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Increasing Visibility of the Turkish Fans of South Korean Popular Culture through Translation

Year 2021, Issue: 30, 61 - 86, 16.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.904565

Abstract

Having made a remarkable contribution to social questions in translation studies, the sociological approach to translation explores the interaction between human agents, translated texts, and their context of production and reception (Chesterman, 2006; Wolf & Fukari, 2007; Wolf, 2011). The research in this study is focused on target text users/pro-consumers. In line with this aim, this study is centered on Turkish fans of South Korean popular culture, most of whom have consumed, produced, and distributed diverse Korean popular culture products largely through translation. The present research particularly intends to problematize Korean fandom in Turkey considering John Fiske’s approach to fandom, which is based on Bourdieu’s consideration of culture, operating like an economic system to distribute its resources unequally and therefore distinguishing between individuals who possess greater degree of capital and the others deprived of it. This research, based on the Internet-mediated interviews (with 43 Turkish fans of South Korean pop culture), argues that Bourdieu’s consideration of fans as a group that is devoid of social and cultural power and is considered undistinguished in their cultural preferences and interpretative practices partly fails to enlighten the case of the Korean Wave fans in Turkey. This study has revealed that, cultural capital is not fixed but open to struggles, disclosing the fact that accumulation of popular cultural capital can bring prestige to certain fans that are more involved in and possess high knowledge within the fan community. Then, it has been posited that social networks play a far more major role in the formation and persistence of the fan community than does the accumulation of cultural capital. It has also been observed that popular cultural capital of Korean Wave fans can readily be converted into high social capital since Turkish fans who display their accumulated popular cultural capital are able to broaden their reach to other fans. Lastly, this research discloses that, Turkish fans’ increasing visibility and their influence over mass culture appear to form a particular kind of fan habitus which allows for variability in tastes and actions of the fans.

