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Koronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeği’nin Yüksek Öğretim Bağlamında Türkçe’ye Uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 430 - 444, 05.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.895122

Abstract

Koronavirüs salgınının başlangıcından bu yana, tıp alanında çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmış; ancak, salgının insan psikolojisi üzerindeki etkilerine ilişkin yapılan çalışmaların sayısı nispeten sınırlı kalmıştır. COVID-19'un yayılmasını engellemeye yönelik alınan önlemler, hem sosyal hayatta hem de eğitim, ekonomi ve sağlık gibi alanlarda çeşitli kısıtlamaları beraberinde getirmiştir. Salgın ve devamında getirilen kısıtlamalar nedeniyle, yükseköğretime devam eden öğrencilerin de diğer bireyler gibi kaygı ve depresyon gibi bazı psikolojik problemler yaşama olasılığı yüksektir. Dolayısıyla öğrencilerin kaygı düzeylerine ilişkin çalışmalar yapılmalı ve mevcut durumları belirlenmelidir. Bu ihtiyaca paralel olarak, çalışmanın amacı, Koronavirüs Kaygı Ölçeği'nin (KKÖ) yükseköğretim bağlamında Türkçeye uyarlanmasıdır. Araştırmanın örneklemi 513 lisans ve lisansüstü öğrenciden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada, veriler KKÖ ve Durumluk-Sürekli Kaygı Ölçeği (DSKÖ) kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi sonuçları, orijinal ölçeğin faktör yapısını desteklemiş ve uyarlanan ölçekten elde edilen puanları geçerlik ve güvenirlik düzeylerinin yüksek olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, analiz sonuçları KKÖ’nün orijinal faktör yapısını doğrulamış ve puanların, katılımcıların cinsiyet, durumsal kaygı ve sağlık durumları ile anlamlı bir ilişkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir. Özellikle virüsün mutasyonları ortaya çıktıktan sonra COVID-19'un yayılmasındaki artış, psikolojik ve davranışsal sonuçlarının ve etkilerinin daha uzun sürebileceğini işaret etmektedir. Bu doğrultuda, uyarlanan ölçeğin yükseköğretim politika yapıcıları, üniversite yöneticileri ve öğretim personeli için faydalı olacağı vurgulanmaktadır.

References

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  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
  • Akdeniz, G., Kavakci, M., Gozugok, M., Yalcinkaya, S., Kucukay, A., & Sahutogullari, B. (2020). A survey of attitudes, anxiety Status, and protective behaviors of the university students during the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(695). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00695
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  • Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. The BMJ, 368.
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  • Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123-127.
  • Lewis, R., & Aiken, J. (1976). Update on attitudes and other affective variables in learning mathematics. Review of Educational Research, 46(2), 293-311.
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  • McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W., Sham, P. C., Chua, S. E., & Wong, J. G. (2007). Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 241-247.
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Adaptation of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in Turkish for the Higher Education Context: A Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2021, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 430 - 444, 05.06.2021
https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.895122

Abstract

Since the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, several studies in medical fields have been conducted; however, the impact of the disease on individuals’ psychology has not been covered enough. The measures taken to prevent the spread of COVID-19 have brought various restrictions both in social life and in areas such as education, economy and health. Due to the pandemic and subsequent restrictions, students continuing to higher education are likely to experience some psychological problems such as anxiety and depression, like other individuals. Therefore, studies regarding the anxiety levels of students should be carried out. In line with this need, the aim of the study is to adapt the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) into Turkish in the context of higher education. The sample consisted of 513 undergraduate and graduate students. The data collection tools were the CAS and the STAI, and data were collected through an online survey platform. The results of CFA supported the factor structure of the original scale and yielded an excellent fit for all the indices. The original factor structure of the CAS was also confirmed, and the scores significantly correlated with gender, state-anxiety and health status of the participants. The scores obtained from the adapted scale were found highly reliable and valid. The increase in the spread of COVID-19, especially after the mutations of the virus have emerged, indicates that its psychological and behavioral consequences and effects might last longer. To this end, the study has valuable implications for higher education policy makers, university administrators and teaching staff.

