Evrensel Temel Gelir Deneyi ve Projelerinin Değerlendirilmesine Teorik Bir Bakış

Year 2021, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 154 - 185, 15.07.2021

Hikmet Gülçin Beken

https://izlik.org/JA87WK22KK

Abstract

Evrensel temel gelir, bireylere koşulsuz, sürekli ve düzenli şekilde ödenen nakit desteği ifade etmektedir. Evrensel temel gelirin uygulanmasına yönelik en önemli endişe nasıl finanse edileceğine ilişkin olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Pek çok ülke evrensel temel gelir projelerini belirli dönemler için hayata geçirmekte ve işgücü piyasaları başta olmak üzere yoksulluk ve eşitsizlik üzerindeki etkisini ölçmeye çalışmaktadır. İsviçre’de yapılan referandum ile reddedilen temel gelir kendisine İran, Alaska, Kanada ve Finlandiya gibi ülkelerde uygulama alanı bulmuştur. Bireylerin harcama alışkanlıklarından, işgücüne katılım oranlarına ve beşerî sermaye oluşumuna kadar pek çok alanı etkileyici sonuçlarla karşılaşılmaktadır. Çalışmada bu ülkelerde uygulanan temel gelirin özelliklerine ve sosyo-ekonomik anlamda ortaya çıkardığı sonuçlara yer verilmeye çalışılacaktır.

