Validity and Reliability Study for Turkish Culture of Obligation to Volunteer as Commitment (OVC) and Obligation to Volunteer as Duty (OVD) Scales
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 147 - 166, 28.12.2022
Pınar Güzel Gürbüz
,
Melike Esentaş Deveci
,
Batuhan Er
,
Özge Yavaş Tez
,
Devrim Zerengök
Öz
When the literature on leisure time concept and volunteering studies are examined, we see that studies center around the individual agency in the choices of volunteering and not feeling of any obligation, but this study is concerned with the feeling of duty within the volunteering. In this regard, the aim of this study is to make the validity and reliability study for the Turkish culture of Obligation to Volunteer as Commitment (OVC) and Obligation to Volunteer as Duty (OVD) Scales developed by Gallant, et al. (2017). In the study, we carried out analyzes on two sample groups like EFA and CFA, since it was desired to examine the psychometric properties of two measurement tools related to volunteering commitment, the "Volunteering Obligation as Commitment (OVC) Scale" and the "Volunteering Obligation as a Duty (OVD) Scale". As a result of the analyzes made, the 9 items single factor structure of the Obligation to Volunteering as Commitment and the Obligation to Volunteering as a Duty scales was revealed. According to this, it was determined that OVCS and OVDS are valid and reliable measurement tools for Turkish culture.
Kaynakça
- Ardahan, F. (2015). Ciddi boş zaman faaliyeti olarak gönüllülük: AKUT örneği. III. Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 40-53.
- Bang, H. & Chelladurai, P. (2009). Development and validation of the volunteer motivations scale for international sporting events (VMS-ISE). International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 6(4), 332-350. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2009.030064
- Bang, H. & Ross, S. D. (2009). Volunteer motivation and satisfaction. Journal of Venue and Event Management, 1(1), 61-77.
- Buchanan, T. (1985). Commitment and leisure behavior: A theoretical perspective. Leisure Sciences, 7(4), 401-420.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni, Spss Uygulamaları ve Yorum. Ankara: Pegem Yayınevi, 181.
- Cattell, R.B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis. New York: Plenum Press.
- Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J. & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: a functional approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(6), 1516-1530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516
- Cnaan, R. A., Handy, F., & Wadsworth, M. (1996). Defining who is a volunteer: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 25(3), 364-383.
- Comrey, A.L., & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533.
- Cuskelly, G., & Harrington, M. (1997). Volunteers and leisure: Evidence of marginal and career volunteerism in sport. World Leisure & Recreation, 39(3), 11-18.
- Cuskelly, G., Hoye, R., & Auld, C. (2006). Working with volunteers in sport: Theory and practice. Routledge.
- Downward, P., Hallmann, K. & Rasciute, S. (2020). Volunteering and leisure activity in the United Kingdom: A longitudinal analysis of males and females. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(4), 757-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020901815
- Er, B ve Güzel Gürbüz, P. (2021). Uluslararası Spor Organizasyonlarında Gönüllü Motivasyonu ile Serbest Zaman Doyum Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 152-172. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.906958
- Fabringer, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods 4, 272-299.
- Farrell, J. M., Johnston, M. E. & Twynam, G. D. (1998). Volunteer motivation, satisfaction, and management at an elite sporting competition. Journal of Sport Management, 12(4), 288-300. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.4.288
- Fişne, M. ve Karagöz, Y. (2016). Uluslararası spor organizasyonları için gönüllü motivasyonları ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.271322
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3):382-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980.
- Gallant, K. A. (2011). Feelings of obligation related to volunteering as serious leisure within a communitarian framework. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Waterloo.
- Gallant, K., Smale, B., & Arai, S. (2017). Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer: The obligation to volunteer as commitment (OVC) and obligation to volunteer as duty (OVD) scales. Leisure Studies, 36(4), 588-601.
