvaud, R. (2009). Review of existing australian and international cyber-safety research. Child Health Promotion Research Centre. Edith Cowan University, Perth.
  • Evans, D. (2008). Social media marketing an hour a day. Wiley Publishing Inc, Indiana.
  • Fletcher, M. (2019). Should social media be banned? Retrieved 15 August 2019, from https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=20140&page=0
  • Franchina V., Abeele M. V., Rooij A. J., Coco G. L & Marez L. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among flemish adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Oct; 15(10): 2319.
  • Friedman, L. (2014). 5 Benefits of using social media. Retrieved 1 September 2019, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140422162738-44670464-5-benefits-of-using-social-media/
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Üçüncü Yol, Çev.: Mehmet Özay, İstanbul: Birey Yayıncılık.
  • Guerro, F. (2014). WhatsAppitis. The Lancet. Volume 383, Issue 9922, P1040, March 22.
  • Gülbahar, Y., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2008). Değerlendirme tercihleri ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 148-161.
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided a guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, August 1999 Issue.
  • Karakoç F. Y. & Dönmez L. (2014). Ölçek geli̇şti̇rme çalışmalarında temel ilkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. Mayıs 2014, Sayı 40.Kleinschmit, M. (2019). Generation z characteristics: 5 infographics on the gen z lifestyle. Retrieved 9 October 2019, from https://www.visioncritical.com/blog/generation-z-infographics
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Komito, L. & Bates, J. (2009): Virtually local: social media and community among Polish nationals in Dublin. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 61 (3), 232–244.
  • Lee, S., & Cho, M. (2011), Social media use in a mobile broadband environment: examination of determinants of twitter and facebook use. Mobile Marketing Association, IJMM, Winter, Vol. 6, No. 2.
  • Lietsala, K., & Sirkkunen, E. (2008). Social media: introduction to the tools and processes of participatory economy. Tampere University Pres. Tampere, Finland.
  • Maccallum, R. C., Browne, M.W., & Sugawara, H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
  • Martin, H. & Lopez, P. (2011). The world’s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information. Science 332, no. 6025 (April 1, 2011): pp. 60–65.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50 (4): 370-396.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p.351-76.
  • Olcay, S. (2018). Sosyalleşmenin dijitalleşmesi olarak sosyal medya ve resimler arasinda kaybolma bozukluğu: photolurking. e-Journal of New Media. ISSN: 2548-0200, April 2018 Volume 2 Issue 2, p.90-104.
  • Onat, F., Ö. & Alikılıç, Ö. A. (2008), Sosyal ağ sitelerinin reklam ve halkla ilişkiler ortamları olarak değerlendirilmesi, Journal of Yaşar University, 3 (9), 1111-1143.
  • Özen E. M., Serhadlı Z. N. A, Türkcan A. S. & Ülker G. E. (2010). Depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluklarında somatizasyon. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2010; 23:60-65.
  • Rutledge, P. B. (2011). Social networks: what maslow misses. Retrieved 5 October 2019, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/positively-media/201111/social-networks-what-maslow-misses-0
  • Schreiber J.B., Nora A, Stage F.K., Barlow E.A. & King J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6): 323-38.
  • Statista. (2016). Leading global social networks 2016 | Statistic. Retrieved 15 August 2019, from http://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tarhan, N. (2019). Dijital çağın çocuklari alfa kuşağı. Trt Vizyon Dergisi Şubat 2019, Sayı: 353.
  • Tekayak, H. V. & Akpınar, E. (2017). A new era in medicine: digital age born novel diseases. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine. 6(3). 93-100.
  • TÜİK. (2018). Türkiye’nin internet kullanım alışkanlıkları. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması Raporu.
  • TÜİK. (2019). Türkiye’nin internet kullanım alışkanlıkları. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması Raporu.
  • Walrave, M. (2011). Cyberttens @ Risk Opportunities and Risks of Teens’ ICT Use Analyzed. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from http://www.e-privacy.be/TIRO-summary.pdf
  • We are Social. (2017). Digital in 2017: global overwiev. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview
  • We are Social. (2018). Global Digital Report 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from https://digitalreport.wearesocial.com/
  • We are Social. (2019). Digital 2019: Global Internet Use Accelerates. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates
  • Yılmaz, V. & Çelik, H. E. (2009). LISREL ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi I: temel kavramlar, uygulamalar, programlama. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Zorbaz, O. & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2014). Examination of problematic internet use of high school student in terms of gender, social anxiety and peer relations. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Hacet-tepe University Journal of Education], 29(1), 298-310.