Keywords

evrensel temel gelir projeleri , işgücü piyasaları , refah devletleri

References

• Ayala Consulting (2003). Workshop on conditional cash transfer programmes (CCTs): operational experiences. Ayala Consulting, Quito.
• Blomquist, J. ve Mackintosh, F. (2003). Assisting the Poor with Cash : Design and Implementation of Social Transfer Programs. Social Safety Nets Primer Notes; No. 5. World Bank, Washington, DC. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/11823.
• Berman, M. ve Reamey, R. (2016). Permanent Fund Dividends and Poverty in Alaska. ISER Publications, https://iseralaska.org/static/legacy_publication_links/2016_12-PFDandPoverty.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:11.09.2019).
• BICN Report (2019). Signposts to Success: Report of a BICN Survey of Ontario Basic Income Recipients.
• Birnbaum, S. (2016). Basic Income. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. Retrieved 30 December 2020, from https://oxfordre.com/politics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.001.0001/acrefore-9780190228637-e-116.
• Boessenkool, K. (2020a). In normal times, universal basic income is a bad idea. But it’s the wisest solution for COVID-19 economic strain. The Globe and Mail. 19 Mart 2020,https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/article-in-normal-times-universal-basic-income-is-a-bad-idea-but-its the/?utm_source=Shared+Article+Sent+to+User&utm_medium=E-mail:+Newsletters+/+E-Blasts+/+etc.&utm_campaign=Shared+Web+Article+Links, (erişim tarihi 21.09.2020).
• Boessenkool, K. (2020b). Policy Challenges During a Pandemic. 7 Nisan 2020, Max Bell Scool of Public Policy. https://www.mcgill.ca/maxbellschool/article/articles-policy-challenges-during-pandemic/briefing-crisis-basic-income
• Bolognino, J. (2020). Universal Basic Income as a Response to Technological Innovation in the Economy, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343366623_UBI_as_a_Response_to_Technological_Changes_in_our_Economy, (Erişim 10.10.2020).
• Business Standard (2017). Universal basic income: Is the world ready?, (11 Ocak 2017), https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/universal-basic-income-is-the-world-ready-117011100068_1.html, (Erişim tarihi 12.09.2018)
• De Wispelaere, J., Halmetoja, A. ve Pulkka, V.V. (2019). The Finnish Basic Income Experiment: A Primer. M. Torry (ed.), The Palgrave International Handbook of Basic Income: Exploring the Basic Income Guarantee içinde (389-406), https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23614-4_20.
• Dermont, C. ve Weisstanner, D. (2020). Automation and the future of the welfare state: basic income as a response to technological change?. POLITICAL RESEARCH EXCHANGE, 2(1), 1757387, https://doi.org/10.1080/2474736X.2020.1757387.
• Dünya Gazetesi (2018). Çalışma hayatının geleceği: 'Gig Economy' olacak. 15 Ekim 2018, https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/teknoloji/calisma-hayatinin-gelecegi-gig-economy-olacak-haberi-429980, (erişim 11.10.2020). Ferdosi, M., McDowell, T., Lewchuk, W. and Ross, S. 2020. “Southern Ontario’s Basic Income Experience.” https://labourstudies.mcmaster.ca/documents/southern-ontarios-basic-income-experience.pdf.
• Gentilini, U., Grosh, M., Rigolini, J. ve Yemtsov R. (2020). Exploring Universal Basic Income. (ed) Gentilini, U., Grosh, M., Rigolini, J. Yemtsov R. Exploring Universal Basic Income: A Guide to Navigating Concepts, Evidence, and Practices içinde (1-15), Washington, DC: World Bank. doi:10.1596/978-1-4648-1458-7. L
• Gilbert, R., Murphy, N. A., Stepka, A., Barrett, M., ve Worku, D. (2018). Would a Basic Income Guarantee Reduce the Motivation to Work? An Analysis of Labor Responses in 16 Trial Programs. Basic Income Studies, 0(0). doi:10.1515/bis-2018-0011
• GTI Forum/ Great Transition Initiative (2020). Universal Basic Income: Has the Time Come?. November 2020, https://greattransition.org/gti-forum/universal-basic-income
• Flassbeck, H. (2017). Universal Basic Income Financing and Income Distribution — The Questions Left Unanswered by Proponents. Intereconomics, 52(2), 80–83.
• Frankel, S., and Mulvale, J. (2014). “Support and Inclusion for All Manitobans: Steps Toward a Basic Income Scheme.” Manitoba Law Journal 37 (2): 425–464.
• Geier, C. (2018). Universal Basic Income in Iran, 11 Kasım 2018, https://borgenproject.org/universal-basic-income-in-iran/, (erişim 21.10.2019).
• Ghatak, M. ve Maniquet, F. (2019). Universal Basic Income: Some Theoretical Aspects. Annual Review of Economics, 11(1), 895–928. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030220