References

  • Ahmed, O., Faisal, R. A., Sharker, T., Lee, S. A., & Jobe, M. C. (2020). Adaptation of the Bangla version of the COVID-19 Anxiety Scale. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-12.
  • Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C.-Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D., & Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-9.
  • Akdeniz, G., Kavakci, M., Gozugok, M., Yalcinkaya, S., Kucukay, A., & Sahutogullari, B. (2020). A survey of attitudes, anxiety Status, and protective behaviors of the university students during the COVID-19 outbreak in Turkey. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 11(695). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00695
  • Aktoz, M., Altay, H., Aslanger, E., Atalar, E., Aytekin, V., Baykan, A., Barçın, C., Barış, N., Boyacı, A., & Çavuşoğlu, Y. (2020). Consensus report from Turkish society of cardiology: Covid-19 and cardiovascular diseases. What cardiologists should know. Turk Kardiyoloji Dernegi Arsivi, 48(Suppl 1), 1-48.
  • American Psychological Assocation. (n.d.). "Anxiety". Retrieved May 10 from https://www.apa.org/topics/anxiety/
  • Andreoletti, C., Veratti, B. W., & Lachman, M. E. (2006). Age differences in the relationship between anxiety and recall. Aging & Mental Health, 10(3), 265-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500409773
  • Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C., Demir, H., & Kurt, M. E. (2020). Koronavirüs anksiyete ölçeği kısa formu: Türkçe geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması [Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Short Form: Turkish validity and reliability study]. Anadolu Kliniği Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 25(Special Issue on COVID 19), 216-225.
  • Bostan, S., Erdem, R., Öztürk, Y., Kılıç, T., & Yılmaz, A. (2020). The Effect of COVID-19 pandemic on the Turkish society. Electronic Journal of General Medicine, 17(6).
  • Brenes, G. A. (2006). Age differences in the presentation of anxiety. Aging & Mental Health, 10(3), 298-302. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607860500409898
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. Guilford publications.
  • Cao, W., Fang, Z., Hou, G., Han, M., Xu, X., Dong, J., & Zheng, J. (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research, 287, 1-5.
  • Çetin, E., Bulğay, C., Demir, G. T., Cicioğlu, H. İ., Bayraktar, I., & Orhan, Ö. (2020). The examination of the relationship between exercise addiction and performance enhancement in elite athletes. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-019-00208-9
  • Chang, H.-J., Huang, N., Lee, C.-H., Hsu, Y.-J., Hsieh, C.-J., & Chou, Y.-J. (2004). The impact of the SARS epidemic on the utilization of medical services: SARS and the fear of SARS. American Journal of Public Health, 94(4), 562-564.
  • Daniel, J. (2020). Education and the COVID-19 pandemic. Prospects, 49(1), 91-96.
  • Duan, L., & Zhu, G. (2020). Psychological interventions for people affected by the COVID-19 epidemic. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(4), 300-302.
  • Endler, N. S., & Kocovski, N. L. (2001). State and trait anxiety revisited. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15(3), 231-245.
  • Erdeve, Ö., Çetinkaya, M., Baş, A. Y., Narlı, N., Duman, N., Vural, M., & Koç, E. (2020). The Turkish Neonatal Society proposal for the management of COVID-19 in the neonatal intensive care unit. Turk Pediatri Ars, 55(2), 86-92.
  • Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topcu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). Measuring anxiety related to COVID-19: A Turkish validation study of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale. Death Studies, 1-7.
  • Filgueiras, A., & Stults-Kolehmainen, M. (2020). The relationship between behavioural and psychosocial factors among brazilians in quarantine due to COVID-19. Available at SSRN 3566245.
  • Fuentes, K., & Cox, B. (2000). Assessment of anxiety in older adults: a community-based survey and comparison with younger adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38(3), 297-309. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00067-4
  • Gao, W., Ping, S., & Liu, X. (2020). Gender differences in depression, anxiety, and stress among college students: A longitudinal study from China. Journal of Affective Disorders, 263, 292-300. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.11.121
  • Greenberg, N., Docherty, M., Gnanapragasam, S., & Wessely, S. (2020). Managing mental health challenges faced by healthcare workers during covid-19 pandemic. The BMJ, 368.
  • Günertem, E., Akay, T., Aliyev, A., Beyazpınar, S., Erdil, N., Erer, D., Bayrak, S., Çalkavur, T., & Bozkurt, K. (2020). Treatment and prophylaxis strategies for deep vein thrombosis during COVID-19 outbreak. Turkish Journal of Vascular Surgery, 29.
  • Guo, X., Meng, Z., Huang, G., Fan, J., Zhou, W., Ling, W., Jiang, J., Long, J., & Su, L. (2016). Meta-analysis of the prevalence of anxiety disorders in mainland China from 2000 to 2015. Scientific Reports, 6(1), 28033. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep28033