References

  • Beninatto, R. S. & DePalma, D. A. (2008). Collaborative translation. Multilingual Resource Directory Editorial Index 2007, 49–51.
  • Binark, M. (2007). Yeni medya çalışmalarında yeni sorular ve yöntem sorunu. In M. Binark (Ed.), Yeni medya çalışmaları (pp. 21-44). Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Binark, M. (2019). Kültürel diplomasi ve Kore dalgası “Hallyu”: Güney Kore’de sinema endüstrisi, K‐Dramalar ve K‐Pop. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Bogenç Demirel, Z. E. & Görgüler, Z. (2017). Yeni toplumsallıklar etrafında yükselen çeviri eğitimi: Çevrimiçi fan toplulukları ve sahadan ilk sesler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Frankofoni Dergisi, 30, 303-315.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1980). The aristocracy of culture (R. Nice, Trans.). Media, Culture, and Society, 2, 225-254.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste (R. Nice, Trans.). Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital (R. Nice, Trans.). In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood.
  • Castells, M. (2000). The information age, volume 1: The rise of the network society (2nd ed.). Blackwell.
  • Chesterman, A. (2006). Questions in the sociology of translation. In J. F. Duarte, A. A. Rosa & T. Seruya (Eds.), Translation studies at the interface of disciplines (pp. 9-27). John Benjamins.
  • Chouliaraki, L. (2010). Self-mediation: New media and citizenship. Critical Discourse Studies, 7(4), 227-232.
  • Deuze, M. (2009). Convergence culture and media work, In J. Holt & A. Perren (Eds), Media industries: History, theory, and method (pp. 144-156). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Duraner, J., Işıklar-Koçak, M. & Tunalı, G. (2017). Fansubbers as cultural agents for Korean dramas, In D. Orrego-Carmona & Y. Lee (Eds.), Non-professional subtitling (pp. 145-170). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Erguvan, M. (2016). Venutian scale in the realm of subtitling in Turkey: A comparative analysis of the fansubs and the official subtitles of Family Guy. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 22, 147-168.
  • Even-Zohar, I. (1997). Factors and dependencies in culture: A revised draft for polysytem culture research. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, XXIV(1), 15-34.
  • Even-Zohar, I. (2002). The making of culture repertoire and the role of transfer. In S. Paker (Ed.), Translations: (Re)Shaping of literature and culture (pp. 166-174). Boğaziçi University Press.
  • Even-Zohar, I. (2005). Idea-makers, culture entrepreneurs, makers of life images, and the prospects of success. Papers in Culture Research, 184-202. http://www.tau.ac.il/~itamarez/works/books/EZ-CR-2005.pdf.
  • Fiske, J. (1992). The cultural economy of fandom. In L. A. Lewis (Ed.), Adoring audience: Fan culture and popular media (pp. 30-49). Routledge.
  • Geraghty, L. (Ed.) (2015). Popular media cultures: Fans audiences and paratexts. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Görgüler, Z. (2016). Yeni toplumsallıklar etrafında yükselen çeviri pratikleri: Türkiye’de tara-çeviri (Manga) içeriklerinin dolaşımı ve netnografik çözümlemeler [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Hartley, J. (2009). From the consciousness industry to the creative industries: Consumer-created content, social network markets, and the growth of knowledge, In J. Holt & A. Perren (Eds.) Media industries: History, theory, and method (pp. 231-244). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hills, M. (2002). Fan cultures. Routledge.
  • Jenkins, H. (1992). Textual poachers: Television fans and participatory culture. Routledge.
  • Jenkins, H. (2006a). Fans, bloggers and gamers: Exploring participatory culture. New York University Press.
  • Jenkins, H. (2006b). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.
  • Korean Embassy report. (2011). Survey on the Korea image in Turkey.
  • Lévy, P. (1997). Collective intelligence: Mankind’s emerging world in cyberspace. Perseus.
  • MacDonald, A. (1998). Uncertain utopia: science fiction media fandom and computer mediated communication. In Harris, C. & Alexander, A. (Eds), Theorizing fandom: Fans, subculture and identity (pp. 131–152). Hampton Press.
  • Manovich, L. (2001). The language of new media. MIT Press.
  • Oh, C.-J. & Chae, Y.-G. (2013). Constructing culturally proximate spaces through social network services: The case of Hallyu (Korean Wave) in Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(38).
  • Pérez-González, L. (2012). Amateur subtitling as immaterial labour in digital media culture: An emerging paradigm of civic engagement. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 19(2), 157-175
  • Pérez-González, L. (2014). Translation and new(s) media: Participatory subtitling practices in networked mediascapes. In J. House (Ed.), Translation: A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 200-221). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants, part II: Do they think really differently. On the horizon, 9(6), 1-9.
  • Staiger, J. (2000). Perverse spectators: The practices of film reception. New York University Press.
  • Tekgül, D. (2018). Popularization through translation in the new media: The case of Düşünbil. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 22, 71-86.
  • The Korean wave: A new pop culture phenomenon. (2011). Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. https://www.korea.net/Resources/Publications/About-Korea/view?articleId=2215#
  • Türközü, S. G. (n.d.). Türk-Kore edebiyatları arasındaki farkındalık ve birbirini tanıma [Unpublished manuscript]. Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. https://www.academia.edu/4451223/Kore_Turk_Edebiyati_farkindalik. 1-5.
  • Von Hippel E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. MIT Press.
  • Wolf, M. (2007). Introduction, In. M. Wolf & A. Fukari (Eds.), Constructing a sociology of translation (pp. 1-36). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Wolf, M. & Fukari, A. (2011). Mapping the field: Sociological perspectives on translation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 207, 1-28.

Çeviri Yoluyla Güney Kore Popüler Kültürünün Türk Fanlarının Artan Görünürlüğü

Year 2021, Issue: 30, 61 - 86, 16.07.2021
https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.904565

