ÇİVİYAZILI BELGELERDE GEÇEN (NA4)hekur PİRWA ÜZERİNE BİR İNCELEME

Yıl 2021, Sayı: 20, 83 - 103, 23.12.2021

Zekiye Nihan Kırçıl

Öz

Hitit çiviyazılı metinlerde sıkça geçen NA4hekur, bazı durumlarda ölü tapınağı için kullanılan bir yer, bazı durumlarda ise tanrılara adanmış kutsal bir yapı olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Hitit tanrılar topluluğunda tanrı olarak karşımıza çıkan At tanrısı Pirwa Hititçe belgelerde (NA4)hekur yapısıyla birlikte geçmektedir. Bu çalışmada (NA4)hekur Pirwa kelime grubunun Hitit çiviyazılı metinlerde geçtiği yerler ele alınarak etimolojik değerlendirmelerin yanı sıra yapının işlevi, lokalizasyonu ve söz konusu kelime grubu için yeni bir yorumda bulunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hitit, Hititçe Metinler, At Tanrısı Pirwa, (NA4)hekur Pirwa, Din

Kaynakça

• Referans1 Alparslan M., 2006 “II.Murşili ve Dönemi”, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul.
• Referans2 Archi A., 1973 “L'organizzazione amministrativa ittita e il regime delle offerte cultuali”, OA 12, 209-226.
• Referans3 Aslantürk N., 2014 Išuṷa Memleketi Üzerine Bir İnceleme, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 5(1).
• Referans4 Bachvarova M.R., 2019 “Towards an Understanding of the Gendered Hittite Landscape: What Does It Mean When Mountains Give Birth?”, 9.Hit.Congr. 81-100.
• Referans5 Balkan K., 1957 Mama Kralı Anum-Hirbi'nin Kaniş Kralı Warşama'ya Gönderdiği Mektup, Ankara.
• Referans6 Balza M.E. - Mora C., 2011 “And I built this Everlasting Peak for him’. The Two Scribal Tradition of the Hittites”, AoF 38, 213-225.
• Referans7 Barjamovic G., 2011 A Historical Geography of Anatolia in the Old Assyrian Colony Period, Copenhagen.
• Referans8 Baydur N., 1970 Kültepe (Kaneş) ve Kayseri Tarihi Üzerine Araştırmalar, İstanbul.
• Referans9 Beckman G.M., 1983 Hittite Birth Rituals. Second Revised Edition, StBoT 29, Wiesbaden.
• Referans10 Beckman G.M., 2003 “Opfer. A. II. Nach schriftlichen Quellen. Anatolien”, RlA 10.
• Referans11 Bittel K., 1976 Die Hethiter. Die Kunst Anatoliens vom Ende des 3. bis zum Anfang des 1. Jahrtausends vor Christus, München.
• Referans12 Black J. - George A. - Postgate N., A 2000 Concise Dictionary of Akkadian. 2nd (Corrected) Printing, (SANTAG 5), Wiesbaden.
• Referans13 Bozgun Ş.(a) 2019 Hititçe Çiviyazılı Belgelerde ÉRINMEŠ parašant-, Akademik Tarih ve Düşünce Dergisi, 6 (2).
• Referans14 Bozgun Ş.(b) 2019 III.Hattušili Devrinde Nerik ve Hakmiš Memleketleri, Doktora Tezi.
• Referans15 Bozgun Ş., 2020 Hititçe Çiviyazılı Belgelere Göre Azzi Hayasa'nın Tarihi ve Konumu, Erzincan Tarihi, Cilt 1, Erzincan.
• Referans16 Börker-Klähn J., 1989 “Mons argaius und papana, “Die Berge”, Fs T. Özgüç, 237-255.
• Referans17 Börker-Klähn J., 1995 “Auf der Suche nach einer Nekropole, Hattuša”, SMEA 35.
• Referans18 Cammarosano M. (a) 2018 Hittite Divine Names, Digital Publication.
