Erken Demir Çağından İtibaren (MÖ IX-VI) Akdeniz’deki Fenike Kolonileşme Hareketleri

Abstract

Şehirlerin yükselmesiyle beraberinde gelen ticaret dalgası zamanla tüm Ön Asya’yı birbirine bağlamıştı. Büyük devletlerin önderliğinde Ön Asya üzerinden işleyen geniş ticaret ağının kurulmasıyla kıyı şehirlerinin önemi git gide artmıştır. Fenike kıyısı deniz ve kara ticaretinin buluştuğu bölge olmasından dolayı Bronz Çağının en önemli merkezlerinden biriydi. MÖ XII. yüzyıldaki deniz halklarının göçü büyük devletlerin çöküşüne yol açmış ve şehir devletlerinin yeniden yükselişini hızlandırmıştır. Fenike şehirleri eski ticaret yollarını canlandırmak amacıyla Ön Asya’da çeşitli imtiyazlar elde etmişlerdir. Doğu’daki konumlarını sağlamlaştırmalarıın ardından Batı’ya açılarak kolonileşme faaliyetlerine girmişlerdir. Fenike kolonileşmesi çoğunlukla ekonomik nedenlerle ortaya çıkmıştır. Kolonileri Helen yerleşmeleriyle karşılaştırıldığında toprak kazanma amacı gütmeyen küçük yerleşim alanlarıdır. Büyük gelirler elde etmek isteyen Fenikeliler Batı Akdeniz üzerinde değerleri madenlerin bulunduğu stratejik noktalara yerleşmişlerdir. Yayılmacı bir kolonileşme yerine yerel toplumlar ile Doğu arasında bir aracı rolü oynamışlardır. Fenikeliler Doğu ve Batı kültürlerinin karma yapısının oluşmasında etkili olmuşlardır. Fenike kolonileşmesini anlamlandırmak için az sayıdaki Fenike bulgularından ve Helenlerin anlatılarından yararlanılacaktır. Bu makalede işlenecek olan ana düşünce Fenike kolonileşmesinin nedenlerini, işleyişini ve sonuçlarını ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır

Keywords

• Demir Çağı
• Fenike
• Kolonileşme
• Akdeniz
• Ticaret
• Tyros

From the Early Iron Age (IX-VI century B.C.) Phoenician Colonization Movements in the Mediterranean

Abstract

The Phoenician coast was one of the most important centers of the Bronze Age, as it was the linking place of sea and land trade. In the XIIth century B.C. the migration of the Sea Peoples led to the collapse of large states and accelerated the rise once again of city-states. From the IXth century B.C., the Phoenicians consolidated their position in the east, due to the city-state of Tyre gaining privileges from regional trade; furthermore, this was also the main factor behind the colonization movements in the Western Mediterranean. Colonists united by the city of Tyre founded settlements that crossed over to the other side of the Straits of Gibraltar. Compared to the Hellenic settlements the Phoenician colonies were small settlements, with no intention to expand on land. The Phoenicians wanted to earn more revenue and settled in strategic points where valuable mines were located around the Western Mediterranean. Instead of expansionist colonization, they played an intermediary role between the local societies and the east. Phoenicians played a part in the formation of the mixed structure of both Eastern and Western Mediterranean cultures. Trade profits and colonization era improved by the privileges continued to be eastern centered until the city of Tyre was captured by the Persians. To better understand Phoenician colonization a few Phoenician finds and the narratives of Hellenic authors are used. This article aims to reveal the reasons, operations, and results of Phoenician colonization.

Keywords

• Mediterrenian
• Iron Age
• Phoenician
• Colonization
• Commerce
• Tyros

References

1. Aristot. Pol. (=Aristoteles, Politica). Kullanılan Metin ve çeviri: Aristotle, Politics translated by Racham Harris, Cambridge University Press, 1944.
2. Curt. (=Quintus Curtius Rufus, Historiarum Alexandri Magni Macedonis), Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Quintus Curtius: History of Alexander, translated by J.C. Rolfe, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, LCL, 1946.
3. Diod. (=Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Diodorus Siculus, Library of History, vol. XI. translated by F.R.Walton, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, LCL, 1957.
4. Euseb. Praep. Evang. (=Eusebios, Praeparatio Evangelica). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Eusebius of Caesarea, The Preparation of the Gospel, translated by E. H. Gifford, Oxford Published by the Library of Alexandria, 1890.
5. Hdt. (=Herodotos, Historiae). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Herodotus, The Histories translated by A. D. Goldley, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, LCL, 1920-1925.
6. Hom. Il. (=Homeros, İlyada). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Homeros, İlyada, çev. Azra Erhat ve A. Kadir, İstanbul: İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2018.
7. Hom. Od. (=Homeros, Odysseia). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Homeros, Odysseia, çev. Azra Erhat ve A. Kadir, İstanbul İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 2018.
8. Plin. Nat. (=G. Plinius Secundus “Yaşlı”, Naturalis Historia). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Pliny The Elder, The Natural History, translated by John Bostock and H.T Riley, London: Tyler and Francis Group, 1855.

