Review
BibTex RIS Cite

Yaşlı Bakım İhtiyacı ve Uzun Süreli Bakım Sigortasının Küresel Görünümü

Year 2026, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 61 - 86, 30.01.2026

Abstract

Bu çalışma, giderek yaşlanan dünya nüfusunun ortaya çıkardığı uzun süreli bakım ihtiyacını kavramsal, yapısal ve karşılaştırmalı bir perspektiften incelemektedir. Öncelikle demografik dönüşümün genişlettiği bakım ihtiyacının tanımı yapılmakta; yaşlanma, kronik hastalıklar, işlevsel kapasite kaybı ve bilişsel gerileme gibi etmenlerin bireylerde uzun süreli bakım talebini artırdığı vurgulanmaktadır. Çalışmada daha sonra uzun süreli bakım sigortası ve ülke örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Bu bölümde Almanya, Japonya, Hollanda ve Güney Kore gibi uzun süreli bakım sigortasını kurumsallaştırmış ülkelerin uygulamaları analiz edilmektedir. Bu ülkelerde zorunlu bakım sigortası, hizmet sunumunun standardize edilmesi, kullanıcı katkılarının dengelenmesi ve sürdürülebilir finansman mekanizmalarının kurulması açısından merkezi bir rol oynamaktadır. Çalışmada ayrıca, Türkiye’de uzun süreli bakım yapısının mevcut durumu değerlendirilmektedir. Türkiye’de henüz kapsamlı ve zorunlu bir bakım sigortası modeli bulunmamakta; bakım hizmetleri ise sosyal yardım merkezli, parçalı ve ağırlıklı olarak aile bakımına dayalı bir yapıda yürütülmektedir. Demografik dönüşümün hızlanması, bağımlılık oranının yükselmesi ve bakım maliyetlerinin artması, Türkiye açısından sürdürülebilir bir bakım sigortası tartışmasını gündeme getirmektedir. Çalışma, mevcut uluslararası deneyimlerin Türkiye’de uygulanabilir bir bakım sigortası modeli geliştirilmesi için değerli çıkarımlar sunduğunu vurgulamaktadır.