• Referans19 Cammarosano M. (b) 2018 Hittite Local Cults, SBL-WAW 40, Atlanta.
• Referans20 Daddi P. F., 1998 “Gli dèi del pantheon hattico: i teonimi in-ŠU”, SMEA 40, 5-27.
• Referans21 Daddi P.F., 2005 “Pirwa”, RlA 10.
• Referans22 Darga M., 1992 Hitit Sanatı, İstanbul.
• Referans23 del Monte G.F., Monte G.F. del, 1975 “La fame dei morti”, AION 35, 319-346.
• Referans24 del Monte G.F. - Tischler J., 1978 Die Orts und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte, RGTC 6, Wiesbaden.
• Referans25 del Monte G.F., 1992 Die Orts- und Gewässernamen der hethitischen Texte. Supplement, (RGTC 6/2; TAVO Beihefte B 7/6) Wiesbaden.
• Referans26 Dinçol B., 2001 Bemerkungen über die hethitischen Siegelhinaber mit mehreren Titeln”, 4HitCongr.
• Referans27 Erol H., 2007 Eski Asurca Metinlerde Meslek Adı ve Ünvanlarla Geçen Şahıs İsimleri.
• Referans28 Ertem H., 1965 Boğazköy Metinlerine Göre Hititler Devri Anadolu'sunun Faunası, Ankara.
• Referans29 Ertem H., 2003 “Hattiler ve Hititler Dönemi'nden Eski Türklere, Osmanlılara ve Günümüz Anadolusuna Kadar Uzanan Bazı Benzer Unsurlar - I”, ArchAnat 6/2.
• Referans30 Friedrich J., 1952-1954 Hethitisches Wörterbuch. Kurzgefasste kritische Sammlung der Deutungen hethitischer Wörter. 1.-4. Lieferung, Heidelberg.
• Referans31 Friedrich J. - Kammenhuber A., 1991 Hethitisches Wörterbuch. Zweite, völlig neu bearbeitete Auflage auf der Grundlage der edierten hethitischen Texte. Band III: Ḫ. Lieferung 11, (HW² III/11), Heidelberg.
• Referans32 Forlanini, M., 2017 The Ancient Land of “Northern” Kummaḫa and Aripša “Inside the Sea”, Alparslan M. (ed.), Places and Spaces in Hittite Anatolia I: Hatti and the East: Proceedings of an International Workshop on Hittite Historical Geography in Istanbul, 25th-26th October 2013, İstanbul, 1-12.
• Referans33 Forrer E., 1926 Forschungen 1. Band/1. Heft: Die Arzaova-Länder, Berlin.
• Referans34 Gamkrelidze T.V. - Ivanov V.V., 1995 Back to Anatolia? Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans. A Reconstruction and Historical Analysis of a Proto-Language and Proto-Culture, Berlin.
• Referans35 Garstang, J., 1943 Hittite Military Roads in Asia Minor. A Study in Imperial Strategy, AJA 47, 35-62.
• Referans36 Gessel B.H.L. van, 1998 Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon 1-2, HdO, Leiden - New York - Köln.
• Referans37 Gessel B.H.L. van, 2001 Onomasticon of the Hittite Pantheon, Part Three, HdO, Leiden - Boston - Köln.
• Referans38 Goetze A., 1930 Neue Bruchstücke zum grossen Text des Hattusilis und den Paralleltexten, (MVAeG 34/2), Leipzig.
• Referans39 Gonnet H., 1968 Les montagnes d’ Asie Mineure d’après les textes hittites, RHA 26/83.
• Referans40 Groddek D., 2002 Hethitische Texte in Transkription. KUB 55, DBH-P 4, Dresden.
• Referans41 Groddek D., 2004 Hethitische Texte in Transkription. KUB 51, DBH-P 15, Dresden.
• Referans42 Groddek D., 2012 Hethitische Texte in Transkription - KBo 58 , DBH 39, Wiesbaden.
