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A Research on Artificial Intelligence Tools in Judicial and Legal Tools and Processes

Year 2022, , 92 - 117, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33721/by.971873

Abstract

After leaving the research laboratory, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become involved in almost all office processes at different levels, including law offices and judicial functions. Although AI is most commonly used for mundane tasks such as scanning documents, providing data, classifying and controlling records, it is rapidly progressing towards decision and action thanks to evolving algorithms. While AI has begun to cope with more complex tasks by integrating with Management Information Systems (MIS) in scientific research, business world, office applications, and legal processes, significant losses and risks await those who are insensitive to the process. There are common application areas for AI in the legal field, including technology-assisted review, document coding, contract analytics with legal research and investigation phases, predictive analytics, creation of legal-form documents, and business automation and process improvement. Our study argues that as AI algorithms become more practical, fast, and widespread due to rapid technological progress, such requirements governing the use and testing of AI tools will also become more expected soon. In this study, futuristic evaluations are made on what kind of law automation and AI-based MIS tools have been developed by businesses serving judges, legislators, and lawyers and the general trend in this innovative field.

References

  • Abiodun O. S. & Lekan A.J. (2020). Exploring the Potentials of Artificial Intelligence In The Judiciary, International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 5(8), 23-27.
  • Alarie, B., Niblett A. & Yoon A. (2017). How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3066816
  • Ambrogi, RJ. (2020). Now comes another brief analyzer, this from bloomberg law, lawsites. https://www.lawsitesblog.com/2019/07/now-comes-another-brief-analyzer-this-from-bloomberg-law.html
  • Becerra, S. (2018). The rise of artificial intelligence in the legal field: where we are and where we are going. J Bus Entrepreneurship Law, 11 (27).
  • Bloomberg. (2019). How allstate leverages technology along an ‘innovation continuum’, Bloomberg Law, https://biglawbusiness.com/how-allstate-leverages-technology-along-an-innovation-continuum
  • Borgesius, F. Z. (2019). Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/discrimination-artificial-intelligence-and-algorithmic-decision-making/1680925d73
  • Buocz, T. C. (2018). Artificial Intelligence in Court, Legitimacy Problems of AI Assistance in the Judiciary, 2 (1), https://t.ly/B4d1
  • Catterwell, R. (2020). Automation in contract interpretation. Innov Technol J. 12(1), 81-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2020.1727068
  • Cibaroğlu, M. ve Yalçınkaya, B. (2019). Belge ve Arşiv Yönetimi Süreçlerinde Büyük Veri Analitiği ve Yapay Zeka Uygulamaları. Bilgi Yönetimi, 2(1), 44-58. DOI:10.33721/by.570634
  • Cloem. (2020). Features, Cloem. https://www.cloem.com/flat/features/
  • Corbett-Davies, S., Goel S. & González-Bailón S. (2017). Even imperfect algorithms can improve the criminal justice system. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/upshot/algorithms-bail-criminal-justice-system.html
  • CourtQuant. (2019). CourtQuant partners with second litigation finance-related business, sentry funding, artificial lawyer. https://www.artificiallawyer. com/2019/09/06/courtquant-partners-with-second-litigation-finance-related-business-sentry-funding/
  • Cui, Y. (2020). Following the Law of Justice, Promoting Human-Machine Collaboration to Better Serve the Judiciary. In: Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Modernization. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9880-4_13
  • Gaffney, N. (2019). How artificial intelligence is changing law firms and the law, ABA law practice today. https://www.lawpracticetoday.org/article/artificial-intelligence-changing-law-firms-law/
  • Gregg M., Koch, B. & Smith, W. (2019). How Artificial Intelligence Is Impacting Litigators, ALAS Loss Prevention Journal Summer, https://www.womblebonddickinson.com /sites/default/files/2019-07/AI_Journal_Article_Summer_2019.pdf
  • Hao, K. (2019). This is how AI bias really happens—and why it’s so hard to fix, MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612876/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happen sand- why-its-so-hard-to-fix/
  • Hudgins, V. (2019). Uninformed or underwhelming? Most lawyers aren’t seeing ai’s value, LAW.COM Legaltech news. March 1, 2022 from https://www.law.com/legaltechnews/2019/10/29/uninformed-or-underwhelming-most-lawyers-arent-seeing-ais-value/
  • Kauffman, M. E. & Soares, M.N. (2020). AI in legal services: new trends in AI-enabled legal services. SOCA 14, 223–226. March 10, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11761-020-00305-x