References

  • 2025 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Programı, Pub. L. No. 32707, Resmi Gazete (2024).
  • 2026 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı, Pub. L. No. 33062, Resmi Gazete (2025).
  • 2026-28 Orta Vadeli Program, Pub. L. No. 33010, Resmi Gazete (2025).
  • Ağcasulu, H. (2021). Sosyal Politika Olarak Evde Bakım Hizmetleri: Ülke Örnekleri ve Türkiye. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 167-183.
  • Ağören, V. (2017). Bakım Sigortası ve Türkiye İçin Model Önerisi. Sosyal Guvence, 12, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.21441/sguz.2017.57
  • Arshad, N. A., & Md Yusuf, M. (2021). A Systematic Review on The Insurability Risk for Long-Term Care Insurance in Europe and Asia Countries. Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjosht.v7i.111
  • Beard, J. R., Officer, A., De Carvalho, I. A., Sadana, R., Pot, A. M., Michel, J. P., Lloyd-Sherlock, P., Epping-Jordan, J. E., Peeters, G. M. E. E., Mahanani, W. R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Chatterji, S. (2016). The World Report on Ageing and Health: A Policy Framework For Healthy Ageing. Içinde The Lancet (C. 387, Sayı 10033, ss. 2145-2154). Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00516-4
  • Büscher, A., Holle, B., Emmert, S., & Fringer, A. (2010). Home Care Counseling for Recipients of Cash Payments in the German Long-term Care Insurance. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 43(2), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-010-0099-4
  • Campbell, J. C., & Ikegami, N. (2000). Long-Term Care Insurance Comes To Japan. Health Affairs, 19(3), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.19.3.26
  • Campbell, J. C., & Ikegami, N. (2003). Japan’s Radical Reform of Long‐term Care. Social Policy & Administration, 37(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00321
  • Campbell, J. C., Ikegami, N., & Gibson, M. J. (2010). Lessons From Public Long-Term Care Insurance In Germany And Japan. Health Affairs, 29(1), 87-95.
  • Chen, L., Zhang, L., & Xu, X. (2020). Review of Evolution of the Public Long-term Care Insurance (LTCI) System in Different Countries: Influence and Challenge. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05878-z
  • Chen, Q., Dong, Y., & Lyu, X. (2025). Incorporating Discrete Choice Experiments into Long-Term Care Insurance Policy Decisions: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1511001
  • Chia, N. C., & Cynthia Chen, H. (2020). Long-Term Care Financing for an Aging Population: The Experience of Singapore. Innovation in Aging, 4(Supplement_1), 31-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.101
  • Colombo, F., Llena-Nozal, A., Mercier, J., & Tjadens, F. (2011). Help Wanted? OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en
  • Crainich, D., Goldzahl, L., Jusot, F., & Mignon, D. (2025). Explaining the Long-term Care Insurance Puzzle: The Role of Preferences for Correlation and for Quality of Life Over Wealth. Journal of Health Economics, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103030
  • Çiftçi, H. G. (2021). Uzun Dönem Bakım Sigortası ve Türkiye için Skolastik Model Önerisi. IAAOJ Health Sciences, 3(7), 115-130.
  • Doty, P., Nadash, P., & Racco, N. (2015). Long-term Care Financing: Lessons from France. Milbank Quarterly, 93(2), 359-391. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12125
  • Feng, J., Wang, Z., & Yu, Y. (2020). Does long-term Care Insurance Reduce Hospital Utilization and Medical Expenditures? Evidence from China. Social Science & Medicine, 258, 113081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113081
  • Feng, Z., & Glinskaya, E. (2019). Aiming Higher: Advancing Public Social Insurance for Longterm Care to Meet the Global Aging Challenge Comment on “Financing Long-term Care: Lessons From Japan”. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.121
  • Feng, Z., Glinskaya, E., Chen, H., Gong, S., Qiu, Y., Xu, J., & Yip, W. (2020). Long-term Care System for Older Adults in China: Policy Landscape, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Içinde The Lancet (C. 396, Sayı 10259, ss. 1362-1372). Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32136-X
  • Feng, Z., Lin, Y., Wu, B., Zhuang, X., & Glinskaya, E. (2023). China’s Ambitious Policy Experiment with Social Long-Term Care Insurance: Promises, Challenges, and Prospects. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 35(5), 705-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2023.2182574