Abstract

Çeviribilim alanındaki toplumsal soru(n)ların irdelenmesine kayda değer katkılar sunan sosyolojik yaklaşımlar, insan unsuru, çeviri metinler, ayrıca çevirilerin üretim ve alımlanma süreçleri arasındaki etkileşimi incelemektedir (Chesterman, 2006; Wolf & Fukari, 2007; Wolf, 2011). Bu çalışma, söz konusu parametrelerden hedef metin alıcılarını/üre-tüketicileri sorunsallaştırır. Bu bağlamda, çalışma boyunca Kore popüler kültürüne ait çeşitli ürünleri çoğu zaman çeviri yoluyla tüketen, üreten ve yayan bir kitle, bir diğer deyişle, Güney Kore popüler kültürünün Türkiye’deki fanları odak noktası olacaktır. Söz konusu araştırma bilhassa Türkiye’deki Kore hayranlığını John Fiske’in fan kültürüne ilişkin yaklaşımı çerçevesinde sorunsallaştırmayı hedefler. Fiske’nin yaklaşımı, Bourdieu tarafından ortaya atılan, kaynakların eşit dağıtılmadığı ve bu nedenle daha fazla sermayeye sahip bireylerle bundan yoksun olanlar arasında ayrımın hasıl olduğu ekonomik sistem gibi işleyen kültür anlayışına dayanmaktadır. İnternet üzerinden gerçekleştirilen röportajlara (Güney Kore popüler kültürü fanı olan 43 kişiyle) dayanan bu araştırma, Bourdieu'nun fanları sosyal ve kültürel güçten yoksun, ayrıca kültürel tercihleri ve yorumlayıcı pratikleri açısından homojen bir grup şeklinde yorumlamasının Türkiye'deki Kore Dalgası fanlarının durumunu aydınlatmak açısından kısmen eksik kaldığını ileri sürer. Bu çalışma, kültürel sermayenin sabit olmadığını, bilakis mücadeleye açık olduğunu öne sürmüş ve popüler kültürel sermaye birikiminin, fan topluluğuna daha fazla dahil olan ve daha çok bilgiye sahip bazı fanlara prestij kazandırabileceğini ortaya koymuştur. Hemen akabinde, kültürel sermaye birikimine kıyasla sosyal ağların fan topluluğunun oluşumunda ve kalıcılığında çok daha önemli bir rol oynadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca Kore Dalgası fanlarının popüler kültürel sermayesinin, birikmiş popüler kültürel sermayelerini sergileyen fanların diğer fanlara erişimini genişletebildiği için kolaylıkla yüksek sosyal sermayeye dönüştürülebildiği gözlemlenmiştir. Son olarak, bu araştırma, Türkiye’deki fanların artan görünürlüğünün ve kitle kültürü üzerindeki etkilerinin, sahip oldukları zevkler ve eylemler açısından çeşitlilik gösteren belirli bir fan habitusu oluşturduğunu ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • Beninatto, R. S. & DePalma, D. A. (2008). Collaborative translation. Multilingual Resource Directory Editorial Index 2007, 49–51.
  • Binark, M. (2007). Yeni medya çalışmalarında yeni sorular ve yöntem sorunu. In M. Binark (Ed.), Yeni medya çalışmaları (pp. 21-44). Dipnot Yayınları.
  • Binark, M. (2019). Kültürel diplomasi ve Kore dalgası “Hallyu”: Güney Kore’de sinema endüstrisi, K‐Dramalar ve K‐Pop. Siyasal Kitabevi.
  • Bogenç Demirel, Z. E. & Görgüler, Z. (2017). Yeni toplumsallıklar etrafında yükselen çeviri eğitimi: Çevrimiçi fan toplulukları ve sahadan ilk sesler. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Frankofoni Dergisi, 30, 303-315.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1980). The aristocracy of culture (R. Nice, Trans.). Media, Culture, and Society, 2, 225-254.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgement of taste (R. Nice, Trans.). Routledge.
  • Bourdieu, P. (1986). The forms of capital (R. Nice, Trans.). In J. Richardson (Ed.), Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education (pp. 241-258). Greenwood.
  • Castells, M. (2000). The information age, volume 1: The rise of the network society (2nd ed.). Blackwell.
  • Chesterman, A. (2006). Questions in the sociology of translation. In J. F. Duarte, A. A. Rosa & T. Seruya (Eds.), Translation studies at the interface of disciplines (pp. 9-27). John Benjamins.
  • Chouliaraki, L. (2010). Self-mediation: New media and citizenship. Critical Discourse Studies, 7(4), 227-232.
  • Deuze, M. (2009). Convergence culture and media work, In J. Holt & A. Perren (Eds), Media industries: History, theory, and method (pp. 144-156). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Duraner, J., Işıklar-Koçak, M. & Tunalı, G. (2017). Fansubbers as cultural agents for Korean dramas, In D. Orrego-Carmona & Y. Lee (Eds.), Non-professional subtitling (pp. 145-170). Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  • Erguvan, M. (2016). Venutian scale in the realm of subtitling in Turkey: A comparative analysis of the fansubs and the official subtitles of Family Guy. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 22, 147-168.
