Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Effect of Students' Attitudes Toward Traditional and Complementary Medicine on Their Intention to Use Health Services

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 26 - 42, 29.12.2025

Abstract

Studies on attitudes toward traditional and complementary medicine (TCM) reveal that knowledge and usage levels vary across different populations. Within this scope, the present study aims to examine the effect of students’ attitudes toward traditional and complementary medicine on their intention to use health services. The research was conducted with 300 students studying at Pamukkale University. Data were collected through a questionnaire, and a multinomial logistic regression analysis was applied to identify the relationships between students’ attitudes toward TCM and their intentions to use modern health services. The findings indicate that students generally have above-average attitudes toward TCM. However, in contrast, their intentions to use modern health services were found to be relatively lower. According to the results, students’ positive attitudes toward TCM do not have a statistically significant effect on their intention to use health services. This suggests that although individuals may have favorable views toward traditional and complementary medicine, these attitudes do not directly translate into concrete health behaviors. The findings highlight the gap between attitude and behavior and suggest that other factors—such as health literacy, prior experiences, and socio-cultural norms—may also play a decisive role in health service preferences.

Project Number

2209-A - Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı-1919B012413503

References

  • Acar, G. A., Kılıç, B. B., & Acımış, N. M. (2021). Determination of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors towards traditional and complementary medicine in patients applying to Pamukkale University Medical Faculty Hospital polyclinics. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 2(3), 153-161.
  • Akalın, B., İrban, A., & Özargun, G. (2023). Türkiye’de geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamalarının mevcut standartları ve iyileştirme önerileri. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(1), 49-69.
  • Aksungur, A. (2020). Sağlık hizmetleri kullanımında hakkaniyet: Türkiye sağlık sisteminin değerlendirilmesi (Doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Andersen, R. (1968). A behavioral model of families' use of health services.
  • Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter?. Journal of health and social behavior, 1-10.
  • Araz, N. Ç., Taşdemir, H. S., & Kılıç, S. P. (2012). Sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin tıp dışı alternatif ve geleneksel uygulamalar konusundaki görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(4), 239-251.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American psychologist, 55(5), 469.
  • Ayraler, A., Öztürk, O., Oruç, M. A., & Yavuz, E. (2020). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri ve görüşleri. Turkish Journal of Family Practice, 24(4), 196-202.
  • Babitsch, B., Gohl, D., & Von Lengerke, T. (2012). Re-revisiting Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use: a systematic review of studies from 1998–2011. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine, 9, Doc11.
  • Biçer, İ., & Balçık, P. Y. (2019). Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp: Türkiye ve Seçilen Ülkelerinin İncelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22(1), 245-257.
  • Bozer, C. (2023). Knowledge, Attitudes, And Use of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Among Medical Students: Results of A Questionnaire Study. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine, 12(1), 41-48.
  • Connor, M., & Sparks, P. (2005). Theory of planned behaviour and health behaviour. Predicting health behaviour, 2, 121-162.
  • Cooper, H., Smaje, C., & Arber, S. (1998). Use of health services by children and young people according to ethnicity and social class: secondary analysis of a national survey. Bmj, 317(7165), 1047-1051.
  • Deniz, D., Sevimli, E., & Ünlü, T. N. (2021). An overview of traditional and complementary medicine initiatives and strategies. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 8(1), 85-89.
  • Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikan, İ., Demir, O., Özdamar, K., & Sanisoğlu, S. Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve uyum indeksleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 210-223.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Pearson.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2024). IBM SPSS statistics 29 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
  • Hambleton, R. K., Swaminathan, H., & Rogers, H. J. (1991). Fundamentals of item response theory (Vol. 2). Sage.
  • James, P. B., Wardle, J., Steel, A., & Adams, J. (2018). Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMJ global health, 3(5).
  • Joachim, A. A., Osibanjo, O. A., & Matthew Adekunle, A. (2020). Health Status, Access and Utilization of Health Services in Health Resource Poor Environment: Evidence from a Suburban Community in Nigeria. Health Management & Information Science, 7(2), 91-99.
