Consumption of Sugar Sweetened Beverages in Childrens and Adolescents and Their Effects on Health

Abstract

Sugar sweetened beverages, which are frequently consumed by children and adolescents, are the largest source of added sugar with a high energy content. Beverages such as fruit juices, sodas, energy drinks are in this group. Types of sugars, sweeteners, caffeine, stimulants present in the ingredients may be at risk for child health. Consumption of these beverages is affected by many factors such as gender, age, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, education level. There are studies showing that chronic use may be associated with many diseases such as overweight, cardiovascular problems, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, increased blood lipids and blood pressure. Negative health effects can continue in adulthood, starting from very young age. For this reason, healthy food consumption should be supported by working on children, family, environment and policies within the framework of scientific proposals at the earliest stage in terms of child health.

Keywords

• Sugar sweetened beverage,beverage,added sugar,child

Çocuk ve Adölesanlarda Şeker İlaveli İçeceklerin Tüketimi ve Sağlık Üzerine Etkileri

Abstract

Çocuk ve adölesanlar tarafından sık tüketilen şeker ilaveli içecekler, yüksek enerji içeriğine sahip en büyük ilave şeker kaynağıdır. Meyve suları, gazlı içecekler, enerji içecekleri gibi içecekler bu gruba girmektedir. İçeriğinde bulunan şeker türleri, tatlandırıcılar, kafein, uyarıcı maddeler çocuk sağlığı açısından risk taşıyabilmektedir. Bu içeceklerin tüketimi cinsiyet, yaş, etnisite, sosyoekonomik durum, eğitim seviyesi gibi birçok faktörden etkilenmektedir. Kronik kullanımının fazla kilo, kalp damar problemleri, metabolik sendrom, tip 2 diyabet, kan lipidlerinde ve kan basıncında artış, gibi birçok hastalık ile ilişkili olabileceğini gösteren çalışmalar mevcuttur. Olumsuz sağlık etkileri çok küçük yaştan başlayarak yetişkinlik döneminde devam edebilmektedir. Bu nedenle çocuk sağlığı açısından erken dönemde bilimsel öneriler çerçevesinde çocuk, aile, çevre ve politikalar üzerinde çalışmalar yapılarak sağlıklı besin tüketimleri desteklenmelidir. 

Keywords

• Şeker ilaveli içecek,içecek,ilave şeker,çocuk

References

1. Otten JJ, Hellwig JP, Meyers LD. Dietary reference intakes: the essential guide to nutrient requirements: National Academies Press; 2006.
2. Organization WH. Guideline: sugars intake for adults and children: World Health Organization; 2015.
3. Food, Drug Administration H. Food labeling: revision of the nutrition and supplement facts labels. Final rule. Federal Register. 2016;81[103]:33741.
4. Drewnowski A, Rehm CD. Consumption of added sugars among US children and adults by food purchase location and food source–. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;100[3]:901-7.
5. Bucher T, Siegrist M. Children's and parents' health perception of different soft drinks. British Journal of Nutrition. 2015;113[3]:526-35.
6. Mis NF, Braegger C, Bronsky J, Campoy C, Domellöf M, Embleton ND, et al. Sugar in infants, children and adolescents: a position paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. 2017;65[6]:681-96
7. Park S, Pan L, Sherry B, Li R. The association of sugar-sweetened beverage intake during infancy with sugar-sweetened beverage intake at 6 years of age. Pediatrics. 2014;134[Supplement 1]:S56-S62.
8. Powell ES, Smith-Taillie LP, Popkin BM. Added sugars intake across the distribution of US children and adult consumers: 1977-2012. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2016;116[10]:1543-50.