  • Fischer, J. (2022). The Social Long-Term Care Insurance Model: Comparing Actor Configurations Across Countries and Time. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 38(2), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/ics.2022.9
  • Genç, Y., & Barış, İ. (2015). Yaşlı Bakım Hizmetlerinde Çağdaş Yaklaşım: Kurumsal Bakım Yerine Evde Bakım Hizmetlerinin Güçlendirilmesi. The Journal of Academic Social Sciences, 10(10), 36-36. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.507
  • Gruber, J., Lin, M., Yang, H., & Yi, J. (2025). China’s Social Health Insurance in the Era of Rapid Population Aging. JAMA Health Forum, 6(4), e251105. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.1105
  • Hagelman Jr., R. R. (2025). The Front and Back of Long-Term Care Insurance. Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 79(3), 31-35. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=ad41a51e-696a-3616-a31f-79582ff47502
  • Harper, S. (2014). Ageing Societies: Myths, Challenges and Opportunities. Hodder Education.
  • Hasgül, E., Kahveci, K., & Şener, O. (2024). Bütünleşik Evde Sağlık ve Bakım Hizmetleri Ulusal Model Önerileri.
  • Hekimler, A. (2015). Federal Almanya’da Sosyal Bakım Sigortasının Temel Esasları – Türkiye İçin Gözlemler –. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(44), 45-76. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ct/issue//1155303
  • Hekimler, A. (2017). Yaşlılara Yönelik Bir Sosyal Politika Aracı Olarak Bakım Sigortası Federal Almanya Örneği. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(3), 235-243.
  • Hekimler, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Bakım Sigortasının Kurulması Gerekliliği Üzerine Değerlendirmeler. XI. IBANESS Congress Series, 101-106.
  • Jeon, B., & Kwon, S. (2017). Health and Long-Term Care Systems for Older People in the Republic of Korea: Policy Challenges and Lessons. Health Systems & Reform, 3(3), 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2017.1345052
  • Jeurissen, P., & van Ginneken, E. (2019). The Dutch Health System in 2019: Many Major Reforms, but Still Work in Progress. Health Policy, 123(3), 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.02.005
  • Kara, B. (2025). Uzun Süreli Bakım Sigortasının Türkiye Bağlamında Politika Analizi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 28(1), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1507213
  • Karakaya, C., & Işıkhan, V. (2020). Palyatif Bakım Hastalarına Bakım Veren Aile Üyelerinde Yaşam Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(4), 1437-1458. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.737324
  • Kim, H., & Kwon, S. (2021). A Decade of Public Long-Term Care Insurance in South Korea: Policy Lessons for Aging Countries. Health Policy, 125(1), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2020.11.003
  • Kocabaş, F., & Kol, E. (2020). Almanya ve Türkiye’de Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Bakım Hizmetleri: Türkiye’de Bakım Sigortası Kurulmasına Yönelik Bir Öneri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(4), 283-310. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.845822
  • Lee, R. (2003). The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental Change. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 167-190. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034943
  • Lei, X., Bai, C., Hong, J., & Liu, H. (2022). Long-term Care Insurance and the Well-being of Older Adults and Their Families: Evidence from China. Social Science & Medicine, 296, 114745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114745
  • Lobanov-Rostovsky, S., He, Q., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Venkatraman, T., French, E., Curry, N., Hemmings, N., Bandosz, P., Chan, W. K., Liao, J., & Brunner, E. J. (2023). Growing Old in China in Socioeconomic and Epidemiological Context: Systematic Review of Social Care Policy for Older People. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1272. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15583-1
  • Maarse, J. A. M. H., & Jeurissen, P. P. P. (2016). The Policy and Politics of the 2015 Long-term Care Reform in the Netherlands. Health Policy, 120(3), 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.01.014
  • Matsuda, S., & Yamamoto, M. (2001). Long-term Care Insurance and Integrated Care for the Aged in Japan. International Journal of Integrated Care, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.39