  • Koh, M. Z. Y., & Goh, Y. N. (2021). Willingness to pay for traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) among Malaysian adults. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 15(2), 312-330.
  • Köse, E., Ekerbiçer, H. Ç., & Erkorkmaz, Ü. (2018). Complementary, alternative and conventional medicine attitude scale: Turkish validity reliability study. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 8(4), 726-736.
  • Köse, E., Oturak, G., & Ekerbiçer, H. (2021). Bir grup tıp fakültesi öğrencisinde geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp tutumu ve sağlık okuryazarlığı ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 11(2), 373-380.
  • Kristoffersen, A. E., Quandt, S. A., & Stub, T. (2021). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in Norway: a cross-sectional survey with a modified Norwegian version of the international questionnaire to measure use of complementary and alternative medicine (I-CAM-QN). BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 21(1), 93.
  • Kristoffersen, A. E., Stub, T., Musial, F., Fønnebø, V., Lillenes, O., & Norheim, A. J. (2018). Prevalence and reasons for intentional use of complementary and alternative medicine as an adjunct to future visits to a medical doctor for chronic disease. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 18, 1-8.
  • Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (2008). Statistical theories of mental test scores. IAP.
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P.J. (2023). A simulation-based scaled test statistic for assessing model-data fit in least-squares unrestricted factor-analysis solutions. Methodology, 19, 96-115. doi:10.5964/meth.9839.
  • McFadden, K. L., Hernández, T. D., & Ito, T. A. (2010). Attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine influence its use. Explore, 6(6), 380-388.
  • Merican, I. (2002). Traditional/complementary medicine: the way ahead. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 57(3), 261-265.
  • Ngwenya, N., Nkosi, B., Mchunu, L. S., Ferguson, J., Seeley, J., & Doyle, A. M. (2020). Behavioural and socio-ecological factors that influence access and utilisation of health services by young people living in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implications for intervention. PloS one, 15(4), e0231080.
  • Pledger, M. J., Cumming, J., & Burnette, M. (2010). Health service use amongst users of complementary and alternative medicine. The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), 123(1312).
  • Reid, R., Steel, A., Wardle, J., Trubody, A., & Adams, J. (2016). Complementary medicine use by the Australian population: a critical mixed studies systematic review of utilisation, perceptions and factors associated with use. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16(1), 176.
  • Sadighi, J., Maftoon, F., & Moshrefi, M. (2004). Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Knowledge, attitude and practice in Tehran, Iran. Payesh (Health Monitor), 3(4), 279-289.
  • Sarman, E., Kocabıyık, Ş., Karacif, M. B., Karakoyuncu, Z. N., Ucar, M. S., Sayar, A., & Yılmaz, Ç. (2023). Evaluation of university students' attitudes towards traditional and complementary medicine practices: A study at a university in Türkiye. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 4(2), 50-57.
  • Schimpff, S. C. (1997). Complementary medicine. Current opinion in oncology, 9(4), 327-331.
  • Sheeran, P., Milne, S., Webb, T. L., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2005). Implementation intentions and health behaviour. Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models, 2, 276-323.
  • Şenol, V., Cetinkaya, F., & Balcı, E. L. Ç. İ. N. (2010). Factors associated with health services utilization by the general population in the center of Kayseri, Turkey. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(2).
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2014). Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp Uygulamaları Yönetmeliği. Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 29158).https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/10/20141027-3.html
  • Talhaoğlu, D. (2021). Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tedavi uygulamaları. Bütünleyici ve Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi, 3(1), 16-29.
  • Tamul, Ö. F. (2017). Anadolu-Sak Zeka Ölçeğinin (ASIS) Sosyal Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması (Master's thesis, Anadolu University).
  • Tozun, M., Bag, H. K., Pektas, M., Soyacikgoz, E., & Tekindal, M. A. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, and opinions of health professionals and students on traditional and complementary medicine practices in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 6(2), em0115.
  • Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological bulletin, 132(2), 249.
  • World Health Organization (2018), “Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine”, available at: www.who.int/traditional-complementary-integrative-medicine/about/en/
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Traditional medicine: growing needs and potential, 2002.
  • World Health Organization. (2013). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023. Geneva: WHO.

