“Halaf Period” (6100-5300/5100 BC) in Northern Mesopotamia and the Northern Levant: Material Culture, Subsistence Economy and Cross-Cultural Encounters

Abstract

The Halaf culture occurs in the Late Neolithic period which lasted between 6100-5300/5100 B.C. and is found in Upper Mesopotamia and the Northern Levant. Indeed, the fine painted pottery of the Halaf culture emerged gradually from a transitional stage in which Hassuna and Samarra decorative modes and stylistic traits dominated. Halaf culture is known for its (1) painted and thin-walled pottery, (2) round buildings, (3) adobe or mud-brick building techniques, (4) clay female figurines (5) stamp seals, (6) chipped stone tools made of obsidian from Central or Eastern Anatolian sources, and, (7) clay sling bullets. In addition to permanent village agriculture, mobile pastoralism and hunting-gathering were the basis of all Halafian communities settled in the short-term, in small and dispersed hamlets or villages. The stamp-seals may mark onset of personal property. Halaf societies were most probably based on an egalitarian but potentially ranked-hierarchical system. The author employs Aristotle’s theory of actuality to explain the Late Neolithic transition from egalitarianism to ranked societies.

Keywords

• Northern Mesopotamia
• Northern Levant
• Subsistence Economy
• Halafian
• Cultural Contact

Kuzey Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta “Halaf Dönemi” (MÖ 6100-5300/5100): Maddi Kültür, Geçim Ekonomisi ve Kültürel Temas

Abstract

Makalenin konusu, MÖ 6100-5300/5100 arasında Yukarı Mezopotamya ve Kuzey Levant’ta etkili olmuş, Halaf olarak bilinen maddi kültür evresidir. Halaf maddi kültürü, bu 6 yüzyıl içinde, sayılan iki bölge dışında eskiden Samarra kültürünün merkezi olan Orta Mezopotamya’ya da girmiştir. Aslına bakılırsa, en eski Hassuna kapları ile boyalı Samarra ve Halaf kapları arasında kopuştan çok süreklilikler vardır. Halaf çanak-çömleği, 1000 yıldır dönüşen çömlek işçiliğinde yakalanan yeni düzeyi temsil etmektedir. Halaf maddi kültürü, 7 unsurun toplamından oluşur. 1- Kaliteli, ince cidarlı, boyalı ve bezekli çanak-çömlekler. 2- “Tholos” adı verilen yuvarlak planlı yapılar. 3- Temelleri taştan, duvarları tauf ya da kerpiçten yapılar. 4- Kil insan (özellikle kadın) figürinleri. 5- Damga mühürler. 6- Orta ve Doğu Anadolu menşeli obsidyen çekirdeklerinden üretilmiş yontmataş aletler. 7- Kil sapan taşları... Bu maddi kültür unsurları etrafında türdeş bir dünyayı paylaşan Halaf toplumunun geçim kaynakları, sürekli-kalıcı yerleşimlerde yapılan tarım, yarı-göçebe çobanlık ve avcı-toplayıcılıktır. Genelde küçük köylerde ve mezralarda yaşayan Halaf toplumu, özel mülkiyete geçmiş, eşitlikçi ilişkilere sahip ama içinde hiyerarşi potansiyeli taşıyan bir toplumdur. Yazar, Halaf’ın eşitlikçilik ile hiyerarşi arasındaki ara konumunu açıklamak için Aristoteles’in potansiyel-aktüel analizinden yararlanmış; Halaf devrinde hala eşitlikçi görünen toplumsal yapının hiyerarşi potansiyelini barındırdığını iddia etmiştir.

Keywords

• Geçim Ekonomisi
• Kuzey Mezopotamya
• Kuzey Levant
• Halaf
• Kültürel Temas

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