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İki Kutuplu Hayatta İş-Yaşam Dengesini Sağlamak: Çift Gelirli Aileler, Çalışma Süreleri ve Kısmi Süreli İşler

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 81 - 105, 31.07.2023

Abstract

Makalede sanayi devrimiyle birlikte önce erkeğin daha sonra da -belirli ölçüde- kadının hayatının nasıl çift kutuplu hale geldiği ortaya konduktan sonra çift gelirli ailelerde iş-yaşam dengesi çeşitli açılardan incelenmektedir. Yirminci yüzyılın ikinci yarısında kadınların işgücüne katılımında ciddi bir artış yaşanmasının temel nedenleri arasında; kimlik ve statü algısında yaşanan değişim, tüketim kültürü, boş vakit problemi ve sosyalleşme, geçim kaygısı, eğitim düzeyinde yaşanan artış ve kendini gerçekleştirme arzusu/olanağı bulunmaktadır. Günümüzde çoğu ülkede kadınların işgücüne katılım oranlarının erkeklerden önemli oranda daha düşük olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca, kadınlar işyerinde erkeklerden daha az çalışmak istemektedir ve daha az çalışmaktadır. Dahası, kadınların çalışmak istediği ve çalıştığı süre evlilik ve çocuk(lar) ile birlikte giderek azalma eğilimindedir. Erkeklerde ise genel manada tam tersi bir resim ortaya çıkmaktadır. Ayrıca, ortalamada erkeklerin daha kariyer odaklı oldukları görülmektedir. Ev işlerinde ise kadınlar erkeklerden ciddi oranda daha fazla çalışmaktadır. Genel olarak iş-yaşam dengesinin sağlanabildiği bir zemine ulaşılabilmesi noktasında; a) hem erkekler hem de kadınlar için çalışma sürelerinin ve iş yoğunluğunun “normal” düzeylerde olması, b) kadınların tam zamanlı işlerde kendilerine özgü bir şekilde varlık gösterebilmeleri, c) kısmi süreli işlerin -özellikle kadınlar için- iyi ve güçlü bir alternatif olabilmesi ve d) doğum/annelik izin sürelerinin (hem ücretli hem ücretsiz bazda) yeterli düzeyde olması gerekmektedir.

References

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Achieving Work-Life Balance in a Bipolar Life: Dual Earner Families, Working Hours and Part-Time Jobs

Year 2023, Volume: 14 Issue: 2, 81 - 105, 31.07.2023

Abstract

The article puts forth how life has become bipolar for men and -to a certain extent- women, and then analyzes work-life balance in dual-earner families from different angles. The main reasons behind the rise in labor force participation of women in the second half of the 20th century are changes in identity and status perceptions, consumption culture, idle-time problem and socialization, subsistence problem, the increase in educational attainment, and self-realization desire/opportunity. Today, labor force participation rates of women are considerably lower than that of men in most countries. In addition, women want to work less and work less in the workplace. Moreover, the number of hours wanted to work and worked tend to decrease with marriage and child(ren) in women. For men, the opposite picture emerges in general. Plus, men are more career-oriented than women on average. Women do considerably more household work than men. In order to reach the point where work-life balance is achieved, a) working hours and work intensity should be at “normal” levels for both men and women, b) women should have a presence in full-time jobs in their own unique way, c) part-time jobs should be a good and strong alternative, and d) birth/paternity leaves (both paid and unpaid) should be adequate.