Öğrencilerin Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp Tutumlarının Sağlık Hizmeti Kullanım Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 2, 26 - 42, 29.12.2025

Abstract

Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıbba (GETAT) yönelik tutumlar üzerine yapılan araştırmalar, farklı popülasyonlar arasında değişen düzeylerde bilgi ve kullanım olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Bu kapsamda araştırma, öğrencilerin geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp tutumlarının, sağlık hizmeti kullanım niyetleri üzerindeki etkisini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Araştırma, Pamukkale Üniversitesi’nde öğrenim gören 300 öğrenci ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Verilerin toplanmasında anket yöntemi kullanılmış olup, öğrencilerin GETAT’a ilişkin tutumları ile modern sağlık hizmetlerini kullanma niyetleri arasındaki ilişkileri ortaya koymak amacıyla multinominal lojistik regresyon analizi uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular, öğrencilerin GETAT’a yönelik tutumlarının genel olarak ortalamanın üzerinde olduğunu göstermektedir. Ancak buna karşın, öğrencilerin modern sağlık hizmeti kullanımına yönelik niyetlerinin göreceli olarak daha düşük düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırmanın sonucuna göre, öğrencilerin GETAT’a yönelik olumlu tutumları, sağlık hizmeti kullanım niyetleri üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir etki oluşturmamaktadır. Bu durum, bireylerin geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıbbı destekleyici düşüncelere sahip olmalarına rağmen, bu tutumların somut sağlık davranışlarına doğrudan yansımadığını düşündürmektedir. Bulgular, tutum ile davranış arasındaki farkı ortaya koyarken, sağlık hizmeti tercihlerini etkileyen sağlık okuryazarlığı, önceki deneyimler ve sosyo-kültürel normlar gibi diğer faktörlerin de belirleyici olabileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Supporting Institution