  • Hambleton, R. K., & Patsula, L. (1999). Increasing the validity of adapted tests: Myths to be avoided and guidelines for improving test adaptation practices. Journal of Applied Testing Technology, 1(1), 1-16.
  • Holmes, E. A., O'Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., Ballard, C., Christensen, H., Silver, R. C., & Everall, I. (2020). Multidisciplinary research priorities for the COVID-19 pandemic: A call for action for mental health science. The Lancet Psychiatry.
  • Huang, Y., & Zhao, N. (2020). Generalized anxiety disorder, depressive symptoms and sleep quality during COVID-19 epidemic in China: a web-based cross-sectional survey. medRxiv, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.02.19.20025395
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford publications.
  • Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel Psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
  • Lee, S. A. (2020). Coronavirus anxiety scale: A brief mental health screener for COVID-19 related anxiety. Death Studies, 44(7), 393-401.
  • Lee, S. M., Kang, W. S., Cho, A.-R., Kim, T., & Park, J. K. (2018). Psychological impact of the 2015 MERS outbreak on hospital workers and quarantined hemodialysis patients. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 87, 123-127.
  • Lewis, R., & Aiken, J. (1976). Update on attitudes and other affective variables in learning mathematics. Review of Educational Research, 46(2), 293-311.
  • Lu, Y.-C., Shu, B.-C., & Chang, Y.-Y. (2006). The mental health of hospital workers dealing with severe acute respiratory syndrome. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 75(6), 370-375.
  • McAlonan, G. M., Lee, A. M., Cheung, V., Cheung, C., Tsang, K. W., Sham, P. C., Chua, S. E., & Wong, J. G. (2007). Immediate and sustained psychological impact of an emerging infectious disease outbreak on health care workers. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 52(4), 241-247.
  • Mei, S., Yu, J., He, B., & Li, J. (2011). Psychological investigation of university students in a university in Jilin province. Med Soc (Berkeley), 24(05), 84-86.
  • Miles, M., & Huberman, A. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis. Sage.
  • Mokken, R. J. (2011). A theory and procedure of scale analysis: With applications in political research. Walter de Gruyter.
  • Öner, N. & LeCompte, A. (1983). Durumluk-sürekli kaygı envanteri el kitabı [State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Guidebook]. İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Özdin, S., & Bayrak Özdin, Ş. (2020). Levels and predictors of anxiety, depression and health anxiety during COVID-19 pandemic in Turkish society: The importance of gender. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 66(5), 504-511.
  • Potvin, O., Bergua, V., Meillon, C., Le Goff, M., Bouisson, J., Dartigues, J.-F., & Amieva, H. (2011). Norms and associated factors of the STAI-Y State anxiety inventory in older adults: results from the PAQUID study. International Psychogeriatrics, 23(6), 869-879. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1041610210002358
  • Qiu, J., Shen, B., Zhao, M., Wang, Z., Xie, B., & Xu, Y. (2020). A nationwide survey of psychological distress among Chinese people in the COVID-19 epidemic: Implications and policy recommendations. General Psychiatry, 33(2), 1-3.
  • Roy, D., Tripathy, S., Kar, S. K., Sharma, N., Verma, S. K., & Kaushal, V. (2020). Study of knowledge, attitude, anxiety & perceived mental healthcare need in Indian population during COVID-19 pandemic. Asian Journal of Psychiatry, 51(102083), 1-7.
  • Sareen, J., Erickson, J., Medved, M. I., Asmundson, G. J., Enns, M. W., Stein, M., Leslie, W., Doupe, M., & Logsetty, S. (2013). Risk factors for post‐injury mental health problems. Depression and Anxiety, 30(4), 321-327.
  • Shevlin, M., McBride, O., Murphy, J., Miller, J. G., Hartman, T. K., Levita, L., Mason, L., Martinez, A. P., McKay, R., & Stocks, T. V. (2020). Anxiety, depression, traumatic stress, and covid-19 related anxiety in the UK general population during the covid-19 pandemic. University of Sheffield and Ulster University.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ezgi Mor Dirlik 0000-0003-0250-327X

Mustafa Öztürk Akcaoğlu 0000-0003-2155-4822

Erkan Külekçi 0000-0001-8486-230X

Publication Date June 5, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 10 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Mor Dirlik, E., Akcaoğlu, M. Ö., & Külekçi, E. (2021). Adaptation of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale in Turkish for the Higher Education Context: A Validity and Reliability Study. Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education, 10(2), 430-444. https://doi.org/10.14686/buefad.895122

All the articles published in the journal are open access and distributed under the conditions of CommonsAttribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License 

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Bartın University Journal of Faculty of Education