ON THE MISSING NAVIGATIONAL MARKERS –BEACON TOWERS-PHAROS OF ANTIQUITY – AND NOTICE OF TWO EXTANT SMALL MARKER BEACON TOWERS OF ROMAN LATE IST C.B.C.–EARLY IST C.A.D.ANEMORIUM

Abstract

This article addresses the importance, in the well documented practice in antiquity of nocturnal navigation, of marker-beacons/pharos for navigation. It suggests the presence of a Pharonic territorial marker on the conse­quently named Pharos Island from c. 1400 B.C. marking the port of Rhacotis, with the tower standing in the IVth c. B.C. noted in Arrian’s Anabasis being its probable replacement, prior to the construction of the Hellenistic Pharos. It suggests that maritime place-names beginning with the letters Pha/Phar, such as, Pharsalos, indicate the former presence of harbour marker lights, in this case with salos meaning an open roadstead. The matter of the importance of the size of the marker structure relative to the surround­ing topography, the number of light sources, possible fuels employed, and if these marker-beacons functioned at night in winter are raised. The article concludes with remarks upon two late Ist c. B.C. or early Ist c. A.D. in-situ structures at the Cilician port city of Anemorium, previously published as examples of, “a unique form of conical tomb”, which seem rather to be markers on the hillside for the probable landing quay below them, their relative heights reminding of the pharos and anti-pharos marking a harbour entrance in antiquity.

Keywords

• Anemorium • Navigational Marker-Beacons •

SEYİRLERE IŞIK TUTAN KAYIP İŞARETLER – ANTİKÇAĞ’DA PHAROS’LAR İLE SİNYAL KULELERİ – VE M.Ö. I. YÜZYILIN SONU – M.S. I. YÜZYILIN BAŞINDA ROMA DÖNEMİ ANEMORIUM’UNDAN GÜNÜMÜZE ULAŞAN İKİ KÜÇÜK SİNYAL KULESİNE İLIŞKİN NOTLAR

Abstract

Bu makale, gece deniz yolculuğunun antikçağda iyi bir şekilde belgelenmiş yöntemi içerisinde deniz yolculuğu açısından işaret sinyallerinin/pharos’un önemini vurgula­makta­dır. Bu, Pharonic toprak varlığının işa­reti dolayısıyla ca. M.Ö. 1400’den itibaren Pharos Adası ismini alan ve Rhakotis limanını işaret ederek Hellenistik Pharos’un yapı­mından önce, ca. M.Ö. IV. yüzyılda ayakta duran kulesiyle Arrianus’un Anabasis’inde belirtilen bir kulenin varlığı ileri sürülebilir. Pharsalos gibi Pha/Phar harfleriyle başla­yan denizcilik isimleri liman işaret ışıklarının daha önceki varlığını gösterdiğini akla getir­mek­tedir. Bu du­rumda salos açık bir liman anlamı vermektedir. İşaret yapı­sı­nın/kulesinin büyüklüğünün önemi çevredeki topograf­yayla ilişkilidir. Işık kaynak­larının sayısı, kullanılan olası yakıtlar ve eğer fenerlerde bu işaret sinyalleri kış gecele­rinde de faaliyet gösteriyorsa önemi daha da artar. Makale, daha önce “konik mezarın ünik bir formu”nun örneği olarak yayınla­nan Kilikia liman kenti Anemo­rium’da in-situ halindeki altında muhtemelen iniş iskelesi için işaret­lerden ziyade geç antikçağdaki bir liman girişi işaret olarak pharos ve anti-pharos’u hatırlatan göreceli yükseklikleri görünmekte olan yapıların, geç M.Ö. I. yüzyıl ya da erken M.S. I. yüzyıla tarihleme görüşleriyle sona ermektedir.

Keywords

• Anemorium • Deniz yolculuğu

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