• Goldsmith, S. (2011). The Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend: A Case Study in the Direct Distribution of Resource Rent. Institute of Social and Economic Research (ISER), January 2011. https://iseralaska.org/static/legacy_publication_links/2011_01-PFRevenueWatchPaper.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:11.03.2018).
• Hamilton, L., & Mulvale, J. P. (2019). “Human Again”: The (Unrealized) Promise of Basic Income in Ontario. Journal of Poverty, 23(7): 576-599. doi:10.1080/10875549.2019.1616242
• Hiilamo, H. (2019). Heikki Hiilamo: "Disappointing Results From The Finnish Basic Income Experiment, 08.02.2019, https://www.helsinki.fi/en/news/nordic-welfare-news/heikki-hiilamo-disappointing-results-from-the-finnish-basic-income-experiment, (Erişim tarihi: 21.12.2019).
• Hoynes, H., & Rothstein, J. (2019). Universal Basic Income in the United States and Advanced Countries. Annual Review of Economics, 11(1), 929–958. doi:10.1146/annurev-economics-080218-030237
• Hum, D. ve Simpson, W. (1993). Economic Response to a Guaranteed Annual Income: Experience from Canada and the United States, Journal of Labor Economics, 11(1):263-296.
• Hung, K.H. (2017). Finland’s Basic Income Experiment & Technological Unemployment. https://technologyatwork.itcilo.org/finlands-basic-income-experiment-technological-unemployment/, (Erişim 01.02.2020)
• Isenberg, T.J. (2017). What a New Survey from Alaska Can Teach Us about Public Support for Basic Income, (Haziran 28, 2017), https://medium.com/economicsecproj/what-a-new-survey-from-alaska-can-teach-us-about-public-support-for-basic-income-ccd0c3c16b42, (Erişim tarihi: 12.08.2019).
• Jones, D. ve Marinescu, I. (2018). The Labor Market Impacts of Universal And Permanent Cash Transfers: Evidence From The Alaska Permanent Fund, NBER Working Paper Series No: 24312, https://www.nber.org/papers/w24312.pdf, (Erişim tarihi 3.10.1019).
• Kangas, O. ve Kalliomaa-Puha, L. (2016). Basic Income Experiment in Finland, European Social Policy Network, ESPN Flash Report 2016/3.
• Kangas, O., Simanainen, M. ve Honkanen, P. (2017). Basic Income in the Finnish Context. Intereconomics, 52(2), 87–91. doi:10.1007/s10272-017-0652-0
• Kangas, O., Jauhiainen, S., Simanainen, M. ve Ylikännö, M. (2019). The Basic Income Experiment 2017–2018 in Finland: Preliminary Results, Ministry of Social Affairs and Health, Helsinki 2019.
• KELA (2016). From Idea to Experiment: Report on Universal Basic Income Experiment in Finland, KELA Working Paper 106/2016. Helsinki, Kela.
• Knapp, G., Goldsmith, S., Kruse, J. ve Erickson, G. (1984). The Alaska Permanent Fund Dividend Program: Economic Effects And Public Attitudes. Institute of Social and Economic Research University of Alaska, September 1984.
• Macfarland, K. (2018). Ontario/Canada: New Government Declares Early End of Guaranteed Income Experiment, (2 Ağustos 2018), https://basicincome.org/news/2018/08/ontario-canada-new-government-declares-early-end-of-guaranteed-income-experiment/, (Erişim tarihi: 11.05.2019).
• Mendelson, M. (2019). Lessons from Ontario’s Basic Income Pilot. Maytree Report.
• Meyer, H. (2017). No Need For Basic Income: Five Policies To Deal With The Threat Of Technological Unemployment. Social Europe, 27 Mart 2017, https://www.socialeurope.eu/no-need-basic-income-five-policies-deal-threat-technological-unemployment, (Erişim 10.09.2020).
• Milligan, K. (2015). Everyone Talks About Basic Income: Here’s Why They Don’t Implement It. 12 Aralık 2015, https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/rob-commentary/everyone-talks-about-basic-income-heres-why-they-dont-implement-it/article27723204/, (Erişim tarihi: 10.03.2019).
• Minder, R. (2016). Guaranteed Income for All? Switzerland’s Voters Say No Thanks. (5 Haziran 2016), https://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/06/world/europe/switzerland-swiss-vote-basic-income.html, (Erişim tarihi: 23.07.2019).
• Olten, M. (2016). Sighing for Paradise to Come, 4 Haziran 2016, https://www.economist.com/briefing/2016/06/04/sighing-for-paradise-to-come, (Erişim tarihi 10.02.2018).
• Pareliussen, J., Hwang, H. ve Viitamäki, H. (2018). Basic Income or a Single Tapering Rule? Incentives, Inclusiveness and Affordability Compared for the Case of Finland", OECD Economics Department Working Papers, No. 1464, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/d8c0fbc4-en.
• Payton, M. (2016). Switzerland Rejects Proposals for Unconditional Basic Income by Overwhelming Majority. (5 Haziran 2016), https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/switzerland-rejects-proposals-for-unconditional-basic-income-by-overwhelming-majority-a7066176.html, (Erişim tarihi:21.08.2019).