  • Kıyak, E. (2020). Büyük Veri ve Yapay Zekâ Teknolojileri Ile Adım Adım Zeki UYAP (Ulusal Yargı Ağı Projesi) Ekosistemine Doğru . Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 22 (1) , 79-121 . DOI: 10.33717/deuhfd.704837 Knight, W. (2017). Forget killer robots-bias is the real AI danger. MIT Technology Review. March 13, 2022 from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608986/forget-killer-robotsbias-is-the-real-ai-danger/.
  • Lauri, (2020). What Lauri does. Semtember 11, 2022 from https://lauri.lawyer/what-lauri-does
  • LexisNexis. (2017). Lawyers and Robots? Conversations around the future of the legal industry, at Lexis Nexis, September 13, 2022 from https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/pdf/lawyers-and-robots.pdf
  • Li, M. (2019). Addressing the biases plaguing algorithms, Harvard Business Review. September 10, 2022 from https://hbr.org/2019/05/addressing-the-biases-plaguing-algorithms.
  • Marketsandmarkets. (2019). Legal AI Software Market, https://www.marketsandmarkets.com /Market-Reports/legal-ai-software-market-88725278.html
  • McCombs, D., Raghav, B., Blikshteyn, D., Bowser, J., Goryunov, E. & Oliver, A. (2020). Brave New World: How AI Tools Are Used in the Legal Sector, LEXOLOGY, March 10, 2022 from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c698c172-d4f9-49a4-a5f1-5409ccf9015d
  • Mester, T. (2018). Statistical bias types explained [çevrimiçi]. September 22, 2022 from https://data36.com/statistical-bias-types-explained/
  • Miller, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence adoption and ethical considerations for legal providers, Thomson Reuters. https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/en/insights/articles/ artificial-intelligence-adoption-and-ethical-considerations-for-legal
  • Novomisle, B. (2018). Deploying AI in the legal department. In House Counsel, [çevrimiçi]. http://www.inhousecommunity.com/article/deploying-ai-legal-department/
  • Oard D. W & Webber W. (2013). Information Retrieval for E-Discovery, Foundations And Trends In Information Retrieval, 7(1), 1–145. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.465.2603&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Özdemirci, F. (2019). Milli e-Arşiv Bilgi Sistemi Ağı ve Veri Merkezi Yapılanma Önerisi: Yenilikçi Teknolojiler-Yeni Nesil Arşivciler-Yapay Zekâ ve Ötesi. Bilgi Yönetimi, 2(2), 169-176. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/by/issue/50133/656653
  • Özgan, O. (2019). Bu reform 82 milyonun, Yanişafak Gazetesi Haberi, 1. 6. 2019, https://basin.adalet.gov.tr/yargiya-yapay-zeka
  • PerfectNDA, neota logic. September 13, 2022 from https://www.neotalogic.com/product/perfectnda/
  • POC. (2020). Intraspexion Software https://intraspexion.com/
  • Poston, JL. (2020). A tangled web: how the internet of things and AI expose companies to increased tort, privacy, and cybersecurity litigation, crowell moring. https://www.crowell.com/
  • NewsEvents/Publications/Articles/A-Tangled-Web-How-the-Internet-of-Things-and-AI-Expose-Companies-to-Increased-Tort-Privacy-and-Cybersecurity-Litigation.
  • Rains, W. M. (2020). Researching firms and judges: analytics for judges and law firms, Loyola Marymount University Library, https://guides.library.lls.edu/firms/analytics.
  • Rayo, E. A. (2017). AI in law and legal practice—a comprehensive view of 35 current applications’ techemergence, November 29, 2017 [çevrimiçi]. https://www.techemergence.com/ai-in-law-legal-practice-current-applications/.
  • Şentürk, C. (2021). Ceza Muhakemesi Hukuku Özelinde Yargida Dijitalleşme. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 25 (2), 755-785. DOI: 10.34246/ahbvuhfd.933622
  • Shepherd, D. & Laurence A .(2020). How artificial intelligence could impact the future of family law, family lawyer magazine. https://familylawyermagazine.com/articles/artificial-intelligence-and-the-future-of-family-law/.
  • Sjöberg, C. (2019). Legal Automation: AI and Law Revisited. In: Corrales M., Fenwick M., Haapio H. (eds) Legal Tech, Smart Contracts and Blockchain. Perspectives İn Law, Business And Innovation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6086-2_7
  • Son, H. (2017). JP Morgan software does in seconds what took lawyers 360,000 hours’, Bloomberg.com, https://www.bloomberg. com/news/articles/2017-02-28/jpmorgan-marshals-an-army-of-developers-to-automate-high-finance.
  • Surden, H (2018). Artificial intelligence and law: an overview. Ga St UL Rev 35:1305
  • Susskind, R (1996). The future of law. Clarendon Press.
  • Susskind, R (2019). Online courts and the future of justice. Oxford University Press.
  • Vesalainen, H. (2020). Artificial intelligence in trademark software, Trademarknow. https://www.trademarknow.com/artificial-intelligence-in-trademark-software
  • Yıldırım, B. ve Özdemirci, F. (2019). Kurumlarda Örtük Bilginin Yapay Zekâ Destekli Tavsiye Sistemleri Aracılığıyla Ortaya Çıkarılması. Bilgi Yönetimi, 2 (1), 34-43. DOI:-10.33721/by.544239
  • Yu, R. & Alì, G. (2019). What’s inside the black box? AI challenges for lawyers and researchers. Legal Info Manage. 19(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1472669619000021
  • Zimmermann, A., Di Rosa, E. & Kim H. (2020). Technology can’t fix algorithmic injustice, Boston review. https://bostonreview.net/science-nature-politics/annette-zimmermann-elena-di-rosa-hochan-kim-technology-cant-fix-algorithmic.

