The Illicit Trafficking of Cultural Property and Archaeological Damage

Year 2019, Volume: 7, 607 - 625, 30.06.2019

Banu Özüşen Ertan Beceren

https://doi.org/10.13113/CEDRUS.201928

Abstract

The archaeological sites and antiquities which
provide significant evidence for the explanation and the understanding of history
as a whole have suffered de­structive effects of economic development, war or
looting in every period. The most important one of these de­structive ef­fects
is the problem of looting. It is not a one-sided problem.  While the supply side of the market plays a
major role in the illicit trade, the demand side also gives a strong direction
to the market. Being a compo­nent of the nature of the problem, secrecy brings
forth difficulty in the determination of the extent of looting; on the other
hand, it give critical importance to the assess­ment of the destruc­tion
wreaked by looting. The fact that the looting of antiquities causes
irreversible damage to the cultural property of the humankind and the illicit
trade of anti­quities generally constitutes a trans­national crime brings about
the necessity of interdiscipli­nary studies concern­ing the identification and
especially the solutions of the problem. This study scrutinizes the prob­lem of
looting; the methods for the assessment of looting; the illicit exca­vators and
the intermediaries in­volved in the illicit trade of antiquities along with the
meth­ods they follow. Addi­tionally, the study aims to present the fact that
the prob­lem of looting occurs in most parts of the world; however, countries
like Turkey which have a rich historical herit­age are significantly affected
by the problem.

Keywords

Illicit Trade, Cultural Property, Antiquities Trafficking, Looting

Kültür Varlıklarının Kaçakçılığı ve Arkeolojik Tahribat

Abstract

Tarihi
bir bütün olarak açıklama ve anlamada önemli kanıtlar sunan arkeolojik alanlar
ve kültür varlıkları her dö­nemde ekonomik gelişme, savaş ya da kaçak kazılar gibi
yıkıcı etkilerle karşı karşıya kalmıştır. Bu etkilerden en önem­lisi ise kaçak
kazı problemidir. Problem tek taraflı bir oluşum değildir. Her ne kadar yasa
dışı ticarette pazarın arz tarafı önemli bir rol üstlense de talep tarafı da
piyasaya güçlü bir yön vermektedir. Problemin en önemli özelliği olan
gizliliği, kaçak kazıların boyutunu tespit edebilmede güçlük arz ederken diğer
taraftan da bu kazıların yarattığı yıkımı ölçmenin gerekliliğini daha önemli
hale getirmek­tedir. Kültür varlığı kaçakçılığı ve yasa dışı ticareti ile ço­ğunlukla
sınır aşan bir suç niteliği şeklini alması ve insanlı­ğın kültürel mirasına
geri dönüşü olmayan zarar vermesi, sorunun tespiti ve özellikle çözüm yolları
konusunda di­sip­linler arası çalışmaların gerekliliğini ortaya koymakta­dır.
Bu çalışma, kaçak kazı problemi ve ölçüm metotları, yasa dışı eski eser
ticaretine katılan kaçak kazıcılar, aracılar ve izledikleri yöntemler üzerine
yapılmıştır. Çalışma ile ayrıca kaçak kazı probleminin dünyanın genelinde bulun­du­ğunun
ancak Türkiye gibi zengin tarihi mirasa sahip ül­kelerin sorundan önemli ölçüde
etkilendiğinin görülmesi amaçlanmıştır.

Keywords

Yasa Dışı Ticaret, Kültür Varlığı, Eski Eser Kaçakçılığı, Yağma

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