References

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  • Allen, T. D., Herst, D. E., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 5(2).
  • Becker, P. E., & Moen, P. (1999). Scaling back: Dual-earner couples' work-family strategies. Journal of Marriage and The Family, 995-1007.
  • Bianchi, S. M., Milkie, M. A., Sayer, L. C., & Robinson, J. P. (2000). Is anyone doing the housework? Trends in the gender division of household labor. Social Forces, 79(1), 191-228.
  • Blank, R. M. (1998). Labor market dynamics and part-time work. Research in Labor Economics, 17.
  • Bond, J. T., Galinsky, E., & Swanberg, J. E. (1997). The National Study of The Changing Workforce, ERIC, No. 2.
  • Bonney, N., & Reinach, E. (1993). Housework reconsidered: The Oakley Thesis Twenty Years Later. Work, Employment and Society, 7(4), 615-627.
  • Booth, A. L., & Van Ours, J. C. (2008). Job satisfaction and family happiness: The part-time work puzzle. The Economic Journal, 118(526), F77-F99.
  • Booth, A. L., & Van Ours, J. C. (2009). Hours of work and gender identity: Does part-time work make the family happier? Economica, 76(301), 176-196.
  • Booth, A. L., & Van Ours, J. C. (2010). Part-Time Jobs: What women want? IZA Discussion Papers(4686). Booth, A. L., & Van Ours, J. C. (2013). Part-Time Jobs: What women want? Journal of Population Economics, 26(1), 263-283. Bowles, S., & Park, Y. (2005). Emulation, inequality, and work hours: Was Thorsten Veblen right? The Economic Journal, 115(507), F397-F412.
  • Brack, J., & Cowling, K. (1983). Advertising and labour supply: Workweek and workyear in US manufacturing industries, 1919–76. Kyklos, 36(2), 285-303.
  • Brooks-Gunn, J., Han, W. J., & Waldfogel, J. (2002). Maternal employment and child cognitive outcomes in the first three years of life: The NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Child Development, 73(4), 1052-1072.
  • Buddelmeyer, H., Mourre, G., & Ward, M. (2008). Why Europeans work part-time? A cross-country panel analysis. Research in Labor Economics, 28(08), 81-139.
  • Buehler, C., & O'Brien, M. (2011). Mothers' part-time employment: Associations with mother and family well-being. Journal of Family Psychology, 25(6), 895.
  • Burger, A. S. (2015). Extreme working hours in Western Europe and North America: A new aspect of polarization. LEQS Paper(92).
  • Bünning, M., & Pollmann-Schult, M. (2016). Family policies and fathers’ working hours: Cross-national differences in the paternal labour supply. Work, Employment and Society, 30(2), 256-274.
  • Chang, H.-J. (2012). 23 Things They Don't Tell You About Capitalism. London: Bloomsbury Publishing.
  • Clark, A. E. (1997). Job satisfaction and gender: Why are women so happy at work? Labour Economics, 4(4), 341-372.
  • Coltrane, S. (2000). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1208-1233.
  • Cowan, R. S. (1983). More work for mother. New York: Basic Books.
  • Cowling, K., Poolsombat, R., & Tomlinson, P. R. (2011). Advertising and labour supply: Why do Americans work such long hours? International Review of Applied Economics, 25(3), 283-301.
  • Craig, L. (2006). Does father care mean fathers share? A comparison of how mothers and fathers in intact families spend time with children. Gender & Society, 20(2), 259-281.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (1998). Finding flow: The psychology of engagement with everyday life. New York: Basic Books.
  • Csikszentmihalyi, M. (2008). Flow: The psychology of optimal experience. New York: Harper Perennial.
  • Curtice, J., Clery, E., Perry, J., Phillips M., & Rahim, N. (2019). British Social Attitudes: The 36th Report. London: The National Centre for Social Research.
  • Delsen, L. (1998). When do men work part-time? Part-Time Prospects: An International Comparison of Part-Time Work in Europe, North America, and The Pacific Rim. (Eds.: Jacqueline O'Reilly and Colette Fagan). London: Routledge. 57-76.
  • Dermott, E. (2006). What's parenthood got to do with it? Men's hours of paid work. The British Journal of Sociology, 57(4), 619-634.
  • Donovan, S. A., & Bradley, D. H. (2019). Real wage trends, 1979 to 2018. U.S. Congressional Research Service Report.
  • Drago, R. W., Black, D., & Wooden, M. (2005). The existence and persistence of long work hours. IZA Discussion Papers (No. 1720).
  • Eastman, W. (1998). Working for position: Women, men, and managerial work hours. Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 37(1), 51-66.
  • Eggebeen, D. J., & Knoester, C. (2001). Does fatherhood matter for men? Journal of Marriage and Family, 63(2), 381-393.
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There are 115 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Mevlüt Tatlıyer 0000-0001-8115-7226

Publication Date July 31, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Volume: 14 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tatlıyer, M. (2023). İki Kutuplu Hayatta İş-Yaşam Dengesini Sağlamak: Çift Gelirli Aileler, Çalışma Süreleri ve Kısmi Süreli İşler. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 14(2), 81-105.

Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, Ocak ve Temmuz aylarında olmak üzere yılda iki defa çıkarılan ulusal ve uluslararası hakemli bilimsel bir dergidir.