The Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property and Archaeological Damage

Abstract

The archaeological sites and antiquities which provide significant evidence for the explanation and the understanding of history as a whole have suffered de­structive effects of economic development, war or looting in every period. The most important one of these de­structive ef­fects is the problem of looting. It is not a one-sided problem.  While the supply side of the market plays a major role in the illicit trade, the demand side also gives a strong direction to the market. Being a compo­nent of the nature of the problem, secrecy brings forth difficulty in the determination of the extent of looting; on the other hand, it give critical importance to the assess­ment of the destruc­tion wreaked by looting. The fact that the looting of antiquities causes irreversible damage to the cultural property of the humankind and the illicit trade of anti­quities generally constitutes a trans­national crime brings about the necessity of interdiscipli­nary studies concern­ing the identification and especially the solutions of the problem. This study scrutinizes the prob­lem of looting; the methods for the assessment of looting; the illicit exca­vators and the intermediaries in­volved in the illicit trade of antiquities along with the meth­ods they follow. Addi­tionally, the study aims to present the fact that the prob­lem of looting occurs in most parts of the world; however, countries like Turkey which have a rich historical herit­age are significantly affected by the problem.

Keywords

• Illicit Trade,Cultural Property,Antiquities Trafficking,Looting

Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat

Abstract

Tarihi bir bütün olarak açıklama ve anlamada önemli kanıtlar sunan arkeolojik alanlar ve kültür varlıkları her dö­nemde ekonomik gelişme, savaş ya da kaçak kazılar gibi yıkıcı etkilerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu etkilerden en önem­lisi ise kaçak kazı problemidir. Problem tek taraflı bir oluşum değildir. Her ne kadar yasa dışı ticarette pazarın arz tarafı önemli bir rol üstlense de talep tarafı da piyasaya güçlü bir yön vermektedir. Problemin en önemli özelliği olan gizliliği, kaçak kazıların boyutunu tespit edebilmede güçlük arz ederken diğer taraftan da bu kazıların yarattığı yıkımı ölçmenin gerekliliğini daha önemli hale getirmek­tedir. Kültür varlığı kaçakçılığı ve yasa dışı ticareti ile ço­ğunlukla sınır aşan bir suç niteliği şeklini alması ve insanlı­ğın kültürel mirasına geri dönüşü olmayan zarar vermesi, sorunun tespiti ve özellikle çözüm yolları konusunda di­sip­linler arası çalışmaların gerekliliğini ortaya koymakta­dır. Bu çalışma, kaçak kazı problemi ve ölçüm metotları, yasa dışı eski eser ticaretine katılan kaçak kazıcılar, aracılar ve izledikleri yöntemler üzerine yapılmıştır. Çalışma ile ayrıca kaçak kazı probleminin dünyanın genelinde bulun­du­ğunun ancak Türkiye gibi zengin tarihi mirasa sahip ül­kelerin sorundan önemli ölçüde etkilendiğinin görülmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

• Yasa Dışı Ticaret,Kültür Varlığı,Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı,Yağma

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