• Referans43 Groddek D., 2013 Hethitische Texte in Transkription: KBo 49, DBH 40.
• Referans44 Groddek D. - Hagenbuchner A. - Hoffmann I., 2002 Hethitische Texte in Transkription. VS NF 12, (DBH-P 6), Dresden.
• Referans45 Gurney O.R., 1977 Some Aspects of Hittite Religion. Schweich Lectures of the British Academy 1976, Oxford.
• Referans46 Günbattı C., 1987 Yeniden İşlenen Bir Kültepe Tableti (Kt.g/t 42 + z/t I I), Belleten 51.
• Referans47 Günbattı C., 2004 “Two Treaty Texts Found At Kültepe”, Assyria and Beyond Studies Present to Mogens Trolle Larsen, Nederlands Instituut Voor Het, 249-268.
• Referans48 Günbattı C., 2017 Kültepe - Kaniş. Anadolu'da İlk Yazı, İlk Belgeler, Kayseri Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür Yayınları No: 89, İkinci Baskı, Kayseri.
• Referans49 Güterbock H.G., 1956 The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II, JCS 10.
• Referans50 Güterbock H.G. - Hoffner H.A., 1989 The Hittite dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Vol. L-N, fasc. 4: nai- to nutarnu-, (CHD 3/4), Chicago.
• Referans51 Güterbock H.G. - Hoffner H.A., 1997 The Hittite dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Vol. P, fasc. 3: (UZU)pattar A to putkiya-, (CHD 4/3) Chicago.
• Referans52 Güterbock H.G. - Hoffner H.A. - van den Hout Th.P.J., 2002 The Hittite dictionary of the Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. Vol. Š, fasc. 1: šā- to šaptamenzu, (CHD 5/1), Chicago.
• Referans53 Giorgadze G.G., 1985 “Chettskie spiski ženščin (The Hittite Lists of Woman /HT 2 + KBo 1131, KBo X 10/)”, Drevnjaja Anatolija, 209-227.
• Referans54 Haas V., 1994 Geschichte der hethitischen Religion, HdO, Leiden.
• Referans55 Haas V. - Wegner I. 2001 “Hethitologische Notizen”, AoF 28, 120-123.
• Referans56 Hawkins J.D. - Weeden M., 2017 “Kizzuwatna and the Euphrates States: Kummaha, Elbistan, Malatya: Philology”, HdO 121.
• Referans57 Heinhold-Krahmer S., 1997 “Muwatti”, RlA 8, 527-528.
• Referans58 Herbort S., 2005 Die Prinzen- und Beamtensiegel der hethitischen Grossreichszeit auf Tonbullen aus dem Nişantepe-Archiv in Hattusa - mit Kommentaren zu den Siegelinschriften und Hieroglyphen von J. David Hawkins, (Boğazköy-Ḫattuša 19), Mainz.
• Referans59 Herbordt S., 2010 “The Hittite King and His Court from the Perspective of the Sealed Bullae from Hattusa”, Müller W. 2010a 213-224.
• Referans60 Hoffner H.A., 2009 Letters from the Hittite Kingdom , Atlanta.
• Referans61 Hoffner H.A. -Melchert H.C., 2008 A Grammar of the Hittite Language. Part 1: Reference Grammar; Part 2: Tutorial, Wiona Lake, Indiana.
• Referans62 Hutter, M., 2011 Luviler, Anadolu’nun Gizemli Halkı, Kalkedon Yayıncılık.
• Referans63 Imparati F., 1977 Le istituzioni cultuali dei na4ḫékur e il potere centrale itita, SMEA 18.
• Referans64 Imparati F., 1990 “Obligations et manquements cultuels envers la divinité Pirwa”, Gs von Schuler, 166-187.
• Referans65 Imparati F., 1998 “Two Mythological Fragments Concerning the Deity Pirwa”, AoF 25, 126-140.