  • Mueller, M., & Morgan, D. (2020). Spending on Long-term Care.
  • Nadash, P., & Cuellar, A. E. (2017). The Emerging Market for Supplemental Long Term Care Insurance in Germany in the Context of the 2013 Pflege-Bahr Reform. Health Policy, 121(6), 588-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.03.006
  • Nadash, P., Doty, P., & Von Schwanenflügel, M. (2018). The German Long-Term Care Insurance Program: Evolution and Recent Developments. Gerontologist, 58(3), 588-597. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx018
  • OECD. (2025). Taxing Wages 2025: Decomposition of Personal Income Taxes and the Role of Tax Reliefs. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b3a95829-en
  • Orhaner, E., & Doguc, E. (2016). Expectations of Working Population in Metropolitans About Care Services and Care Insurance in Turkey. Health Care Academician Journal, 3(4), 126. https://doi.org/10.5455/sad.13-1483621204
  • Rhee, J. C., Done, N., & Anderson, G. F. (2015). Considering Long-Term Care Insurance for Middle-Income Countries: Comparing South Korea with Japan and Germany. Health Policy, 119(10), 1319-1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.06.001
  • Rothgang, H. (2010). Social Insurance For Long-Term Care: An Evaluation of the German Model. Social Policy and Administration, 44(4), 436-460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2010.00722.x
  • Scheil-Adlung, X. (2015). Long-term Care Protection for Older Persons: A Review of Coverage Deficits in 46 Countries (50; ESS-Working Paper).
  • Spasova, Slavina., Baeten, Rita., Coster, S., Ghailani, Dalila., Peña-Casas, R. ., & Vanhercke, Bart. (2018).
  • Challenges in Long-Term Care in Europe : A Study of National Policies 2018. European Commission.
  • Stone, R. I. (2000). Long-Term Care for the Elderly with Disabilities: Current Policy, Emerging Trends, and Implications for the. Milbank Memorial Fund.
  • Szebehely, M., & Meagher, G. (2018). Nordic Eldercare – Weak Universalism Becoming Weaker? Journal of European Social Policy, 28(3), 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928717735062
  • Tamiya, N., Noguchi, H., Nishi, A., Reich, M. R., Ikegami, N., Hashimoto, H., Shibuya, K., Kawachi, I., & Campbell, J. C. (2011). Population Ageing and Wellbeing: Lessons from Japan’s Long-Term Care Insurance Policy. The Lancet, 378(9797), 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61176-8
  • Xia, L., Chai, L., Zhang, H., & Sun, Z. (2022). Mapping the Global Landscape of Long-Term Care Insurance Research: A Scientometric Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127425
  • Yang, W., Jingwei He, A., Fang, L., & Mossialos, E. (2016). Financing Institutional Long-Term Care for the Elderly in China: A Policy Evaluation of New Models. Health Policy and Planning, 31(10), 1391-1401. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw081
  • Yuvalı, E. (2019). 2022 Sayılı 65 yaşını Doldurmuş Muhtaç, Güçsüz ve Kimsesiz Türk Vatandaşlarına Aylık Bağlanması Hakkındaki Kanunun Değerlendirmesi. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 37, 51-73. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/taad/issue//693555
  • OECD (2023). Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2023). Taxing Wages 2023: OECD Indicators of Tax Wedge. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/20725124
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021). Türkiye Sağlıklı Yaşlanma Eylem Planı ve Uygulama Programı (2021–2026). Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • TÜİK (2023). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı (TEPAV) (2022). Türkiye’de Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Sürdürülebilirliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara: TEPAV Yayınları.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2024). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar 2023. Ankara: TÜİK Yayınları.
  • United Nations (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
  • United Nations (2023). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2023. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations (2024). World Population Prospects 2024: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2024/TR/NO. 9. New York: United Nations.
  • World Health Organization. (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health. Geneva: WHO Press.
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Global Report on Ageism. Geneva: WHO.