Yargısal ve Hukuki Süreçlerde Yapay Zekâ Kullanan Araçlar Üzerine Bir Araştırma

Year 2022, , 92 - 117, 30.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.33721/by.971873

Abstract

Yapay Zekâ (YZ), araştırma laboratuvarından çıktıktan sonra hukuk büroları ve yargılama süreçleri dahil olmak üzere neredeyse tüm ofis süreçlerine farklı düzeylerde dahil olmaya başlamıştır. YZ en yaygın olarak belge tarama, veri sağlama, kayıtların sınıflandırılması ve kontrol edilmesi gibi sıradan görevler için kullanılsa da gelişen algoritmalar sayesinde karar ve eylem alanlarına doğru hızlı bir şekilde ilerleme göstermektedir. YZ bilimsel araştırmalar, iş dünyası, ofis uygulamaları ve hukuk süreçlerindeki Yönetim Bilişim Sistemleri (YBS) ile bütünleşerek daha karmaşık işlerin üstesinden gelmeye başlamışken sürece duyarsız olanları büyük kayıplar ve riskler beklemektedir. Hukuk alanında, teknoloji destekli inceleme, belge kodlama, yasal araştırma ve soruşturma evreleriyle sözleşme analitiği, tahmine dayalı analitik, hukuki formdaki belgelerin oluşturulması ve iş otomasyonu ile süreç iyileştirme dahil olmak üzere YZ için yaygın uygulama alanları mevcuttur. Çalışmamızda, YZ algoritmalarındaki hızlı teknolojik ilerleme nedeniyle daha kullanışlı, hızlı ve yaygın hale geldikçe, YZ araçlarının kullanımını ve testini yöneten bu tür gereksinimler de yakın gelecekte daha yaygın hale geleceği iddia edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada, hâkimler, yasa koyucular ve avukatlar için hizmet veren işletmeler tarafından ne tür hukuk otomasyonu ve YZ tabanlı YBS araçların geliştirilmiş olduğu ve ayrıca, bu yenilikçi alandaki genel gidişat ve beklentiler üzerinde fütürist değerlendirmeler yapılmaktadır.

