İki Kutuplu Hayatta İş-Yaşam Dengesini Sağlamak: Çift Gelirli Aileler, Çalışma Süreleri ve Kısmi Süreli İşler

Abstract

Makalede sanayi devrimiyle birlikte önce erkeğin daha sonra da -belirli ölçüde- kadının hayatının nasıl çift kutuplu hale geldiği ortaya konduktan sonra çift gelirli ailelerde iş-yaşam dengesi çeşitli açılardan incelenmektedir. Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında kadınların işgücüne katılımında ciddi bir artış yaşanmasının temel nedenleri arasında; kimlik ve statü algısında yaşanan değişim, tüketim kültürü, boş vakit problemi ve sosyalleşme, geçim kaygısı, eğitim düzeyinde yaşanan artış ve kendini gerçekleştirme arzusu/olanağı bulunmaktadır. Günümüzde çoğu ülkede kadınların işgücüne katılım oranlarının erkeklerden önemli oranda daha düşük olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, kadınlar işyerinde erkeklerden daha az çalışmak istemektedir ve daha az çalışmaktadır. Dahası, kadınların çalışmak istediği ve çalıştığı süre evlilik ve çocuk(lar) ile birlikte giderek azalma eğilimindedir. Erkeklerde ise genel manada tam tersi bir resim ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca, ortalamada erkeklerin daha kariyer odaklı oldukları görülmektedir. Ev işlerinde ise kadınlar erkeklerden ciddi oranda daha fazla çalışmaktadır. Genel olarak iş-yaşam dengesinin sağlanabildiği bir zemine ulaşılabilmesi noktasında; a) hem erkekler hem de kadınlar için çalışma sürelerinin ve iş yoğunluğunun “normal” düzeylerde olması, b) kadınların tam zamanlı işlerde kendilerine özgü bir şekilde varlık gösterebilmeleri, c) kısmi süreli işlerin -özellikle kadınlar için- iyi ve güçlü bir alternatif olabilmesi ve d) doğum/annelik izin sürelerinin (hem ücretli hem ücretsiz bazda) yeterli düzeyde olması gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• iş-yaşam dengesi
• iş-aile çatışması
• aşırı çalışma
• kısmi süreli çalışma
• annelik izni

Achieving Work-Life Balance in a Bipolar Life: Dual Earner Families, Working Hours and Part-Time Jobs

Abstract

The article puts forth how life has become bipolar for men and -to a certain extent- women, and then analyzes work-life balance in dual-earner families from different angles. The main reasons behind the rise in labor force participation of women in the second half of the 20th century are changes in identity and status perceptions, consumption culture, idle-time problem and socialization, subsistence problem, the increase in educational attainment, and self-realization desire/opportunity. Today, labor force participation rates of women are considerably lower than that of men in most countries. In addition, women want to work less and work less in the workplace. Moreover, the number of hours wanted to work and worked tend to decrease with marriage and child(ren) in women. For men, the opposite picture emerges in general. Plus, men are more career-oriented than women on average. Women do considerably more household work than men. In order to reach the point where work-life balance is achieved, a) working hours and work intensity should be at “normal” levels for both men and women, b) women should have a presence in full-time jobs in their own unique way, c) part-time jobs should be a good and strong alternative, and d) birth/paternity leaves (both paid and unpaid) should be adequate.

Keywords

• iş-yaşam dengesi
• iş-aile çatışması
• aşırı çalışma
• kısmi süreli çalışma
• annelik izni

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