Global Outlook for Elderly Care Needs and Long-Term Care Insurance

Year 2026, Volume: 17 Issue: 1, 61 - 86, 30.01.2026

Abstract

This study examines the need for long-term care arising from an aging global population from a conceptual, structural, and comparative perspective. First, it defines the need for care, which has expanded due to demographic transformation, and emphasizes that factors such as aging, chronic diseases, functional loss, and cognitive decline increase the demand for long-term care among individuals. The study then presents long-term care insurance and country examples. This section analyzes the practices of countries that have institutionalized long-term care insurance, such as Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and South Korea. In these countries, compulsory long-term care insurance plays a central role in standardizing service provision, balancing user contributions, and establishing sustainable financing mechanisms. The study also assesses the current state of the long-term care structure in Turkey. Turkey does not yet have a comprehensive, compulsory long-term care insurance model; care services are provided through a social assistance-centered, fragmented, and predominantly family-based structure. The accelerating demographic transformation, rising dependency rates, and rising care costs raise the question of a sustainable long-term care insurance model for Türkiye. The study highlights that existing international experiences offer valuable implications for the development of a viable care insurance model in Türkiye.

References

  • 2025 Cumhurbaşkanlığı Programı, Pub. L. No. 32707, Resmi Gazete (2024).
  • 2026 Yılı Cumhurbaşkanlığı Yıllık Programı, Pub. L. No. 33062, Resmi Gazete (2025).
  • 2026-28 Orta Vadeli Program, Pub. L. No. 33010, Resmi Gazete (2025).
  • Ağcasulu, H. (2021). Sosyal Politika Olarak Evde Bakım Hizmetleri: Ülke Örnekleri ve Türkiye. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 167-183.
  • Ağören, V. (2017). Bakım Sigortası ve Türkiye İçin Model Önerisi. Sosyal Guvence, 12, 1-26. https://doi.org/10.21441/sguz.2017.57
  • Arshad, N. A., & Md Yusuf, M. (2021). A Systematic Review on The Insurability Risk for Long-Term Care Insurance in Europe and Asia Countries. Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology. https://doi.org/10.33102/mjosht.v7i.111
  • Beard, J. R., Officer, A., De Carvalho, I. A., Sadana, R., Pot, A. M., Michel, J. P., Lloyd-Sherlock, P., Epping-Jordan, J. E., Peeters, G. M. E. E., Mahanani, W. R., Thiyagarajan, J. A., & Chatterji, S. (2016). The World Report on Ageing and Health: A Policy Framework For Healthy Ageing. Içinde The Lancet (C. 387, Sayı 10033, ss. 2145-2154). Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00516-4
  • Büscher, A., Holle, B., Emmert, S., & Fringer, A. (2010). Home Care Counseling for Recipients of Cash Payments in the German Long-term Care Insurance. Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie und Geriatrie, 43(2), 103-110. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-010-0099-4
  • Campbell, J. C., & Ikegami, N. (2000). Long-Term Care Insurance Comes To Japan. Health Affairs, 19(3), 26-39. https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.19.3.26
  • Campbell, J. C., & Ikegami, N. (2003). Japan’s Radical Reform of Long‐term Care. Social Policy & Administration, 37(1), 21-34. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9515.00321
  • Campbell, J. C., Ikegami, N., & Gibson, M. J. (2010). Lessons From Public Long-Term Care Insurance In Germany And Japan. Health Affairs, 29(1), 87-95.
  • Chen, L., Zhang, L., & Xu, X. (2020). Review of Evolution of the Public Long-term Care Insurance (LTCI) System in Different Countries: Influence and Challenge. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05878-z
  • Chen, Q., Dong, Y., & Lyu, X. (2025). Incorporating Discrete Choice Experiments into Long-Term Care Insurance Policy Decisions: Evidence from China. Frontiers in Public Health, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2025.1511001
  • Chia, N. C., & Cynthia Chen, H. (2020). Long-Term Care Financing for an Aging Population: The Experience of Singapore. Innovation in Aging, 4(Supplement_1), 31-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.101
  • Colombo, F., Llena-Nozal, A., Mercier, J., & Tjadens, F. (2011). Help Wanted? OECD. https://doi.org/10.1787/9789264097759-en
  • Crainich, D., Goldzahl, L., Jusot, F., & Mignon, D. (2025). Explaining the Long-term Care Insurance Puzzle: The Role of Preferences for Correlation and for Quality of Life Over Wealth. Journal of Health Economics, 103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2025.103030
  • Çiftçi, H. G. (2021). Uzun Dönem Bakım Sigortası ve Türkiye için Skolastik Model Önerisi. IAAOJ Health Sciences, 3(7), 115-130.
  • Doty, P., Nadash, P., & Racco, N. (2015). Long-term Care Financing: Lessons from France. Milbank Quarterly, 93(2), 359-391. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0009.12125
  • Feng, J., Wang, Z., & Yu, Y. (2020). Does long-term Care Insurance Reduce Hospital Utilization and Medical Expenditures? Evidence from China. Social Science & Medicine, 258, 113081. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2020.113081