9. Sil. Pun.(=Silius Italicus, Punica). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Silius Italicus, Punica, translated by J. D. Duff, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, LCL, 1927.
10. Str. (=Strabon, Geographika). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Strabon, Geography, translated by H.L. Jones, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, LCL, 1917-1932.
11. Thuk. (=Thucydides,). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Thucydides, History of the Peloponnesian War, translated by C.F. Smith, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, LCL, 1919- 1923.
12. Vell. (=Velleius Paterculus, Historia Romana). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Velleius Paterculus, The Roman History, translated by Frederick W. London & New York, 1924.
13. Ioseph. Ant. Iud. (=Flavius Iosephus Historicus, Antiquitates Iudaicae). Kullanılan Metin ve Çeviri: Josephus, The Jewish Antiquities, translated by H.J. Thackeray, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, LCL, 1930.
14. ———. The Old Testament, 1979, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Salt Lake City.
15. Anaz Efecan. 2018, Geç Hitit Beylikleri Döneminde Kilikya’daki Fenikelilerin Varlığı. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
16. Artzy Michael. 2006, The Jatt Metal Hoard in Northern Canaanite / Phoenician and Cypriote Context. Ed. by Gil Tsioni, Publications of the Laboratory of Archeology University Pompeu Fabra De Barcelona, Barcelona.
17. Astin A.E. & F.W. Walbank & M.W. Frederiksen & R.M. Ogilvie. 1989, The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. VIII Part 2: Rome and the Mediterranean. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
18. Astour Michael C. 1965, “The Origin of the Terms ‘Canaan’, ‘Phoenician’ and ‘Purple’”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 24-4, 346-350.
19. Aubet Maria Eugenia. 1978, “From Trading Post to Town in the Phoenician-Punic World”. Proceedings of the British Academy 86, 47-65.
20. _____ Maria Eugenia. 1993, The Phoenicians and the West, translated by Mary Turton, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
21. _____ Maria Eugenia. 2008, "Political and Economic Implications of the New Phoenician Chronologies". Beyond the Homeland 179-191. Barnett Richard D. 1956, “Phoenicia and the Ivory Trade”. Archaeology 9-2, 87-97.
22. Bikai Patricia Maynor. 1978, The Pottery of Tyre. Aris & Phillips Ltd, Warminster.
23. ____ Patricia Maynor. 1987, The Phoenician Pottery of Cyprus. A. G. Leventis Foundation, Nicosia.
24. ____ Patricia Maynor. 1989, “Cyprus and the Phoenicians”. The Biblical Archaeologist 52-4, 203-209.
25. Byrce Trevor. 2014, Ancient Syria. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
26. _____ Trevor. 2020, Hititler Anadolu Savaşçıları. Çev. Ülke Evrim Uysal, Kronik Kitap, İstanbul.
27. Cherry John F, Thomas P. Leppard, Carl Knappett, et. al. 2014, The Cambridge Prehistory of the Bonze and Iron Age Meditrranean. Eds. A. Bernard Knapp and Peter Van Dommelen, Cambridge University Press, New York.
28. Diakov V. & S. Kovalev. 2014, İlk Çağ Tarihi. Cilt 1, çev. Özdemir İnce, 3. Basım, Yordam Kitap, İstanbul.
29. Doak Brian R. 2015, Phoenician Aniconism in Its Medirerranean and Ancient Near Eastern Contexts. Sbl Press, Atlanta.
30. Edwards Ruth, B. 1979, Kadmos The Phoenician: A Study in Greek Legends and the Mycenaean Age. Adolf M. Hakkert Publisher, Amsterdam.
31. Egberts A. 1991, “The Chronology of The Report of Wenamun”, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 77, 57-67.
32. Elayi Josette. 1982, “Studies in Phoenician Geography During the Persian Period”. Journal of Near Eastern Studies 41-2, 83-110.