- Giannoulakis, C., Wang, C.-H. & Gray, D. (2008). Measuring volunteer motivation in mega sporting events. Event Management, 11(4), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599508785899884
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Haski‐Leventhal, D. (2009). Altruism and volunteerism: The perceptions of altruism in four disciplines and their impact on the study of volunteerism. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(3), 271-299.
- Haski-Leventhal, D., Paull, M., Young, S., MacCallum, J., Holmes, K., Omari, M., ... & Alony, I. (2020). The multidimensional benefits of university student volunteering: Psychological contract, expectations, and outcomes. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(1), 113-133.
- Henderson, K. (1984). Vollinteerism as leisure. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 13(1), 55-63.
- Henderson, K. A., & Presley, J. (2003). Globalization and the values of volunteering as leisure. World Leisure Journal, 45(2), 33-37.
- Karakoç, F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında temel ilkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 13(40), 39-49.
- Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
- Kline, R. B. (2013). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analy¬sis. In; Applied Quantitative Analysis in Education and the Social Sciences. New York: Routledge.
- Kürkçü Akgönül, E. Yavaş Tez, Ö. ve Aras, D. (2021). Revize edilmiş yarışma durumluk kaygı envanteri-2’nin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1), 61-80.
- Lepp, A. (2009). Leisure and obligation: An investigation of volunteer tourists' experience at Kenya's Taita Discovery Center. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 253-260.
- Lockstone‐Binney, L., Holmes, K., Smith, K., & Baum, T. (2010). Volunteers and volunteering in leisure: Social science perspectives. Leisure Studies, 29(4), 435-455.
- Loehlin, J.C. (1998). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- McDonald, R.P. (1985). Factor analysis and related methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R.C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavioral genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153-161.
- Rojek, C. (2005). Leisure theory. Principles and Practice. New York.
- Schermelleh, E. K., Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2): 23-74.
- Schumacher, R. E., Lomax, R. G. (1996). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
- Stebbins, R. A. (1996). Volunteering: A serious leisure perspective. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 25(2), 211-224.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2000A). Obligation as an aspect of leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 152-155. (A)
- Stebbins, R. A. (2000B). Antinomies in volunteering–choice/obligation, leisure/work. Society and Leisure, 23(2), 313-324.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2005). Project‐based leisure: theoretical neglect of a common use of free time. Leisure Studies, 24(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000180832.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2007). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time (Vol. 95). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers
- Stebbins, R. (2014). Careers in serious leisure: From dabbler to devotee in search of fulfilment. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2015). Leisure and the motive to volunteer: Theories of serious, casual, and project-based leisure. Springer.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
- Van Til, J. (1988). Mapping the third sector: Voluntarism in a changing social economy. New York: The Foundation Center.
- Yavaş, V. ve Tez, Ö. Y. (2021). Kentsel hava taşımacılığı kabul ve kullanım modeli: Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Journal of Aviation Research, 3(2), 279-298.
Bağlılık Olarak Gönüllülük Yükümlülüğü Ölçeği ve Görev Olarak Gönüllülük Yükümlülüğü Ölçeği’nin Türk Kültürüne Uyarlanması: Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması
Yıl 2022,
Cilt: 20 Sayı: 4, 147 - 166, 28.12.2022
Pınar Güzel Gürbüz
,
Melike Esentaş Deveci
,
Batuhan Er
,
Özge Yavaş Tez
,
Devrim Zerengök
Öz
Serbest zaman kavramı ve gönüllülük çalışmaları açısından literatür incelendiğinde, gönüllülük kavramında özgür seçim ve zorlama hissi olmaması üzerinde çalışmalar yoğunlaşırken bu çalışma dahilinde gönüllülüğün yükümlülük duygusu ile ilişkisine değinilmektedir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmanın amacı Gallant, Smale ve Arai (2017) tarafından geliştirilen Bağlılık Olarak Gönüllülük Yükümlülüğü ve Görev Olarak Gönüllülük Yükümlülüğü ölçeklerinin Türk kültürü için geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışmasının yapılmasıdır. Çalışmada “Bağlılık Olarak Gönüllülük Yükümlülüğü Ölçeği (BOGYÖ)” ve “Görev Olarak Gönüllülük Yükümlülüğü Ölçeği (GOGYÖ)” olmak üzere gönüllülük yükümlülüğüne ilişkin iki ölçüm aracının psikometrik özellikleri incelenmek istenildiği için Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) olmak üzere iki örneklem grubu üzerinde analizler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Yapılan analizler sonucunda Bağlılık Olarak Gönüllülüğe Yükümlülük ve Görev Olarak Gönüllülüğe Yükümlülük ölçeklerinin 9’ar maddelik tek faktörlü yapıyı ortaya çıkarmıştır. Buna göre BOGYÖ ile GOGYÖ’nin Türk kültürü için geçerli ve güvenilir ölçüm araçları olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Ardahan, F. (2015). Ciddi boş zaman faaliyeti olarak gönüllülük: AKUT örneği. III. Rekreasyon Araştırmaları Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, 40-53.