TÜBİTAK

Project Number

2209-A - Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı-1919B012413503

References

  • Acar, G. A., Kılıç, B. B., & Acımış, N. M. (2021). Determination of knowledge, attitudes and behaviors towards traditional and complementary medicine in patients applying to Pamukkale University Medical Faculty Hospital polyclinics. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 2(3), 153-161.
  • Akalın, B., İrban, A., & Özargun, G. (2023). Türkiye’de geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp uygulamalarının mevcut standartları ve iyileştirme önerileri. Sağlık Profesyonelleri Araştırma Dergisi, 5(1), 49-69.
  • Aksungur, A. (2020). Sağlık hizmetleri kullanımında hakkaniyet: Türkiye sağlık sisteminin değerlendirilmesi (Doktora tezi). Hacettepe Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
  • Andersen, R. (1968). A behavioral model of families' use of health services.
  • Andersen, R. M. (1995). Revisiting the behavioral model and access to medical care: does it matter?. Journal of health and social behavior, 1-10.
  • Araz, N. Ç., Taşdemir, H. S., & Kılıç, S. P. (2012). Sağlık bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin tıp dışı alternatif ve geleneksel uygulamalar konusundaki görüşlerinin değerlendirilmesi. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi, 1(4), 239-251.
  • Arnett, J. J. (2000). Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. American psychologist, 55(5), 469.
  • Ayraler, A., Öztürk, O., Oruç, M. A., & Yavuz, E. (2020). Tıp fakültesi öğrencilerinin geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp hakkındaki bilgi düzeyleri ve görüşleri. Turkish Journal of Family Practice, 24(4), 196-202.
  • Babitsch, B., Gohl, D., & Von Lengerke, T. (2012). Re-revisiting Andersen’s Behavioral Model of Health Services Use: a systematic review of studies from 1998–2011. GMS Psycho-Social-Medicine, 9, Doc11.
  • Biçer, İ., & Balçık, P. Y. (2019). Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp: Türkiye ve Seçilen Ülkelerinin İncelenmesi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 22(1), 245-257.
  • Bozer, C. (2023). Knowledge, Attitudes, And Use of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Among Medical Students: Results of A Questionnaire Study. Eurasian Journal of Family Medicine, 12(1), 41-48.
  • Connor, M., & Sparks, P. (2005). Theory of planned behaviour and health behaviour. Predicting health behaviour, 2, 121-162.
  • Cooper, H., Smaje, C., & Arber, S. (1998). Use of health services by children and young people according to ethnicity and social class: secondary analysis of a national survey. Bmj, 317(7165), 1047-1051.
  • Deniz, D., Sevimli, E., & Ünlü, T. N. (2021). An overview of traditional and complementary medicine initiatives and strategies. Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi, 8(1), 85-89.
  • Erkorkmaz, Ü., Etikan, İ., Demir, O., Özdamar, K., & Sanisoğlu, S. Y. (2013). Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve uyum indeksleri. Turkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 33(1), 210-223.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2010). SPSS for Windows step by step: A simple guide and reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Pearson.
  • George, D., & Mallery, P. (2024). IBM SPSS statistics 29 step by step: A simple guide and reference. Routledge.
  • Hambleton, R. K., Swaminathan, H., & Rogers, H. J. (1991). Fundamentals of item response theory (Vol. 2). Sage.
  • James, P. B., Wardle, J., Steel, A., & Adams, J. (2018). Traditional, complementary and alternative medicine use in Sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review. BMJ global health, 3(5).
  • Joachim, A. A., Osibanjo, O. A., & Matthew Adekunle, A. (2020). Health Status, Access and Utilization of Health Services in Health Resource Poor Environment: Evidence from a Suburban Community in Nigeria. Health Management & Information Science, 7(2), 91-99.
  • Koh, M. Z. Y., & Goh, Y. N. (2021). Willingness to pay for traditional, complementary and alternative medicine (TCAM) among Malaysian adults. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Healthcare Marketing, 15(2), 312-330.
  • Köse, E., Ekerbiçer, H. Ç., & Erkorkmaz, Ü. (2018). Complementary, alternative and conventional medicine attitude scale: Turkish validity reliability study. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 8(4), 726-736.
  • Köse, E., Oturak, G., & Ekerbiçer, H. (2021). Bir grup tıp fakültesi öğrencisinde geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp tutumu ve sağlık okuryazarlığı ilişkisinin incelenmesi. Sakarya Tıp Dergisi, 11(2), 373-380.
  • Kristoffersen, A. E., Quandt, S. A., & Stub, T. (2021). Use of complementary and alternative medicine in Norway: a cross-sectional survey with a modified Norwegian version of the international questionnaire to measure use of complementary and alternative medicine (I-CAM-QN). BMC complementary medicine and therapies, 21(1), 93.