  • Even-Zohar, I. (1997). Factors and dependencies in culture: A revised draft for polysytem culture research. Canadian Review of Comparative Literature / Revue Canadienne de Littérature Comparée, XXIV(1), 15-34.
  • Even-Zohar, I. (2002). The making of culture repertoire and the role of transfer. In S. Paker (Ed.), Translations: (Re)Shaping of literature and culture (pp. 166-174). Boğaziçi University Press.
  • Even-Zohar, I. (2005). Idea-makers, culture entrepreneurs, makers of life images, and the prospects of success. Papers in Culture Research, 184-202. http://www.tau.ac.il/~itamarez/works/books/EZ-CR-2005.pdf.
  • Fiske, J. (1992). The cultural economy of fandom. In L. A. Lewis (Ed.), Adoring audience: Fan culture and popular media (pp. 30-49). Routledge.
  • Geraghty, L. (Ed.) (2015). Popular media cultures: Fans audiences and paratexts. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Görgüler, Z. (2016). Yeni toplumsallıklar etrafında yükselen çeviri pratikleri: Türkiye’de tara-çeviri (Manga) içeriklerinin dolaşımı ve netnografik çözümlemeler [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Yıldız Teknik Üniversitesi.
  • Hartley, J. (2009). From the consciousness industry to the creative industries: Consumer-created content, social network markets, and the growth of knowledge, In J. Holt & A. Perren (Eds.) Media industries: History, theory, and method (pp. 231-244). Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Hills, M. (2002). Fan cultures. Routledge.
  • Jenkins, H. (1992). Textual poachers: Television fans and participatory culture. Routledge.
  • Jenkins, H. (2006a). Fans, bloggers and gamers: Exploring participatory culture. New York University Press.
  • Jenkins, H. (2006b). Convergence culture: Where old and new media collide. New York University Press.
  • Korean Embassy report. (2011). Survey on the Korea image in Turkey.
  • Lévy, P. (1997). Collective intelligence: Mankind’s emerging world in cyberspace. Perseus.
  • MacDonald, A. (1998). Uncertain utopia: science fiction media fandom and computer mediated communication. In Harris, C. & Alexander, A. (Eds), Theorizing fandom: Fans, subculture and identity (pp. 131–152). Hampton Press.
  • Manovich, L. (2001). The language of new media. MIT Press.
  • Oh, C.-J. & Chae, Y.-G. (2013). Constructing culturally proximate spaces through social network services: The case of Hallyu (Korean Wave) in Turkey. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(38).
  • Pérez-González, L. (2012). Amateur subtitling as immaterial labour in digital media culture: An emerging paradigm of civic engagement. Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies, 19(2), 157-175
  • Pérez-González, L. (2014). Translation and new(s) media: Participatory subtitling practices in networked mediascapes. In J. House (Ed.), Translation: A multidisciplinary approach (pp. 200-221). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Prensky, M. (2001). Digital natives, digital immigrants, part II: Do they think really differently. On the horizon, 9(6), 1-9.
  • Staiger, J. (2000). Perverse spectators: The practices of film reception. New York University Press.
  • Tekgül, D. (2018). Popularization through translation in the new media: The case of Düşünbil. Çeviribilim ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 22, 71-86.
  • The Korean wave: A new pop culture phenomenon. (2011). Korean Culture and Information Service Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism. https://www.korea.net/Resources/Publications/About-Korea/view?articleId=2215#
  • Türközü, S. G. (n.d.). Türk-Kore edebiyatları arasındaki farkındalık ve birbirini tanıma [Unpublished manuscript]. Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey. https://www.academia.edu/4451223/Kore_Turk_Edebiyati_farkindalik. 1-5.
  • Von Hippel E. (2005). Democratizing innovation. MIT Press.
  • Wolf, M. (2007). Introduction, In. M. Wolf & A. Fukari (Eds.), Constructing a sociology of translation (pp. 1-36). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
  • Wolf, M. & Fukari, A. (2011). Mapping the field: Sociological perspectives on translation. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 207, 1-28.
There are 39 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mehmet Erguvan 0000-0003-3649-8392

Publication Date July 16, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Erguvan, M. (2021). Increasing Visibility of the Turkish Fans of South Korean Popular Culture through Translation. Çeviribilim Ve Uygulamaları Dergisi, 2021(30), 61-86. https://doi.org/10.37599/ceviri.904565