9. von Philipsborn P, Stratil JM, Burns J, Busert LK, Pfadenhauer LM, Polus S, et al. Environmental interventions to reduce the consumption of sugar‐sweetened beverages and their effects on health. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2019;[6]:CD012292.
10. Bleich SN, Vercammen KA, Koma JW, Li Z. Trends in beverage consumption among children and adult, 2003‐2014. Obesity. 2018;26[2]:432-41.
11. Alsubaie ASR. Consumption and correlates of sweet foods, carbonated beverages, and energy drinks among primary school children in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Medical Journal. 2017;38[10]:1045.
12. Grimes CA, Riddell LJ, Campbell KJ, Nowson CA. Dietary salt intake, sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, and obesity risk. Pediatrics. 2013;131[1]:14-21.
13. Shang XW, Lıu AL, Zhang Q, Hu XQ, Du SM, Jun M, et al. Report on childhood obesity in China [9]: sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and obesity. Biomedical and environmental sciences. 2012;25[2]:125-32.
14. Tasevska N, DeLia D, Lorts C, Yedidia M, Ohri-Vachaspati P. Determinants of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among low-ıncome children: are there differences by race/ethnicity, age, and sex? Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2017;117[12]:1900-20.
15. van Ansem WJ, van Lenthe FJ, Schrijvers CT, Rodenburg G, van de Mheen D. Socio-economic inequalities in children's snack consumption and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption: the contribution of home environmental factors. British Journal of Nutrition. 2014;112[3]:467-76.
16. Gesualdo N, Yanovitzky I. Advertising susceptibility and youth preference for and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages: findings from a national survey. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior. 2019;51[1]:16-22.
17. Mazarello Paes V, Hesketh K, O'Malley C, Moore H, Summerbell C, Griffin S, et al. Determinants of sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption in young children: a systematic review. obesity reviews. 2015;16[11]:903-13.
18. Heyman MB, Abrams SA. Fruit juice in infants, children, and adolescents: current recommendations. Pediatrics. 2017:e20170967.
19. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Meyve Suyu ve Benzeri Ürünler Tebliği. Tebliğ no: 2014/34. [http://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/Metin.Aspx?MevzuatKod=9.5.19949&MevzuatIliski=0&sourceXmlSearch=meyve%20suyu]. [Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2019].
20. Gözener B, Sayılı M. Türk Tarım-Gıda Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science And Technology. 2015;3[6]:453-8.
21. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Alkolsüz İçecekler Tebliği. Tebliğ no: 2007/26. [http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2007/06/20070615-5.htm] . [Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2019].
22. Kaya T, Ülengin B. Tüketici paneli verisine dayalı bir marka tercih modeli: Türkiye gazlı meşrubatlar sektöründe bir uygulama. ITU Journal Series D: Engineering. 2009;8[4].
23. Dikici S, Aydin LY, Kutlucan A, Ercan N. Enerji içecekleri hakkında neler biliyoruz? Dicle Tip Dergisi. 2012;39[4]:609.
24. Aranda M, Morlock G. Simultaneous determination of riboflavin, pyridoxine, nicotinamide, caffeine and taurine in energy drinks by planar chromatography-multiple detection with confirmation by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2006;1131[1-2]:253-60.
25. Reissig CJ, Strain EC, Griffiths RR. Caffeinated energy drinks—a growing problem. Drug & Alcohol Dependence. 2009;99[1]:1-10.
26. Howard MA, Marczinski CA. Acute effects of a glucose energy drink on behavioral control. Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology. 2010;18[6]:553.
27. Mets MA, Ketzer S, Blom C, Van Gerven MH, Van Willigenburg GM, Olivier B, et al. Positive effects of Red Bull® energy drink on driving performance during prolonged driving. Psychopharmacology. 2011;214[3]:737-45.
28. Thomson BM, Campbell DM, Cressey P, Egan U, Horn B. Energy drink consumption and impact on caffeine risk. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A. 2014;31[9]:1476-88.
29. Zucconi S, Volpato C, Adinolfi F, Gandini E, Gentile E, Loi A, et al. Gathering consumption data on specific consumer groups of energy drinks. EFSA Supporting Publications. 2013;10[3].
30. Arpacı N, Ersoy G. What is the power of energy drinks? Journal of Human Sciences. 2011;8[1]:809-19.
31. für Risikobewertung B. New human data on the assessment of energy drinks. Federal Institute for Risk Assessment. 2008.
32. Kayapınar FÇ, Özdemir İ. Öğrencilerin enerji içeceği tüketim bilincinin ve alışkanlıklarının araştırılmasında bir meslek yüksekokulu örneği. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi. 2016;15[1]:1-12.
33. Arslan S, Şanlıer N. Fruktoz ve sağlık. Mersin Univ Saglık Bilim Derg. 2016;[9]:3.
34. Goran MI, Ulijaszek SJ, Ventura EE. High fructose corn syrup and diabetes prevalence: a global perspective. Global Public Health. 2013;8[1]:55-64.
35. Forshee RA, Storey ML, Allison DB, Glinsmann WH, Hein GL, Lineback DR, et al. A critical examination of the evidence relating high fructose corn syrup and weight gain. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition. 2007;47[6]:561-82.
36. Neilson EG. The fructose nation. Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2007;18[10]:2619-21.
37. Keim NL, Stanhope KL, Havel PJ. Fructose and high-fructose corn syrup. In: Caballero B, Finglas P, Toldrá, F (eds). Encyclopedia of food and health, Academic Press, United Kingdom, 2016, pp 119-124.
38. Charrez B, Qiao L, Hebbard L. The role of fructose in metabolism and cancer. Hormone Molecular Biology and Clinical Investigation. 2015;22[2]:79-89.