• Referans66 Imparati F., 2004 Studi sulla società e sulla religione degli Ittiti I-II, Eothen 12.
• Referans67 Ivanov V., 1998 Horse Sembols and The Name of The Horse in Hurrian, Urkesh and Hurrians. Studies in Honor of Lord Cotsen. Urkesh Mozan studies 3, eds. Giorgio Bucellati and Marilyn Kelly-Buccellati. Oriental İnstitute Chicago.
• Referans68 Klengel H., 1968 “Die Hethiter und Išuwa”, OA 7, 63-76.
• Referans69 Kloekhorst A., 2008 Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon, Leiden.
• Referans70 Kosyan A., 2011 Towards the Hittite Eastern Periphery (KUB XLIX 11), AJNES 6/2.
• Referans71 Kosyan A., 2018 The Plain Of Erznka In The II-I Mıllenniums BC., Fundamental Armenology, No 1 (7).
• Referans72 Laroche E., 1946-1947 “Recherches sur les noms des dieux hittites”, RHA 7/46.
• Referans73 Laroche E., 1959 Dictionnaire de la langue louvite, Paris.
• Referans74 Laroche E., 1966 Les noms des Hittites.
• Referans75 Lebrun R., 2006 “La montagne dans le monde hittite”, RANT 3, 253-260.
• Referans76 McMahon G., 1991 The Hittite State Cult of the Tutelary Deities, AS 25, Chicago.
• Referans77 Melchert, H. C., 1984 Studies in Hittite Historical Phonology, (ZVS Ergänzungshefte 32), Göttingen.
• Referans78 Melchert H. C., 1993 Cuneiform Luvian Lexicon, Lexica Anatolica 2, Chapel Hill.
• Referans79 Miller J.L., 2014 “Mursili II’s Prayer Concerning the Misdeeds and the Outstanding of Tawananna”, 8.Hit.Congr., 516-557.
• Referans80 Naumann R., 1998 Eski Anadolu Mimarlığı, TTKY 4/9c, Ankara.
• Referans81 Neu E., 1974 Der Anitta-Text, (StBoT 18), Wiesbaden.
• Referans82 Otten H., 1952-1953 “Pirva - der Gott auf dem Pferde”, JKlF 2, 62-73.
• Referans83 Otten H., 1963 “Neue Quellen zum Ausklang des Hethitischen Reiches”, MDOG 94, 1-23.
• Referans84 Otten H. - Soden W. von, 11968 Das akkadisch-hethitische Vokabular KBo I 44 + KBo XlII 1, (StBoT 7), Wiesbaden.
• Referans85 Özgüç N., 1965 Kültepe Mühür Baskılarında Anadolu Grubu / The Anatolian Group of Cylinder Seal Impressions from Kültepe, Ankara.
• Referans86 Popko M., 1994 Zippalanda. Ein Kultzentrum im hethitischen Kleinasien, THeth 21, Heidelberg.
• Referans87 Popko M., 1995 Religions of Asia Minor, Warsaw.
• Referans88 Puhvel J., 1984 Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Vol.1: Words beginning with A; Vol 2: Words beginning with E and I, Berlin - New York - Amsterdam.
• Referans89 Puhvel J., 1991 Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Vol.3: Words Beginning With H.
• Referans90 Puhvel J., 2001 Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Vol.5: Words beginning with L, Indices to volumes 1-5. Berlin-New York.
• Referans91 Puhvel J., 2013 Hittite Etymological Dictionary, Vol.9: Words beginning with PE, PI, PU, Berlin-New York.
• Referans92 Pringle J., 1993 Hittite Kinship And Marriage. A Study Based On The Cuneiform Texts From 2nd Millenium Boğazköy. London.
• Referans93 Raulwing P., 2005 “Pferd”, Reallexikon der Assyriologie und Vorderasiatischen Archaologie, 10. Bd.: Oannes – Priesterverkleidung, Berlin.