  • Kristoffersen, A. E., Stub, T., Musial, F., Fønnebø, V., Lillenes, O., & Norheim, A. J. (2018). Prevalence and reasons for intentional use of complementary and alternative medicine as an adjunct to future visits to a medical doctor for chronic disease. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 18, 1-8.
  • Lord, F. M., & Novick, M. R. (2008). Statistical theories of mental test scores. IAP.
  • Lorenzo-Seva, U., & Ferrando, P.J. (2023). A simulation-based scaled test statistic for assessing model-data fit in least-squares unrestricted factor-analysis solutions. Methodology, 19, 96-115. doi:10.5964/meth.9839.
  • McFadden, K. L., Hernández, T. D., & Ito, T. A. (2010). Attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine influence its use. Explore, 6(6), 380-388.
  • Merican, I. (2002). Traditional/complementary medicine: the way ahead. Medical Journal of Malaysia, 57(3), 261-265.
  • Ngwenya, N., Nkosi, B., Mchunu, L. S., Ferguson, J., Seeley, J., & Doyle, A. M. (2020). Behavioural and socio-ecological factors that influence access and utilisation of health services by young people living in rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: Implications for intervention. PloS one, 15(4), e0231080.
  • Pledger, M. J., Cumming, J., & Burnette, M. (2010). Health service use amongst users of complementary and alternative medicine. The New Zealand Medical Journal (Online), 123(1312).
  • Reid, R., Steel, A., Wardle, J., Trubody, A., & Adams, J. (2016). Complementary medicine use by the Australian population: a critical mixed studies systematic review of utilisation, perceptions and factors associated with use. BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 16(1), 176.
  • Sadighi, J., Maftoon, F., & Moshrefi, M. (2004). Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM): Knowledge, attitude and practice in Tehran, Iran. Payesh (Health Monitor), 3(4), 279-289.
  • Sarman, E., Kocabıyık, Ş., Karacif, M. B., Karakoyuncu, Z. N., Ucar, M. S., Sayar, A., & Yılmaz, Ç. (2023). Evaluation of university students' attitudes towards traditional and complementary medicine practices: A study at a university in Türkiye. International Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine Research, 4(2), 50-57.
  • Schimpff, S. C. (1997). Complementary medicine. Current opinion in oncology, 9(4), 327-331.
  • Sheeran, P., Milne, S., Webb, T. L., & Gollwitzer, P. M. (2005). Implementation intentions and health behaviour. Predicting health behaviour: Research and practice with social cognition models, 2, 276-323.
  • Şenol, V., Cetinkaya, F., & Balcı, E. L. Ç. İ. N. (2010). Factors associated with health services utilization by the general population in the center of Kayseri, Turkey. Türkiye Klinikleri Tıp Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(2).
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2014). Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp Uygulamaları Yönetmeliği. Resmî Gazete (Sayı: 29158).https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2014/10/20141027-3.html
  • Talhaoğlu, D. (2021). Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tedavi uygulamaları. Bütünleyici ve Anadolu Tıbbı Dergisi, 3(1), 16-29.
  • Tamul, Ö. F. (2017). Anadolu-Sak Zeka Ölçeğinin (ASIS) Sosyal Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması (Master's thesis, Anadolu University).
  • Tozun, M., Bag, H. K., Pektas, M., Soyacikgoz, E., & Tekindal, M. A. (2022). Knowledge, attitudes, and opinions of health professionals and students on traditional and complementary medicine practices in Turkey: a systematic review and meta-analysis. European Journal of Environment and Public Health, 6(2), em0115.
  • Webb, T. L., & Sheeran, P. (2006). Does changing behavioral intentions engender behavior change? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological bulletin, 132(2), 249.
  • World Health Organization (2018), “Traditional, complementary and integrative medicine”, available at: www.who.int/traditional-complementary-integrative-medicine/about/en/
  • World Health Organization. (2017). Traditional medicine: growing needs and potential, 2002.
  • World Health Organization. (2013). WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy 2014–2023. Geneva: WHO.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Social Work (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Nurcan Kökhan 0009-0007-2497-196X

İsmail Biçer 0000-0003-1878-0546

Project Number 2209-A - Üniversite Öğrencileri Araştırma Projeleri Destekleme Programı-1919B012413503
Submission Date June 24, 2025
Acceptance Date November 21, 2025
Publication Date December 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Kökhan, N., & Biçer, İ. (2025). Öğrencilerin Geleneksel ve Tamamlayıcı Tıp Tutumlarının Sağlık Hizmeti Kullanım Niyeti Üzerindeki Etkisi. Çağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 26-42.