References

  • Abiodun O. S. & Lekan A.J. (2020). Exploring the Potentials of Artificial Intelligence In The Judiciary, International Journal of Engineering Applied Sciences and Technology, 5(8), 23-27.
  • Alarie, B., Niblett A. & Yoon A. (2017). How artificial intelligence will affect the practice of law. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3066816
  • Ambrogi, RJ. (2020). Now comes another brief analyzer, this from bloomberg law, lawsites. https://www.lawsitesblog.com/2019/07/now-comes-another-brief-analyzer-this-from-bloomberg-law.html
  • Becerra, S. (2018). The rise of artificial intelligence in the legal field: where we are and where we are going. J Bus Entrepreneurship Law, 11 (27).
  • Bloomberg. (2019). How allstate leverages technology along an ‘innovation continuum’, Bloomberg Law, https://biglawbusiness.com/how-allstate-leverages-technology-along-an-innovation-continuum
  • Borgesius, F. Z. (2019). Discrimination, artificial intelligence, and algorithmic decision-making. Council of Europe. https://rm.coe.int/discrimination-artificial-intelligence-and-algorithmic-decision-making/1680925d73
  • Buocz, T. C. (2018). Artificial Intelligence in Court, Legitimacy Problems of AI Assistance in the Judiciary, 2 (1), https://t.ly/B4d1
  • Catterwell, R. (2020). Automation in contract interpretation. Innov Technol J. 12(1), 81-112. https://doi.org/10.1080/17579961.2020.1727068
  • Cibaroğlu, M. ve Yalçınkaya, B. (2019). Belge ve Arşiv Yönetimi Süreçlerinde Büyük Veri Analitiği ve Yapay Zeka Uygulamaları. Bilgi Yönetimi, 2(1), 44-58. DOI:10.33721/by.570634
  • Cloem. (2020). Features, Cloem. https://www.cloem.com/flat/features/
  • Corbett-Davies, S., Goel S. & González-Bailón S. (2017). Even imperfect algorithms can improve the criminal justice system. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/12/20/upshot/algorithms-bail-criminal-justice-system.html
  • CourtQuant. (2019). CourtQuant partners with second litigation finance-related business, sentry funding, artificial lawyer. https://www.artificiallawyer. com/2019/09/06/courtquant-partners-with-second-litigation-finance-related-business-sentry-funding/
  • Cui, Y. (2020). Following the Law of Justice, Promoting Human-Machine Collaboration to Better Serve the Judiciary. In: Artificial Intelligence and Judicial Modernization. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9880-4_13
  • Gaffney, N. (2019). How artificial intelligence is changing law firms and the law, ABA law practice today. https://www.lawpracticetoday.org/article/artificial-intelligence-changing-law-firms-law/
  • Gregg M., Koch, B. & Smith, W. (2019). How Artificial Intelligence Is Impacting Litigators, ALAS Loss Prevention Journal Summer, https://www.womblebonddickinson.com /sites/default/files/2019-07/AI_Journal_Article_Summer_2019.pdf
  • Hao, K. (2019). This is how AI bias really happens—and why it’s so hard to fix, MIT Technology Review. https://www.technologyreview.com/s/612876/this-is-how-ai-bias-really-happen sand- why-its-so-hard-to-fix/
  • Hudgins, V. (2019). Uninformed or underwhelming? Most lawyers aren’t seeing ai’s value, LAW.COM Legaltech news. March 1, 2022 from https://www.law.com/legaltechnews/2019/10/29/uninformed-or-underwhelming-most-lawyers-arent-seeing-ais-value/
  • Kauffman, M. E. & Soares, M.N. (2020). AI in legal services: new trends in AI-enabled legal services. SOCA 14, 223–226. March 10, 2022 from https://doi.org/10.1007/s11761-020-00305-x
  • Kıyak, E. (2020). Büyük Veri ve Yapay Zekâ Teknolojileri Ile Adım Adım Zeki UYAP (Ulusal Yargı Ağı Projesi) Ekosistemine Doğru . Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 22 (1) , 79-121 . DOI: 10.33717/deuhfd.704837 Knight, W. (2017). Forget killer robots-bias is the real AI danger. MIT Technology Review. March 13, 2022 from https://www.technologyreview.com/s/608986/forget-killer-robotsbias-is-the-real-ai-danger/.
  • Lauri, (2020). What Lauri does. Semtember 11, 2022 from https://lauri.lawyer/what-lauri-does
  • LexisNexis. (2017). Lawyers and Robots? Conversations around the future of the legal industry, at Lexis Nexis, September 13, 2022 from https://www.lexisnexis.co.uk/pdf/lawyers-and-robots.pdf
  • Li, M. (2019). Addressing the biases plaguing algorithms, Harvard Business Review. September 10, 2022 from https://hbr.org/2019/05/addressing-the-biases-plaguing-algorithms.
  • Marketsandmarkets. (2019). Legal AI Software Market, https://www.marketsandmarkets.com /Market-Reports/legal-ai-software-market-88725278.html