• Referans94 Rieken E., 1999 Untersuchungen zur nominalen Stammbildung des Hethitischen, StBoT 44, Wiesbaden.
• Referans95 Roszkowska - Mutschler H., 2007 Hethitische Texte in Transkription - KBo 44, DBH 22, Wiesbaden.
• Referans96 Rutherford I.C., 2004 “Women Singers and the Religious Organisation of Hatti. On the Interpretation of CTH 235.1 & 2 and Other Texts”, Offizielle Religion.
• Referans97 Rüster C. - Neu E., 1989 Hethitisches Zeichenlexikon. Inventar und Interpretation der Keilschriftzeichen aus den Bogazköy-Texten, (StBoT Beiheft 2), Wiesbaden.
• Referans98 Savaş S.Ö., 1998 Anadolu (Hitit-Luvi) Hieroglif Yazıtlarında Geçen Tanrı, Şahıs ve Coğrafya Adları / Divine, Personal and Geographical Names in the Anatolian (Hittite - Luwian) Hieroglyphic Inscriptions, İstanbul.
• Referans99 Savaş S.Ö., 2002 “Hititlerde “Fırtına Tanrısı” ile "Boğa Kültü” Üzerine Bazı Gözlemler ve Yorumlar”, ArchAnat 5, 97-170.
• Referans100 Schwemer D., 2001 Wettergottgestalten Mesopotamiens und Nordsyriens im Zeitalter der Keilschriftkulturen: Materialien und Studien nach den schriftlichen Quellen, Wiesbaden.
• Referans101 Seeher J., 2011 Taşa Yontulu Tanrılar: Hitit Kaya Tapınağı Yazılıkaya.
• Referans102 Singer I., 2002 Hittite Prayers, (SBL Writings from the Ancient World 11), Atlanta.
• Referans103 Singer I., 2009 “In Hattuša The Royal House Declined” - Royal Mortuary Cult in 13th Century Hatti ”, Central-North Anatolia, 169-191.
• Referans104 Sommer F., 1932 Die Aḫḫijavā-Urkunden, (ABAW 6), München.
• Referans105 Soysal O., 2012 “Kantuzzili: “Genç” Tutḫaliya İçin Kral Naibi?”, CollAn 11.
• Referans106 Şenyurt - Akçay, 2018 Topada Yazıtına Farklı Bir Bakış: Geç Hitit Döneminde Orta Anadolu’da Güç Dengeleri, A Different Viewpoınt For Topada Inscriptıon: Balance Of Power In Central Anatolian Late Hittite Period, TÜBA-AR 22/, Ankara, 95-118.
• Referans107 Taracha P., 2000 Ersetzen und Entsühnen. Das mittelhethitische Ersatzritual für den Großkönig Tuthalija (CTH *488.4) und verwandte Texte, (CHANE 5), Leiden - Boston - Köln.
• Referans108 Taracha P., 2009 Religions of Second Millennium Anatolia, DBH 27, Wiesbaden.
• Referans109 Tischler J., 1977-1983 Hethitisches Etymologisches Glossar Teil 1, A-K, (IBS 20), Innsbruck.
• Referans110 Tischler J., 2001 Hethitisches Etymologisches Glossar, Teil II, Lief. 11/12 P, Innsbruck.
• Referans111 Tischler J., 2002 “Zur Morphologie und Semantik der hethitischen Personen- und Götternamen”, Altorientalische und semitische Onomastik, 75-84.
• Referans112 Tischler J., 2016 Hethitische Texte in Transkription. KUB 56 und KUB 57, DBH 49, Wiesbaden.
• Referans113 Tognon R., 2005 “Gli oracoli MUŠEN ḪURRI : Una tecnica divinatoria ittita (Università degli studi di Napoli “L’Orientale”).
• Referans114 Torri G. - Barsacchi F.G., 2018 Hethitische Texte in Transkription KBo 12.
• Referans115 Ünal A., 1978 Ein Orakel text über die Intrigen am hethitischen Hof (KUB XXIII 70 - Bo 2011), TH 6, Heidelberg.