33. Ridgway David, Jonathan Hall, Carla Antonaccio, et. al. 2004, Greek Identity in the Western Mediterranean. Ed. Kathryn Lomas, Brill Leiden, Amsterdam.
34. Fletcher R. Nathan. 2008, Patterns of Import in Iron Age Italy. British Archaeological Reports.
35. ______ R. Nathan. 2011, “Greek-Levantine Cultural Exchange in Orientalising and Archaic Pottery Shapes”. AWE 10, 11-42.
36. ______ R. Nathan. 2012, “Opening the Mediterranean: Assyria, the Levant and the Transformation of Early Iron Age Trade”. Antiquity 86, 211-220.
37. Frankenstein Susan. 1979, “The Phoenicians in the Far West: A Function of Neo-Assyrian Imperialism”. Power and Propaganda A symposium on Ancient Empires, Mesopotamia, Ed. M.T. Larsen 263-294 Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
38. Gilboa Ayelet, Ilan Sharon, and Elisabetta Boaretto. 2008, “Tel Dor and the Chronology of Phoenician 'Pre-Colonisation'Stages”. Beyond the Homeland: Markers in Phoenician 113-204.
39. Girgin Güneş. 2006, Fenikeliler ’de Akdeniz Ticareti, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Konya.
40. Gürgen İlknur. 2017, “MÖ2. Binyılda Kıbrıs’ın Yakındoğu Ticaretindeki Rolü”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
41. Hansen Mogens Herman, Jacques Vanschoonwinkel, Hans Georg Niemeyer, et. al. 2006, Greek Colonisation an Account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Ed. Gocha R. Tsetskhladze, Vol 1, Brill, Leiden.
42. Hodos Tamar. 2006, Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. Routledge, New York.
43. _____ Tamar. 2009, “Colonial Engagements in the Global Mediterranean Iron Age”, Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19-2, 221-241.
44. Hunt Patrick. 2009, “The Locus of Carthage: Compounding Geographical Logic”. The African Archaeological Review 36-2, 137-154.
45. Jigoulov Vadim S. 2014, The Social Hisrtory of Achaemenid Phoenicia. Routledge, New York.
46. Karageorghis Vassos and Vasiliki Kassianidou. 1999, “Metal Working and Recycling in Late Bronze Age Cyprus”. Oxford Journal of Arhaeology 18-2, 171-188.
47. Katzenstein H. Jacob. 1979, “Tyros in the Early Persian Period (539-486 B.C.E)”. The Biblical Archaeologist 42-1, 23-34.
48. Kaufman Asher. 2004, Reviving Phoenicia. L.B. Tauris, London.
49. Kaya Mehmet Ali. 2018, İlkçağ Tarihi ve Uygarlığı. Bilge Kültür Sanat, İstanbul.
50. Klengel Horst. 1992, Syria 3000 to 300 B.C. Akademie Verlag, Berlin.
51. Knapp A Bernard and Sturt W. Manning. 2016, “Crisis in Context. The End of the Late Bronze Age in the Easterb Mediterranean”. American Journal of Archaeology 120-1, 99- 149.
52. Kuhrt Amelie. 2010, Eski Çağ’da Yakın Doğu. Cilt 2, çev. Dilek Şendil, 2. Baskı, İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
53. Lipinski Edward. 2004, Itineraria Phoenicia, Orientalia Lovaniensia Analecta 127. Studia Phoenicia. Peeters Publishing, Louvain.
54. Liverani Mario, Augusta McMahon, Marie-Henriette Gates, et. al. 2020, A Companion to Ancient Near East. Ed. Daniel C. Snell, Second Edition, Blackwell Publishing, New Jersey.
55. Lopez Carolina and Ruiz Celestino Sebastian. 2016, Tartessos and the Phoenicians in Iberia. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
56. Marriner Nick, Christophe Morhange, Marcelle Boudagher-Fadel, Michel Bourcier, and Pierre Carbonel. 2005, “Geoarchaeology of Tyre’s Ancient Northern Harbour, Phoenicia”. Journal of Archaeological Science 32-9, 1302-1327.
57. _______ Nick, Christophe Morhange and Claude Doumet Serhal. 2006, “Geoarchaeology of Sidon’s Ancient Harbours Phoenicia”. Journal of Archaeological Science 33- 11, 1514-1535.
58. Mcinerney J., H. Haarmann, A. Bernard Knapp, et. al. 2014, A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean. Ed. Jeremy McInerney, Wiley And Sons, West Sussex.