  • Feng, Z., & Glinskaya, E. (2019). Aiming Higher: Advancing Public Social Insurance for Longterm Care to Meet the Global Aging Challenge Comment on “Financing Long-term Care: Lessons From Japan”. International Journal of Health Policy and Management. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2019.121
  • Feng, Z., Glinskaya, E., Chen, H., Gong, S., Qiu, Y., Xu, J., & Yip, W. (2020). Long-term Care System for Older Adults in China: Policy Landscape, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Içinde The Lancet (C. 396, Sayı 10259, ss. 1362-1372). Lancet Publishing Group. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32136-X
  • Feng, Z., Lin, Y., Wu, B., Zhuang, X., & Glinskaya, E. (2023). China’s Ambitious Policy Experiment with Social Long-Term Care Insurance: Promises, Challenges, and Prospects. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 35(5), 705-721. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2023.2182574
  • Fischer, J. (2022). The Social Long-Term Care Insurance Model: Comparing Actor Configurations Across Countries and Time. Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy, 38(2), 93-110. https://doi.org/10.1017/ics.2022.9
  • Genç, Y., & Barış, İ. (2015). Yaşlı Bakım Hizmetlerinde Çağdaş Yaklaşım: Kurumsal Bakım Yerine Evde Bakım Hizmetlerinin Güçlendirilmesi. The Journal of Academic Social Sciences, 10(10), 36-36. https://doi.org/10.16992/ASOS.507
  • Gruber, J., Lin, M., Yang, H., & Yi, J. (2025). China’s Social Health Insurance in the Era of Rapid Population Aging. JAMA Health Forum, 6(4), e251105. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamahealthforum.2025.1105
  • Hagelman Jr., R. R. (2025). The Front and Back of Long-Term Care Insurance. Journal of Financial Service Professionals, 79(3), 31-35. https://research.ebsco.com/linkprocessor/plink?id=ad41a51e-696a-3616-a31f-79582ff47502
  • Harper, S. (2014). Ageing Societies: Myths, Challenges and Opportunities. Hodder Education.
  • Hasgül, E., Kahveci, K., & Şener, O. (2024). Bütünleşik Evde Sağlık ve Bakım Hizmetleri Ulusal Model Önerileri.
  • Hekimler, A. (2015). Federal Almanya’da Sosyal Bakım Sigortasının Temel Esasları – Türkiye İçin Gözlemler –. Çalışma ve Toplum, 1(44), 45-76. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ct/issue//1155303
  • Hekimler, A. (2017). Yaşlılara Yönelik Bir Sosyal Politika Aracı Olarak Bakım Sigortası Federal Almanya Örneği. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2(3), 235-243.
  • Hekimler, A. (2019). Türkiye’de Bakım Sigortasının Kurulması Gerekliliği Üzerine Değerlendirmeler. XI. IBANESS Congress Series, 101-106.
  • Jeon, B., & Kwon, S. (2017). Health and Long-Term Care Systems for Older People in the Republic of Korea: Policy Challenges and Lessons. Health Systems & Reform, 3(3), 214-223. https://doi.org/10.1080/23288604.2017.1345052
  • Jeurissen, P., & van Ginneken, E. (2019). The Dutch Health System in 2019: Many Major Reforms, but Still Work in Progress. Health Policy, 123(3), 249-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2019.02.005
  • Kara, B. (2025). Uzun Süreli Bakım Sigortasının Türkiye Bağlamında Politika Analizi. Hacettepe Sağlık İdaresi Dergisi, 28(1), 127-150. https://doi.org/10.61859/hacettepesid.1507213
  • Karakaya, C., & Işıkhan, V. (2020). Palyatif Bakım Hastalarına Bakım Veren Aile Üyelerinde Yaşam Kalitesinin Değerlendirilmesi. Toplum ve Sosyal Hizmet, 31(4), 1437-1458. https://doi.org/10.33417/tsh.737324
  • Kim, H., & Kwon, S. (2021). A Decade of Public Long-Term Care Insurance in South Korea: Policy Lessons for Aging Countries. Health Policy, 125(1), 22-26. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.HEALTHPOL.2020.11.003
  • Kocabaş, F., & Kol, E. (2020). Almanya ve Türkiye’de Karşılaştırmalı Olarak Bakım Hizmetleri: Türkiye’de Bakım Sigortası Kurulmasına Yönelik Bir Öneri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(4), 283-310. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.845822
  • Lee, R. (2003). The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental Change. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 17(4), 167-190. https://doi.org/10.1257/089533003772034943
  • Lei, X., Bai, C., Hong, J., & Liu, H. (2022). Long-term Care Insurance and the Well-being of Older Adults and Their Families: Evidence from China. Social Science & Medicine, 296, 114745. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114745
  • Lobanov-Rostovsky, S., He, Q., Chen, Y., Liu, Y., Wu, Y., Liu, Y., Venkatraman, T., French, E., Curry, N., Hemmings, N., Bandosz, P., Chan, W. K., Liao, J., & Brunner, E. J. (2023). Growing Old in China in Socioeconomic and Epidemiological Context: Systematic Review of Social Care Policy for Older People. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 1272. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15583-1
  • Maarse, J. A. M. H., & Jeurissen, P. P. P. (2016). The Policy and Politics of the 2015 Long-term Care Reform in the Netherlands. Health Policy, 120(3), 241-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2016.01.014
  • Matsuda, S., & Yamamoto, M. (2001). Long-term Care Insurance and Integrated Care for the Aged in Japan. International Journal of Integrated Care, 1(3). https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.39