• PERMANENT FUND DIVIDEND DIVISION, (PFD). Eligibility Requirements, https://pfd.alaska.gov/Eligibility/Requirements, (Erişim tarihi:12.11.2019).
• PERMANENT FUND DIVIDEND DIVISION, (PFD). About Us, https://pfd.alaska.gov/Division-Info/About-Us , (Erişim tarihi:12.11.2019).
• Salehi-Isfahani, D. (2017). From Energy Subsidies to Universal Basic Income: Lessons from Iran. The ERP Policy Portal Forum, 21 Kasım 2017, https://theforum.erf.org.eg/2017/11/19/energy-subsidies-universal-basic-income-lessons-iran/, (Erişim tarihi:11.10.2018).
• Salehi-Isfahani, D. ve Mostafavi-Dehzooei, M.H. (2017). Cash Transfers And Labor Supply: Evidence From a Large-Scale Program in Iran. Economic Research Forum, Working Paper Series, No:1090, https://erf.org.eg/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/1090.pdf, (Erişim tarihi 11.08.2019).
• Santens, S. (2017) Unconditional Basic Income as a Solution to Technological Unemployment. LaGrandeur K., Hughes J. (eds) Surviving the Machine Age içinde (107-116). Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51165-8_7
• Santens, S. (2019). What is There to Learn From Finland’s Basic Income Experiment? Did It Succeed or Fail? Evaluating the Preliminary Results of a Partial UBI and Slightly Less Bureaucracy. (14 Şubat 2019), https://medium.com/basic-income/what-is-there-to-learn-from-finlands-basic-income-experiment-did-it-succeed-or-fail-54b8e5051f60, (Erişim tarihi:13.10.2019)
• Schneider, H. (2017). Universal Basic Income — Empty Dreams of Paradise. Intereconomics, 52(2), 83–87. doi:10.1007/s10272-017-0651-1
• Simpson, W., Mason, G., ve Godwin, R. (2017). The Manitoba Basic Annual Income Experiment: Lessons Learned 40 Years Later. Canadian Public Policy. 43(1): 85-104.
• SKYNEWS (2018). Finland to Scrap Universal Basic Income Scheme After Two-Year Trial, 24 Nisan 2018, https://news.sky.com/story/finland-to-scrap-universal-basic-income-scheme-after-two-year-trial-11344735, (Erişim tarihi: 14.09.2019).
• Stadelmann-Steffen, I. ve Dermont, C. (2020). Citizens’ Opinions About Basic Income Proposals Compared – A Conjoint Analysis of Finland and Switzerland. Journal of Social Policy. 49(2), 383-403. doi:10.1017/S0047279419000412
• Standing, G. (2007). How Cash Transfers Boost Work and Economic Security. DESA Working Paper No. 58, ST/ESA/2007/DWP/58.
• Standing, G. (2008). How Cash Transfers Promote the Case for Basic Income. BASIC INCOME STUDIES, 3(1). doi: https://doi.org/10.2202/1932-0183.1106.
• Stapleton, J. (2017). A Basic Income for Canadians: What Would Change?, MetCalf Foundation.
• Straubhaar, T. (2017). On the Economics of a Universal Basic Income. Intereconomics, 52(2), 74–80. doi:10.1007/s10272-017-0649-8
• Tabatabai, H. (2010). The “Basic Income” Road to Reforming Iran’s Subsidy System, 1 Ağustos 2010, Paper prepared for presentation at the 13th International Congress of (BIEN), Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, June 30 -July 2, 2010.
• Van Parijs, P. (1995). Real Freedom for All. First Publication, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Van Parijs, P. (2010). BIEN 2010 Congress: A Brief Personal Account, BIEN News Flash 62: 2–4, www.basicincome.org/bien/pdf/Flash62.pdf, (Erişim tarihi: 3.10.2019).
• Vlandas, T. (2019). The Politics of the Basic Income Guarantee: Analysing Individual Support in Europe. Basic Income Studies, Volume 14(1), 20180021. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/bis-2018-0021.
• Von Elm, E. (2017). Switzerland voted against a universal basic income. BMJ 356, doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.j191.
• Widerquist, K. ve Howard, M.W. (2012). Alaska's Permanent Fund Dividend: Examining its Suitability as a Model, file:///C:/Users/hp/Downloads/Alaska'sPFD-ExaminingItsAsAModel--ForPosting--2012_stamped.pdf, (Erişim tarihi:10.07.2018).
• Widerquist, K. (2018). Current UBI Experiments: An update for July 2018. https://basicincome.org/news/2018/07/current-ubi-experiments-an-update-for-july-2018/, (Erişim tarihi:02.03.2019)
• Woodcock, J. ve Graham, M. (2020). The Gig Economy: A Critical Introduction. Polity Press, Cambridge:UK.
• Wood-Godfrey, R. (2010). Is Iran Sleepwalking Towards a Universal Income Grant?, IIED (International Institute for Environment and Development), 2 Aralık 2010, https://www.iied.org/iran-sleepwalking-towards-universal-income-grant, (Erişim tarihi: 10.02.2018).
• Zon, N. (2016). Would a Universal Basic Income Reduce Poverty? Maytree Policy Brief, Ağustos 2016. https://www.ontario.ca/page/ontario-basic-income-pilot, Archived - Ontario Basic Income Pilot.
• Alaskan Residents' Preference for Dividend Payment or Higher Taxes. https://www.theatlas.com/charts/HyUUceQEZ, Harstad Strategic Research, (Erişim 21.12.2018)