  • McCombs, D., Raghav, B., Blikshteyn, D., Bowser, J., Goryunov, E. & Oliver, A. (2020). Brave New World: How AI Tools Are Used in the Legal Sector, LEXOLOGY, March 10, 2022 from https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=c698c172-d4f9-49a4-a5f1-5409ccf9015d
  • Mester, T. (2018). Statistical bias types explained [çevrimiçi]. September 22, 2022 from https://data36.com/statistical-bias-types-explained/
  • Miller, S. (2020). Artificial Intelligence adoption and ethical considerations for legal providers, Thomson Reuters. https://legal.thomsonreuters.com/en/insights/articles/ artificial-intelligence-adoption-and-ethical-considerations-for-legal
  • Novomisle, B. (2018). Deploying AI in the legal department. In House Counsel, [çevrimiçi]. http://www.inhousecommunity.com/article/deploying-ai-legal-department/
  • Oard D. W & Webber W. (2013). Information Retrieval for E-Discovery, Foundations And Trends In Information Retrieval, 7(1), 1–145. https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.465.2603&rep=rep1&type=pdf
  • Özdemirci, F. (2019). Milli e-Arşiv Bilgi Sistemi Ağı ve Veri Merkezi Yapılanma Önerisi: Yenilikçi Teknolojiler-Yeni Nesil Arşivciler-Yapay Zekâ ve Ötesi. Bilgi Yönetimi, 2(2), 169-176. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/by/issue/50133/656653
  • Özgan, O. (2019). Bu reform 82 milyonun, Yanişafak Gazetesi Haberi, 1. 6. 2019, https://basin.adalet.gov.tr/yargiya-yapay-zeka
  • PerfectNDA, neota logic. September 13, 2022 from https://www.neotalogic.com/product/perfectnda/
  • POC. (2020). Intraspexion Software https://intraspexion.com/
  • Poston, JL. (2020). A tangled web: how the internet of things and AI expose companies to increased tort, privacy, and cybersecurity litigation, crowell moring. https://www.crowell.com/
  • NewsEvents/Publications/Articles/A-Tangled-Web-How-the-Internet-of-Things-and-AI-Expose-Companies-to-Increased-Tort-Privacy-and-Cybersecurity-Litigation.
  • Rains, W. M. (2020). Researching firms and judges: analytics for judges and law firms, Loyola Marymount University Library, https://guides.library.lls.edu/firms/analytics.
  • Rayo, E. A. (2017). AI in law and legal practice—a comprehensive view of 35 current applications’ techemergence, November 29, 2017 [çevrimiçi]. https://www.techemergence.com/ai-in-law-legal-practice-current-applications/.
  • Şentürk, C. (2021). Ceza Muhakemesi Hukuku Özelinde Yargida Dijitalleşme. Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, 25 (2), 755-785. DOI: 10.34246/ahbvuhfd.933622
  • Shepherd, D. & Laurence A .(2020). How artificial intelligence could impact the future of family law, family lawyer magazine. https://familylawyermagazine.com/articles/artificial-intelligence-and-the-future-of-family-law/.
  • Sjöberg, C. (2019). Legal Automation: AI and Law Revisited. In: Corrales M., Fenwick M., Haapio H. (eds) Legal Tech, Smart Contracts and Blockchain. Perspectives İn Law, Business And Innovation. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-6086-2_7
  • Son, H. (2017). JP Morgan software does in seconds what took lawyers 360,000 hours’, Bloomberg.com, https://www.bloomberg. com/news/articles/2017-02-28/jpmorgan-marshals-an-army-of-developers-to-automate-high-finance.
  • Surden, H (2018). Artificial intelligence and law: an overview. Ga St UL Rev 35:1305
  • Susskind, R (1996). The future of law. Clarendon Press.
  • Susskind, R (2019). Online courts and the future of justice. Oxford University Press.
  • Vesalainen, H. (2020). Artificial intelligence in trademark software, Trademarknow. https://www.trademarknow.com/artificial-intelligence-in-trademark-software
  • Yıldırım, B. ve Özdemirci, F. (2019). Kurumlarda Örtük Bilginin Yapay Zekâ Destekli Tavsiye Sistemleri Aracılığıyla Ortaya Çıkarılması. Bilgi Yönetimi, 2 (1), 34-43. DOI:-10.33721/by.544239
  • Yu, R. & Alì, G. (2019). What’s inside the black box? AI challenges for lawyers and researchers. Legal Info Manage. 19(1), 2-13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1472669619000021
  • Zimmermann, A., Di Rosa, E. & Kim H. (2020). Technology can’t fix algorithmic injustice, Boston review. https://bostonreview.net/science-nature-politics/annette-zimmermann-elena-di-rosa-hochan-kim-technology-cant-fix-algorithmic.
There are 47 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Peer- Reviewed Articles
Authors

Ahmet Efe 0000-0002-2691-7517

Publication Date June 30, 2022
Submission Date July 15, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Efe, A. (2022). Yargısal ve Hukuki Süreçlerde Yapay Zekâ Kullanan Araçlar Üzerine Bir Araştırma. Bilgi Yönetimi, 5(1), 92-117. https://doi.org/10.33721/by.971873

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