  • Mueller, M., & Morgan, D. (2020). Spending on Long-term Care.
  • Nadash, P., & Cuellar, A. E. (2017). The Emerging Market for Supplemental Long Term Care Insurance in Germany in the Context of the 2013 Pflege-Bahr Reform. Health Policy, 121(6), 588-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2017.03.006
  • Nadash, P., Doty, P., & Von Schwanenflügel, M. (2018). The German Long-Term Care Insurance Program: Evolution and Recent Developments. Gerontologist, 58(3), 588-597. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnx018
  • OECD. (2025). Taxing Wages 2025: Decomposition of Personal Income Taxes and the Role of Tax Reliefs. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/b3a95829-en
  • Orhaner, E., & Doguc, E. (2016). Expectations of Working Population in Metropolitans About Care Services and Care Insurance in Turkey. Health Care Academician Journal, 3(4), 126. https://doi.org/10.5455/sad.13-1483621204
  • Rhee, J. C., Done, N., & Anderson, G. F. (2015). Considering Long-Term Care Insurance for Middle-Income Countries: Comparing South Korea with Japan and Germany. Health Policy, 119(10), 1319-1329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2015.06.001
  • Rothgang, H. (2010). Social Insurance For Long-Term Care: An Evaluation of the German Model. Social Policy and Administration, 44(4), 436-460. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2010.00722.x
  • Scheil-Adlung, X. (2015). Long-term Care Protection for Older Persons: A Review of Coverage Deficits in 46 Countries (50; ESS-Working Paper).
  • Spasova, Slavina., Baeten, Rita., Coster, S., Ghailani, Dalila., Peña-Casas, R. ., & Vanhercke, Bart. (2018).
  • Challenges in Long-Term Care in Europe : A Study of National Policies 2018. European Commission.
  • Stone, R. I. (2000). Long-Term Care for the Elderly with Disabilities: Current Policy, Emerging Trends, and Implications for the. Milbank Memorial Fund.
  • Szebehely, M., & Meagher, G. (2018). Nordic Eldercare – Weak Universalism Becoming Weaker? Journal of European Social Policy, 28(3), 294-308. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958928717735062
  • Tamiya, N., Noguchi, H., Nishi, A., Reich, M. R., Ikegami, N., Hashimoto, H., Shibuya, K., Kawachi, I., & Campbell, J. C. (2011). Population Ageing and Wellbeing: Lessons from Japan’s Long-Term Care Insurance Policy. The Lancet, 378(9797), 1183-1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61176-8
  • Xia, L., Chai, L., Zhang, H., & Sun, Z. (2022). Mapping the Global Landscape of Long-Term Care Insurance Research: A Scientometric Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127425
  • Yang, W., Jingwei He, A., Fang, L., & Mossialos, E. (2016). Financing Institutional Long-Term Care for the Elderly in China: A Policy Evaluation of New Models. Health Policy and Planning, 31(10), 1391-1401. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czw081
  • Yuvalı, E. (2019). 2022 Sayılı 65 yaşını Doldurmuş Muhtaç, Güçsüz ve Kimsesiz Türk Vatandaşlarına Aylık Bağlanması Hakkındaki Kanunun Değerlendirmesi. Türkiye Adalet Akademisi Dergisi, 37, 51-73. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/taad/issue//693555
  • OECD (2023). Health at a Glance 2023: OECD Indicators. Paris: OECD Publishing.
  • OECD (2023). Taxing Wages 2023: OECD Indicators of Tax Wedge. Paris: OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/20725124
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021). Türkiye Sağlıklı Yaşlanma Eylem Planı ve Uygulama Programı (2021–2026). Ankara: Sağlık Bakanlığı Yayınları.
  • TÜİK (2023). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar, 2023. Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu Yayınları.
  • Türkiye Ekonomi Politikaları Araştırma Vakfı (TEPAV) (2022). Türkiye’de Sosyal Güvenlik Sisteminin Sürdürülebilirliği Üzerine Bir Değerlendirme. Ankara: TEPAV Yayınları.
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK) (2024). İstatistiklerle Yaşlılar 2023. Ankara: TÜİK Yayınları.
  • United Nations (2022). World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results. Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division.
  • United Nations (2023). Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division. World Population Ageing 2023. New York: United Nations.
  • United Nations (2024). World Population Prospects 2024: Summary of Results. UN DESA/POP/2024/TR/NO. 9. New York: United Nations.
  • World Health Organization. (2015). World Report on Ageing and Health. Geneva: WHO Press.
  • World Health Organization. (2021). Global Report on Ageism. Geneva: WHO.
There are 69 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labour and Social Security Law, Social Policy (Other)
Journal Section Review
Authors

Yavuz Kağan Yasım 0000-0002-3542-5493

Submission Date November 25, 2025
Acceptance Date January 26, 2026
Publication Date January 30, 2026
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 17 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yasım, Y. K. (2026). Yaşlı Bakım İhtiyacı ve Uzun Süreli Bakım Sigortasının Küresel Görünümü. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 17(1), 61-86.

The Journal of Labour Relations is a peer-reviewed scholarly journal of national and international scope, published biannually in January and July.