59. Mieroop Marc Van De. 2007, A History of the Anceint Near East, ca. 3000-323 BC. Second Edition, Blacwell Publishing, Cornwall.
60. Miller Fergus. 1983, “The Phoenician Cities: A Case Study of Hellenisation”. Proocedings of the Cambridge Philological Society 29-209, 55-71.
61. Moscati Sabatino. 2004, Fenikeliler. çev. Sinem Gül, Dost Kitabevi, Ankara.
62. Na’aman Nadav. 1999, “Four Notes on the Size of Late Bronze Age Canaan”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 313, 31-37.
63. Niemeyer H. 2001, “Archaeologıcal Evidence Of Early Iron Technology At Carthage And Other Phoenician Settlements”. Mediterranean Archaeology 14, 83-93.
64. Polanyi K. 1963, “Ports of Trade in Ancient Societies”. Journal of Economic History 23, 30-45.
65. Prag Jonathan R.W, Nicholas C. Vella, Peter Van Dommelen, et. al. 2014, The Punic Mediterranean; Identities and Identification from Phoenician Settlement to Roman Rule. Eds. Josephine Crawley Quinn & Nicholas C. Vella, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
66. Rainey Anson F. 2001, “Herodotus’ Description of the East Mediterranean Coast”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 321, 57-63.
67. Reed C.M. 2003, Maritime Traders in the Ancient Greek World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
68. Redford Donald, B. 1993, Egypt, Canaan and Isreal in Ancient Times. Princeton University Press. New Jersey.
69. Schreiber Nicola. 2003, The Cypro Phoenician Pottery of the Iron Age. Brill Leiden, Boston.
70. Schubart Hermanfrid, Hans Georg Niemmeyer, Manuel Pellicer Catalan, et. al. 2002, The Phoenicians in Spain: An Archaeological Review of the Eighth-Sixth Centuries B.C.E. Ed. Marilyn R. Bierling, and Seymour Gitin, Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns.
71. Shaw Joseph W. 1989, “Phoenicians in Southern Crete”. American Journal of Archaeology 93-2, 165-183.
72. Shawna Dolansky, Emily Teeter, Beate Pongratz-Leisten et. al. 2011, The Cambridge Companion to Ancient Mediterranean Religions. Ed. Barbette Stanley Spaeth, Cambridge University Press. Cambridge.
73. Smith Joanna S. 2009, Arts and Society in Cyprus from the Bronze Age into Iron Age. Cambridge University Press, New York.
74. Sullivan Benjamin M. 2018, “In the Shadow of Phoenicia: North Syria and “Palestinian Syria” in Herodotus”. Journal of Hellenic Studies 138, 67-79.
75. Suriano Matthew J, Holger Gzella, Thomas Davis, et. al. 2014, The Oxford Handbook of Archaeology of the Levant 8000-332 BCE. Eds. Margreet L. Steiner and Ann E. Killebrew, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
76. Quinn Josephine. 2018, In Search of the Phoenicians. Princeton University Press, New Jersey.
77. Terpstra Taco. 2019, Trade in the Ancient Mediterranean. Princeton University Press, Oxford.
78. Theurl Engelbert, Piotr Steinkeller, Michael Jursa, et al. 2004, Commerce and Monetary Systems in the Ancient World: Means of Transmission and Cultural Interaction. Eds. Robert Rollinger and Christof Ulf, Franz Steiner Verlag, München.
79. Üçler Refik Kaan. 2021, Batı Akdeniz’deki Egemenlik Mücadelesinde II. Kartaca Savaşının Rolü (MÖ 218-201). Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Bursa.
80. Yon Marguerite and William A. P. Childs. 1997, “Kition in the Tenth to Fourth Centuries B.C.”. Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 308, 9-17.
81. ____ Marguerite. 2006, The City Of Ugarit At Tel Ras Shamra. Eisanbrauns, Winona Lake.
82. Young T. Cuyler, Amelia, Kuhrt, I. Eph’al, et. al. 1988, The Cambridge Ancient History Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean 525—479 B.C. Eds. John Boardman, N.G.L Hammond vd., Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
83. Whittaker C. R. 1974, “The Western Phoenicians: Colonisation and Assimilation”. The Cambridge Classical Journal 20, 58-79.