THE SAKA’S A PARNI TRIBE WHO RULED IN TURKMENIA AND ITS RELATION TO THE APAR REGION KHORASAN , IN NORTH-EAST IRAN

Abstract

The name Apar was recorded as Aparnoi or Parni in Classical sources. The Aparnoi were related to the Dahae mentioned in Classical sources as being a branch of the Sakas. The Dahae, being mentioned with different names in these sources from Herodotos onwards, settled from the IVth century B.C. onwards, in the area between the Caspian Sea and the Oxus and thence to the north-eastern corner of the Caspian. They founded in Persia the Parthian Dynasty in the second half of the IIIrd century B.C. The toponym Dahistan employed in the Middle Ages derived from their name. As a Hellenistic kingdom in the westernmost part of the Central Asia and in Persia, the Parthian Kingdom was founded by the Arsakid Dynasty. The Parthians conquered the entire Iranian plateau and some regions of the eastern and south-eastern parts of Turkey and became the most powerful rival of Rome before the Sasanians. The region of Khorasan, where the Parthians founded their own kingdom, was most probably named Aparshahr from their ancient name. After the Parthi­ans, the Hephthalites at the beginning of the Vth century A.D., established a great and vast empire including a great part of Central Asia, Northern India and some eastern parts of Iran. During the Hephthalite period the region carried a similar name until it was conquered by Khosraw I. The name mentioned as Apar in Turkic and Armenian sources also had a kind of relationship to the Hephthalites. It was considered their name was recorded as Hua < Awar/Abar/Apar in some of the Chinese sources.

Keywords

• Aparnoi • Parthians • Hephthalites • Turks • Apar

TURKMENIA'DA HÜKÜM SÜREN ÖNEMLİ BİR KABİLE OLARAK SAKALARIN A PARNİ BOYU VE BUNUN, İRAN'IN KUZEY-DOĞU BÖLGESİ HORASAN'DAKİ APAR BÖLGESİ İLE ALÂKASI

Abstract

Apar adı, kaynaklarda Aparnoi veya Parni olarak zikredilmektedir. Bunların ise Sakaların bir kolu olarak Klasik Latin ve Hellen kaynaklarında zikredilen Da­hae’lerle bir alâkası olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Herodo­tos’tan beri kaynaklarda farklı şekillerde bahsedilen Dahae’ler, M.Ö. IV. yüzyıldan itibaren Hazar Denizi ile daha doğudaki Oxus ırmağı arasına yerleşerek buradan sonraki dönemlerde daha batıya, Hazar’ın kuzey-doğu kıyı bölgesine yerleşmişler ve M.Ö. III. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Parth Devleti’nin temelini oluşturmuşlardır. Ortaçağ’daki Dahistan veya Dihistan yer adının bun­lardan geldiği bilinmektedir. Orta-Asya’nın batısın­da ve İran’da Hellenistik bir krallık olan Parth Devleti’ni, aslında Arşak sülalesi kurmuştu. Kısa süre içerisinde İran’ın tamamını ve Türkiye’nin de Doğu ve Güney-Doğu Bölgesi’nin bir kısmını ele geçiren Parth’lar, batıda Roma İmparatorluğu’nun da en büyük rakiplerinden biri olmuşlardır. Devletlerini kurdukları bölge olan, Ortaçağ’daki adıyla Horasan Bölgesi, muhtemelen, onların uzak geçmişteki atalarından dolayı bu dönemde Aparşahr Apar Ülkesi olarak anılmıştır. Fakat Parth’lardan sonra M.S. V. yüzyılın başlarında Heftalit­ler, Orta-Asya’nın büyük kısmı, Kuzey Hindistan ve İran’ın doğu bölümlerini de içine alan büyük bir imparatorluk kurdular. Bunlar zamanında da bölgenin adı “Apar Ülkesi” idi. Türk ve Ermeni kaynaklarında “Apar” olarak zikredilen bu ismin, Çin kaynaklarında bazan Hua < Awar/Abar/Apar şeklinde zikredilen Heftalitler ile de bağlantısı olduğu anlaşılıyor.

Keywords

• Aparnoi • Parth’lar • Heftalitler • Türkler • Apar

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