Oxidative Stress Response to Zinc Oxide, Copper Oxide and Iron (III) Oxide in Gammarus pulex

Abstract

Nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used across various fields of science and technology, including food science from crop harvesting to final food consumption. With their widespread application in daily life, the environmental effects of nanoparticles have become an important area of academic investigation. In this study, Gammarus pulex species was selected as research material/bioindicator species to investigate the effects of zinc oxide (ZnO), copper oxide (CuO), and iron(III) oxide (Fe₂O₃) on aquatic life. To conduct the experiments, separate setups were established for each of the nanoparticles (ZnO, CuO, and α-Fe₂O₃). Following ten organisms for each concentration group (10, 20, and 40 ppm) with corresponding control groups, exposures were performed for 24 and 96 hours. Samples were collected at both time points and biochemical analyses were conducted using homogenization procedures. The results were evaluated statistically. According to the findings, SOD activity increased significantly after exposure to ZnO, CuO, and Fe₂O₃. CAT activity did not show any change under ZnO NP exposure, whereas a decrease was observed under CuO and Fe₂O₃ NP exposures. However, a significant increase in TBARS levels and a significant increase in GSH levels were observed following nanoparticle exposure. Based on the study data, exposure to ZnO, CuO, and Fe₂O₃ appears to induce oxidative stress in G. pulex.

Keywords

• Gammarus pulex
• biomarker
• zinc oxide
• copper oxide
• iron (III) oxide

Gammarus pulex'te Çinko Oksit, Bakır Oksit ve Demir (III) Oksit'e Karşı Oksidatif Stres Tepkisi

Abstract

Nanopartiküller (NP'ler), ürün hasadından nihai nihaî gıda tüketimine kadar gıda bilimi de dahil olmak üzere çeşitli bilim ve teknoloji alanlarında giderek daha fazla kullanılmaktadır. Günlük yaşamdaki yaygın uygulamalarıyla nanopartiküllerin çevresel etkileri önemli bir akademik araştırma alanı haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, çinko oksit (ZnO), bakır oksit (CuO) ve demir(III) oksit (Fe₂O₃)'ün sucul yaşam üzerindeki etkilerini araştırmak için Gammarus pulex türü araştırma materyali/biyoindikatör türü olarak seçilmiştir. Deneyleri gerçekleştirmek için, her bir nanopartikül (ZnO, CuO ve Fe₂O₃) için ayrı kurulumlar oluşturuldu. Her konsantrasyon grubu (10, 20 ve 40 ppm) için on organizma ve bunlara karşılık gelen kontrol grupları takip edilerek maruziyetler 24 ve 96 saat boyunca gerçekleştirildi. Her iki zaman noktasında da örnekler toplandı ve homojenizasyon prosedürleri kullanılarak biyokimyasal analizler gerçekleştirildi. Sonuçlar istatistiksel olarak değerlendirildi. Bulgulara göre, SOD aktivitesi ZnO, CuO ve Fe₂O₃'ye maruziyetten sonra önemli ölçüde arttı. CAT aktivitesi ZnO NP uygulamasında değişim göstermezken, CuO ve Fe₂O₃ NP uygulamalarında azalma gözlemlenmiştir. Ancak, nanopartikül maruziyetinin ardından TBARS ve GSH seviyelerinde önemli bir artış gözlendi. Çalışma verilerine dayanarak, ZnO, CuO ve Fe₂O₃ maruziyetinin G. pulex’te oksidatif stresi indüklediği söylenebilir.

Keywords

• Gammarus pılex
• biyobelirteç
• Çinko oksit
• Bakır oksit
• demir oksit

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