Research Article

The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols

Volume: 10 Number: 1 January 30, 2026
EN TR

The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols

Abstract

This study aims to evaluate the effects of global climate change on the nutritional content of agricultural products by examining the sucking pest Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) on pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) , and bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. ) plants at different feeding intensities and two different atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels (600 ppm and 670 ppm) on the ADEK vitamins and sterol components (µg/g) in leaf tissues. Experimental findings revealed that the levels of α-tocopherol (vitamin E) and vitamin K2 showed significant differences depending on both the severity of the damage and the increase in CO₂. In pepper groups, the amount of these compounds was high at low CO₂ levels (600 ppm) but decreased at high CO₂ levels (670 ppm). In contrast, vitamin E levels in tomato and bean groups decreased with increasing CO₂. Sterol levels, specifically ergosterol and sitosterol, showed different responses depending on plant type with increasing CO₂, while beta-sitosterol decreased significantly, especially at high damage levels. The results indicate that both biotic (pest) and abiotic (CO₂) stress factors reorganise micronutrient and phytochemical compound levels in plants. These changes can be interpreted as adaptive physiological responses aimed at activating plant defence mechanisms and protecting cellular structure. The data obtained contribute to the development of strategies for preserving plant nutrient composition under climate change conditions.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK)

Project Number

123O061 TÜBİTAK

Ethical Statement

Ethics committee approval is not required for this study.

Thanks

The work of this research was supported by TUBITAK 1001 project number 123O061

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Plant Biochemistry, Plant Biotechnology, Entomology

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

January 30, 2026

Submission Date

August 29, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 26, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 10 Number: 1

APA
Özgen, İ., Kırmızıkaya Özmen, G., Buran, A., Sönmez, C., Yilmaz, K. G., & Aydoğmuş, E. (2026). The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols. Commagene Journal of Biology, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1773159
AMA
1.Özgen İ, Kırmızıkaya Özmen G, Buran A, Sönmez C, Yilmaz KG, Aydoğmuş E. The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols. Comm. J. Biol. 2026;10(1). doi:10.31594/commagene.1773159
Chicago
Özgen, İnanç, Görkem Kırmızıkaya Özmen, Abayhan Buran, Ceyhan Sönmez, Kadir Görkem Yilmaz, and Ercan Aydoğmuş. 2026. “The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha Halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols”. Commagene Journal of Biology 10 (1). https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1773159.
EndNote
Özgen İ, Kırmızıkaya Özmen G, Buran A, Sönmez C, Yilmaz KG, Aydoğmuş E (January 1, 2026) The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols. Commagene Journal of Biology 10 1
IEEE
[1]İ. Özgen, G. Kırmızıkaya Özmen, A. Buran, C. Sönmez, K. G. Yilmaz, and E. Aydoğmuş, “The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols”, Comm. J. Biol., vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.31594/commagene.1773159.
ISNAD
Özgen, İnanç - Kırmızıkaya Özmen, Görkem - Buran, Abayhan - Sönmez, Ceyhan - Yilmaz, Kadir Görkem - Aydoğmuş, Ercan. “The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha Halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols”. Commagene Journal of Biology 10/1 (January 1, 2026). https://doi.org/10.31594/commagene.1773159.
JAMA
1.Özgen İ, Kırmızıkaya Özmen G, Buran A, Sönmez C, Yilmaz KG, Aydoğmuş E. The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols. Comm. J. Biol. 2026;10. doi:10.31594/commagene.1773159.
MLA
Özgen, İnanç, et al. “The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha Halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols”. Commagene Journal of Biology, vol. 10, no. 1, Jan. 2026, doi:10.31594/commagene.1773159.
Vancouver
1.İnanç Özgen, Görkem Kırmızıkaya Özmen, Abayhan Buran, Ceyhan Sönmez, Kadir Görkem Yilmaz, Ercan Aydoğmuş. The Effect of Increasing CO₂ and Halyomorpha halys (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) Damage on Plant Based ADEK Vitamins and Sterols. Comm. J. Biol. 2026 Jan. 1;10(1). doi:10.31594/commagene.1773159