• Referans116 Ünal A., 1987 Review, Keilschrifturkunden aus Boghazköi 55 Hethitische Rituale und Festbeschreibungen, BiOr 44, 474-486.
• Referans117 Ünal A., 2007 Multilinguales Handwörterbuch des Hethitischen / A Concise Multilingual Hittite Dictionary / Hititçe Çok Dilli El Sözlüğü, Hamburg.
• Referans118 Ünal A., 2013 Eski Anadolu’da At, Hititçe Kikkuli At Eğitimi Metinleri Ve “Tavlaya Çekmek”le İlgili Teknik Bir Ayrıntı, Çorum Kültür Sanat - Bilim, Kültür, Sanat, Tarih ve Turizm Dergisi, 14.Sayı.
• Referans119 Ünal A. 2018 Eski Anadolu Siyasi Tarihi Kitap 1: Eski Taş Devri'nden Hitit Devletinin Yıkılışına Kadar (M.Ö.60.000 -1180).
• Referans120 Ünal A., 2019 “New Insights into the Nature and Iconography of the Hittite Horse Deity Pirwa”, Fs Poetto (Fs Poetto: “And I Knew Twelve Languages”. A Tribute to Massimo Poetto on the Occasion of His 70th Birthday).
• Referans121 Ünal A.(a), 2020 Eski Anadolu ve Ön Asya'da At ve Kikkuli'nin Kaleminden Dünyanın En Eski At Eğitim Merkezi, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları.
• Referans122 Ünal A.(b,) 2020 “Zur Funktıonalıtät Und Identıtät Der Hethıtıschen Kultanlage (É/NA4)ḫekur, Hitit Kült Yapısı (É/NA4)ḫekur’un İşlevi ve Belirlenmesi Hakkında”, Anadolu Prehistoryasına Adanmış Bir Yaşam. Jak Yakar’a Armağan, Bilgin Kültür Sanat Yayınları, Ankara.
• Referans123 van den Hout Th.P.J., 1994 “Death as a Privilege the Hititte Royal Funerary Ritual”, Hidden Futures Death and Immortality in Ancient Egypt, Anatolia, the Classical, Biblical and Arabic-Islamic World, J.M. Bremer- Th. P.J. van den Hout - R. Peters (eds.), Amsterdam.
• Referans124 van den Hout Th.P.J., 1995 Der Ulmitešub-Vertrag. Eine prosopographische Untersuchung, StBoT 38, Wiesbaden.
• Referans125 van den Hout Th.P.J., 1999 Rev. of: Jakob-Rost L. 1997a (Jakob-Rost L., Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköy im Vorderasiatischen Museum, (VS-NF 12) Mainz 1997), BiOr 56.
• Referans126 van den Hout Th.P.J., 2002 “Tombs and memorials: The (Divine) Stone-House and Hegur Reconsidered”, Gs Güterbock.
• Referans127 van den Hout Th.P.J., 2005 Pirwa, Perwa - RlA 10.
• Referans128 Vigo M., 2014 “Sources for the Study of the Role of Women in the Hittite Administration”, SANER 13, 328-353.
• Referans129 von Schuler E., 1965 Die Kaškäer. Ein Beitrag zur Ethnographie des alten Kleinasien, Berlin.
• Referans130 Weeden M., 2011 Hittite Logograms and Hittite Scholarship, StBoT 54, Wiesbaden.
• Referans131 Weitenberg J.J.S., 1984 Die hethitischen u-Stämme, Amsterdam.
• Referans132 Wegner I., 2002 Hurritische Opferlisten aus hethitischen Festbeschreibungen. Teil II: Texte für Teššub, Hebat und weitere Gottheiten, (ChS I/3-2), Roma.
• Referans133 Zehnder, T., 2010 Die hethitischen Frauennamen, Katalog und Interpretation, DBH 29, Wiesbaden.