- Bang, H. & Chelladurai, P. (2009). Development and validation of the volunteer motivations scale for international sporting events (VMS-ISE). International Journal of Sport Management and Marketing, 6(4), 332-350. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJSMM.2009.030064
- Bang, H. & Ross, S. D. (2009). Volunteer motivation and satisfaction. Journal of Venue and Event Management, 1(1), 61-77.
- Buchanan, T. (1985). Commitment and leisure behavior: A theoretical perspective. Leisure Sciences, 7(4), 401-420.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı: İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni, Spss Uygulamaları ve Yorum. Ankara: Pegem Yayınevi, 181.
- Cattell, R.B. (1978). The scientific use of factor analysis. New York: Plenum Press.
- Clary, E. G., Snyder, M., Ridge, R. D., Copeland, J., Stukas, A. A., Haugen, J. & Miene, P. (1998). Understanding and assessing the motivations of volunteers: a functional approach. Journal of personality and social psychology, 74(6), 1516-1530. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.74.6.1516
- Cnaan, R. A., Handy, F., & Wadsworth, M. (1996). Defining who is a volunteer: Conceptual and empirical considerations. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 25(3), 364-383.
- Comrey, A.L., & Lee, H.B. (1992). A first course in factor analysis. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Cox, R. H., Martens, M. P., Russell, W. D. (2003). Measuring anxiety in athletics: the revised competitive state anxiety inventory–2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 25(4), 519-533.
- Cuskelly, G., & Harrington, M. (1997). Volunteers and leisure: Evidence of marginal and career volunteerism in sport. World Leisure & Recreation, 39(3), 11-18.
- Cuskelly, G., Hoye, R., & Auld, C. (2006). Working with volunteers in sport: Theory and practice. Routledge.
- Downward, P., Hallmann, K. & Rasciute, S. (2020). Volunteering and leisure activity in the United Kingdom: A longitudinal analysis of males and females. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(4), 757-775. https://doi.org/10.1177/0899764020901815
- Er, B ve Güzel Gürbüz, P. (2021). Uluslararası Spor Organizasyonlarında Gönüllü Motivasyonu ile Serbest Zaman Doyum Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(1), 152-172. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.906958
- Fabringer, L.R., Wegener, D.T., MacCallum, R.C., Strahan, E.J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods 4, 272-299.
- Farrell, J. M., Johnston, M. E. & Twynam, G. D. (1998). Volunteer motivation, satisfaction, and management at an elite sporting competition. Journal of Sport Management, 12(4), 288-300. https://doi.org/10.1123/jsm.12.4.288
- Fişne, M. ve Karagöz, Y. (2016). Uluslararası spor organizasyonları için gönüllü motivasyonları ölçeği’nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması. Spor Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.25307/jssr.271322
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3):382-388. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980.
- Gallant, K. A. (2011). Feelings of obligation related to volunteering as serious leisure within a communitarian framework. Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, University of Waterloo.