Sanal Dünya Risk Algısı Ölçeğinin Ortaokul Düzeyine Uyarlanması

Year 2020, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 83 - 95, 05.02.2020
https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.632550

Abstract

Bu çalışmada daha önce lise
öğrencilerinin sanal risk algı (virtual risk perception) düzeylerinin
belirlenmesi amacıyla geliştirilen Sanal Dünya Risk Algısı Ölçeği ortaokul
düzeyine uyarlanmıştır. Ölçek beş dereceli likert tipi olup beş alt boyuta
ayrılmış 23 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu Sakarya ilinde bulunan
bir ortaokulda 7. ve 8. Sınıfta öğrenim gören toplam 261 öğrenci
oluşturmaktadır. Ölçeğin geçerlik ve güvenirliği test edilmiş, doğrulayıcı
faktör analizi, iç tutarlılık katsayıları ve kararlılık analizleri
incelenmiştir. Yapılan analizler ışığında ölçeğin ortaokul öğrencilerinin sanal
risk algılarını ölçebilen geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu sonucuna
varılmıştır. Ölçeğin tamamı ve alt boyutların güvenirlikleri için Cronbach
Alpha, Guttmann Split Half ve Sperman Brown değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Neticede “sanal
yozlaşma”, “sanal yıpranma”, “sanal olanak”, “sanal fırsat” ve “sanal
farkındalık” isimleri ile beş alt faktör ve 23 maddeden oluşan ve yapılan
analizler neticesinde geçerli ve güvenilir olduğuna karar verilen Sanal Dünya
Risk Algısı Ölçeği (SDRAÖ)’nin, geliştirilmeye açık, kullanılabilir düzeyde ve
ilgili alanyazında boşluğu dolduran bir ölçek olması beklenmektedir.