39. Liu H, Heaney AP. Refined fructose and cancer. Expert opinion on therapeutic targets. 2011;15[9]:1049-59.
40. Aune D, Chan D, Vieira A, Navarro Rosenblatt D, Vieira R, Greenwood D, et al. Dietary fructose, carbohydrates, glycemic indices and pancreatic cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Annals of Oncology. 2012;23[10]:2536-46.
41. Mattioli LF, Holloway NB, Thomas JH, Wood JG. Fructose, but not dextrose, induces leukocyte adherence to the mesenteric venule of the rat by oxidative stress. Pediatric Research. 2010;67[4]:352.
42. Yamazaki M, Munetsuna E, Yamada H, Ando Y, Mizuno G, Murase Y, et al. Fructose consumption induces hypomethylation of hepatic mitochondrial DNA in rats. Life Sciences. 2016;149:146-52.
43. Özdemir D, Başer H, Çakır B. Tatlandırıcılar. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Endocrinology. 2014;9[2]:60-70.
44. Nabors L, Gelardi R. Alternative sweeteners: an overview. Alternative Sweeteners. 2001;2:1-10.
45. Kroger M, Meister K, Kava R. Low‐calorie sweeteners and other sugar substitutes: a review of the safety issues. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety. 2006;5[2]:35-47.
46. Chattopadhyay S, Raychaudhuri U, Chakraborty R. Artificial sweeteners–a review. Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2014;51[4]:611-21.
47. Temple JL. Caffeine use in children: what we know, what we have left to learn, and why we should worry. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2009;33[6]:793-806.
48. Pollak CP, Bright D. Caffeine consumption and weekly sleep patterns in US seventh-, eighth-, and ninth-graders. Pediatrics. 2003;111[1]:42-6.
49. Pennay AE, Lubman DI. Energy drinks: health risks and toxicity. The Medical Journal of Australia. 2012;196[7]:442.
50. Türk Gıda Kodeksi Enerji İçecekleri Tebliği. Tebliğ no: 2017/4. [http://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2017/06/20170930-23.htm.]. [Erişim tarihi: 08.06.2019].
51. Temple JL, Dewey AM, Briatico LN. Effects of acute caffeine administration on adolescents. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology. 2010;18[6]:510.
52. Noël H, Hofhuis A, De Jonge R, Heuvelink AE, De Jong A, Heck ME, et al. Consumption of fresh fruit juice: how a healthy food practice caused a national outbreak of Salmonella Panama gastroenteritis. Foodborne Pathogens and Disease. 2010;7[4]:375-81.
53. Jain S, Bidol SA, Austin JL, Berl E, Elson F, Williams ML, et al. Multistate outbreak of Salmonella Typhimurium and Saintpaul infections associated with unpasteurized orange juice—United States, 2005. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009;48[8]:1065-71.
54. Yu R, Yang B, Cai L, Lu X, Wang X. Excess free fructose beverages and allergy in children and adolescents: Results from NHANES 2005-2006. The Annals of Family Medicine. 2018;16[5]:408-418.
55. Frantsve‐Hawley J, Bader JD, Welsh JA, Wright JT. A systematic review of the association between consumption of sugar‐containing beverages and excess weight gain among children under age 12. Journal of public health dentistry. 2017;77[S1].
56. Lin W-T, Chan T-F, Huang H-L, Lee C-Y, Tsai S, Wu P-W, et al. Fructose-rich beverage intake and central adiposity, uric acid, and pediatric insulin resistance. The Journal of Pediatrics. 2016;171:90-6.
57. Martin-Calvo N, Martínez-González M-A, Bes-Rastrollo M, Gea A, Ochoa MC, Marti A. Sugar-sweetened carbonated beverage consumption and childhood/adolescent obesity: a case–control study. Public health nutrition. 2014;17[10]:2185-93.
58. Rampersaud GC. 100% Fruit juice: perspectives amid the sugar debate. Public Health Nutrition. 2016;19[5]:906-13.
59. O’Neil CE, Nicklas TA. Childhood obesity and the consumption of 100% fruit juice: where are the evidence-based findings? Fructose, high fructose corn syrup, sucrose and health: Springer; 2014. p. 247-75.
60. Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Fernandez-Barres S, Kleinman K, Taveras EM, Oken E. Beverage intake during pregnancy and childhood adiposity. Pediatrics. 2017:e20170031.
61. Zheng M, Rangan A, Allman-Farinelli M, Rohde JF, Olsen NJ, Heitmann BL. Replacing sugary drinks with milk is inversely associated with weight gain among young obesity-predisposed children. British Journal of Nutrition. 2015;114[9]:1448-55.
62. Imamura F, O’Connor L, Ye Z, Mursu J, Hayashino Y, Bhupathiraju SN, et al. Consumption of sugar sweetened beverages, artificially sweetened beverages, and fruit juice and incidence of type 2 diabetes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and estimation of population attributable fraction. Bmj. 2015;351:h3576.
63. Lee AK, Binongo JNG, Chowdhury R, Stein AD, Gazmararian JA, Vos MB, et al. Consumption of less than 10% of total energy from added sugars is associated with increasing HDL in females during adolescence: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of the American Heart Association. 2014;3[1]:e000615.
64. Kell KP, Cardel MI, Bohan Brown MM, Fernández JR. Added sugars in the diet are positively associated with diastolic blood pressure and triglycerides in children–. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2014;100[1]:46-52.
65. Xi B, Huang Y, Reilly KH, Li S, Zheng R, Barrio-Lopez MT, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and risk of hypertension and CVD: a dose–response meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition. 2015;113[5]:709-17.
66. Liese AD, Crandell JL, Tooze JA, Kipnis V, Bell R, Couch SC, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverage intake and cardiovascular risk factor profile in youth with type 1 diabetes: application of measurement error methodology in the SEARCH Nutrition Ancillary Study. British Journal of Nutrition. 2015;114[3]:430-8.