- Gallant, K., Smale, B., & Arai, S. (2017). Measurement of feelings of obligation to volunteer: The obligation to volunteer as commitment (OVC) and obligation to volunteer as duty (OVD) scales. Leisure Studies, 36(4), 588-601.
- Giannoulakis, C., Wang, C.-H. & Gray, D. (2008). Measuring volunteer motivation in mega sporting events. Event Management, 11(4), 191-200. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599508785899884
- Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2009). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice Hall.
- Haski‐Leventhal, D. (2009). Altruism and volunteerism: The perceptions of altruism in four disciplines and their impact on the study of volunteerism. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 39(3), 271-299.
- Haski-Leventhal, D., Paull, M., Young, S., MacCallum, J., Holmes, K., Omari, M., ... & Alony, I. (2020). The multidimensional benefits of university student volunteering: Psychological contract, expectations, and outcomes. Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, 49(1), 113-133.
- Henderson, K. (1984). Vollinteerism as leisure. Journal of Voluntary Action Research, 13(1), 55-63.
- Henderson, K. A., & Presley, J. (2003). Globalization and the values of volunteering as leisure. World Leisure Journal, 45(2), 33-37.
- Karakoç, F. Y., & Dönmez, L. (2014). Ölçek geliştirme çalışmalarında temel ilkeler. Tıp Eğitimi Dünyası, 13(40), 39-49.
- Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. New York: Routledge.
- Kline, R. B. (2013). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analy¬sis. In; Applied Quantitative Analysis in Education and the Social Sciences. New York: Routledge.
- Kürkçü Akgönül, E. Yavaş Tez, Ö. ve Aras, D. (2021). Revize edilmiş yarışma durumluk kaygı envanteri-2’nin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1), 61-80.
- Lepp, A. (2009). Leisure and obligation: An investigation of volunteer tourists' experience at Kenya's Taita Discovery Center. Journal of Leisure Research, 41(2), 253-260.
- Lockstone‐Binney, L., Holmes, K., Smith, K., & Baum, T. (2010). Volunteers and volunteering in leisure: Social science perspectives. Leisure Studies, 29(4), 435-455.
- Loehlin, J.C. (1998). Latent variable models: An introduction to factor, path, and structural analysis (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
- McDonald, R.P. (1985). Factor analysis and related methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
- Preacher, K. J. & MacCallum, R.C. (2002). Exploratory factor analysis in behavioral genetics research: Factor recovery with small sample sizes. Behavior Genetics, 32(2), 153-161.
- Rojek, C. (2005). Leisure theory. Principles and Practice. New York.
- Schermelleh, E. K., Moosbrugger, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Of Psychological Research Online, 8 (2): 23-74.
- Schumacher, R. E., Lomax, R. G. (1996). A Beginner’s Guide to Structural Equation Modeling. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
- Stebbins, R. A. (1996). Volunteering: A serious leisure perspective. Nonprofit and voluntary sector quarterly, 25(2), 211-224.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2000A). Obligation as an aspect of leisure experience. Journal of Leisure Research, 32(1), 152-155. (A)
- Stebbins, R. A. (2000B). Antinomies in volunteering–choice/obligation, leisure/work. Society and Leisure, 23(2), 313-324.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2005). Project‐based leisure: theoretical neglect of a common use of free time. Leisure Studies, 24(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1080/0261436042000180832.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2007). Serious leisure: A perspective for our time (Vol. 95). New Brunswick, New Jersey: Transaction Publishers
- Stebbins, R. (2014). Careers in serious leisure: From dabbler to devotee in search of fulfilment. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
- Stebbins, R. A. (2015). Leisure and the motive to volunteer: Theories of serious, casual, and project-based leisure. Springer.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
- Van Til, J. (1988). Mapping the third sector: Voluntarism in a changing social economy. New York: The Foundation Center.
- Yavaş, V. ve Tez, Ö. Y. (2021). Kentsel hava taşımacılığı kabul ve kullanım modeli: Bir ölçek geliştirme çalışması. Journal of Aviation Research, 3(2), 279-298.