References

  • Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1984). The effect of sampling error on convergence, improper solutions, and goodness-offit indices for maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Psychometrika, 49, 155-173.
  • Anklam, P. (2009). Ten years of network. The Learning Organization, 16 (6), 415– 426.
  • Arslankara, V. B. & Usta, E. (2018). Development of virtual world risk perception scale (VWRPS). Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 7 (1) , 111-131 . DOI:
  • Arslankara, V. B., & Usta, E. (2019). Sosyal Medya Tüketiminin Öğrenciler Üzerindeki Etkisine Yönelik Veli Görüşlerinin Sanal Risk Algısı Bağlamında Değerlendirilmesi. 13th International Computer & Instructional Technologies Symposium (ICITS-2019). 2-4 Mayıs 2019, Kırşehir Ahi Evran Üniversitesi, Kırşehir.
  • Ayas, T. & Horzum, M. B. (2011). Exploring the teachers’ cyberbullying perception in terms of various variables. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences. 3(2), pp. 619-640.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2007). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı. Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık. Ankara.
  • Cao, H, J Jiang, L. B. Oh, Li, H. X. Liao, & Z. Chen (2013). A Maslow’s hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance. Journal of Service Management, 24(2), 170-190.
  • Castro, M. D. & Torres, A. R. (2018). Hikikomori: review on a severe phenomenon of social withdrawal. Jornal Brasileiro de Psiquiatria Print version ISSN 0047-2085 On-line version ISSN 1982-0208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0047-2085000000214
  • Çelik Ç, B. & Odacı, H. (2012). Kendilik algısı ve benlik saygısının problemli internet kullanımını üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. E-Journal of New World Sciences Academy, 7, (1),433-441.
  • Dentzel, Z. (2013) How the Internet Has Changed Everyday Life. In Ch@nge: 19 Key Essays on How the Internet Is Changing Our Lives. Madrid: BBVA.
  • Dooley, J.J., Cross, D., Hearn, L. & Treyvaud, R. (2009). Review of existing australian and international cyber-safety research. Child Health Promotion Research Centre. Edith Cowan University, Perth.
  • Evans, D. (2008). Social media marketing an hour a day. Wiley Publishing Inc, Indiana.
  • Fletcher, M. (2019). Should social media be banned? Retrieved 15 August 2019, from https://www.onlineopinion.com.au/view.asp?article=20140&page=0
  • Franchina V., Abeele M. V., Rooij A. J., Coco G. L & Marez L. (2018). Fear of missing out as a predictor of problematic social media use and phubbing behavior among flemish adolescents. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018 Oct; 15(10): 2319.
  • Friedman, L. (2014). 5 Benefits of using social media. Retrieved 1 September 2019, from https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/20140422162738-44670464-5-benefits-of-using-social-media/
  • Giddens, A. (2000). Üçüncü Yol, Çev.: Mehmet Özay, İstanbul: Birey Yayıncılık.
  • Guerro, F. (2014). WhatsAppitis. The Lancet. Volume 383, Issue 9922, P1040, March 22.
  • Gülbahar, Y., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2008). Değerlendirme tercihleri ölçeğinin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 148-161.
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: myths to be avoided a guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, August 1999 Issue.
  • Karakoç F. Y. & Dönmez L. (2014). Ölçek geli̇şti̇rme çalışmalarında temel ilkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası. Mayıs 2014, Sayı 40.Kleinschmit, M. (2019). Generation z characteristics: 5 infographics on the gen z lifestyle. Retrieved 9 October 2019, from https://www.visioncritical.com/blog/generation-z-infographics
  • Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. London and New York: Routledge.
  • Komito, L. & Bates, J. (2009): Virtually local: social media and community among Polish nationals in Dublin. Aslib Proceedings: New Information Perspectives, 61 (3), 232–244.
  • Lee, S., & Cho, M. (2011), Social media use in a mobile broadband environment: examination of determinants of twitter and facebook use. Mobile Marketing Association, IJMM, Winter, Vol. 6, No. 2.
  • Lietsala, K., & Sirkkunen, E. (2008). Social media: introduction to the tools and processes of participatory economy. Tampere University Pres. Tampere, Finland.
  • Maccallum, R. C., Browne, M.W., & Sugawara, H.M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. Psychological Methods, 1, 130-149.
  • Martin, H. & Lopez, P. (2011). The world’s technological capacity to store, communicate, and compute information. Science 332, no. 6025 (April 1, 2011): pp. 60–65.
  • Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50 (4): 370-396.
  • Munro, B. H. (2005). Statistical methods for health care research. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p.351-76.
  • Olcay, S. (2018). Sosyalleşmenin dijitalleşmesi olarak sosyal medya ve resimler arasinda kaybolma bozukluğu: photolurking. e-Journal of New Media. ISSN: 2548-0200, April 2018 Volume 2 Issue 2, p.90-104.
  • Onat, F., Ö. & Alikılıç, Ö. A. (2008), Sosyal ağ sitelerinin reklam ve halkla ilişkiler ortamları olarak değerlendirilmesi, Journal of Yaşar University, 3 (9), 1111-1143.
  • Özen E. M., Serhadlı Z. N. A, Türkcan A. S. & Ülker G. E. (2010). Depresyon ve anksiyete bozukluklarında somatizasyon. Düşünen Adam Psikiyatri ve Nörolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2010; 23:60-65.
  • Rutledge, P. B. (2011). Social networks: what maslow misses. Retrieved 5 October 2019, from https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/positively-media/201111/social-networks-what-maslow-misses-0
  • Schreiber J.B., Nora A, Stage F.K., Barlow E.A. & King J. (2006). Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review. The Journal of Educational Research, 99(6): 323-38.
  • Statista. (2016). Leading global social networks 2016 | Statistic. Retrieved 15 August 2019, from http://www.statista.com/statistics/272014/global-social-networks-ranked-by-number-of-users/
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: Temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th edition). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
  • Tarhan, N. (2019). Dijital çağın çocuklari alfa kuşağı. Trt Vizyon Dergisi Şubat 2019, Sayı: 353.
  • Tekayak, H. V. & Akpınar, E. (2017). A new era in medicine: digital age born novel diseases. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine. 6(3). 93-100.
  • TÜİK. (2018). Türkiye’nin internet kullanım alışkanlıkları. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması Raporu.
  • TÜİK. (2019). Türkiye’nin internet kullanım alışkanlıkları. Hanehalkı Bilişim Teknolojileri (BT) Kullanım Araştırması Raporu.
  • Walrave, M. (2011). Cyberttens @ Risk Opportunities and Risks of Teens’ ICT Use Analyzed. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from http://www.e-privacy.be/TIRO-summary.pdf
  • We are Social. (2017). Digital in 2017: global overwiev. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from https://wearesocial.com/special-reports/digital-in-2017-global-overview
  • We are Social. (2018). Global Digital Report 2018. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from https://digitalreport.wearesocial.com/
  • We are Social. (2019). Digital 2019: Global Internet Use Accelerates. Retrieved 2 September 2019, from https://wearesocial.com/blog/2019/01/digital-2019-global-internet-use-accelerates
  • Yılmaz, V. & Çelik, H. E. (2009). LISREL ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi I: temel kavramlar, uygulamalar, programlama. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Zorbaz, O. & Tuzgöl Dost, M. (2014). Examination of problematic internet use of high school student in terms of gender, social anxiety and peer relations. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi [Hacet-tepe University Journal of Education], 29(1), 298-310.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education, Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Veysel Arslankara 0000-0002-9062-9210

Ertuğrul Usta 0000-0001-6112-9965

Publication Date February 5, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Arslankara, V., & Usta, E. (2020). Adapting the Virtual World Risk Perception Scale to Secondary School Level. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 9(1), 83-95. https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.632550

All the articles published in the journal are open access and distributed under the conditions of CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License 

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