Gümüş Nanopartiküllerinin Biyosentezi ve Biyosensör Materyali Olarak Kullanımı

Abstract

Nanopartiküllerin kullanılabileceği bilim alanlarını arttırmak amacıyla son zamanlarda çeşitli sentezleme metotları geliştirilmeye çalışılmaktadır. Bu metotlardan biri nanopartiküllerin bitkiler aracılığıyla sentezlenmesidir. Günümüzde biyosentez yönteminin kullanılması, fiziksel ve kimyasal yöntemler gibi geleneksel sentez yöntemlerinin sınırlamalarını ortadan kaldırmış, alternatif bir sentez yolu olarak geliştirilmiştir. Bitkisel nanofabrikalar olarak adlandırılan yeşil sentez ile bitkilerde bulunan primer ve sekonder metabolitler nanopartiküllerin indirgenmesi ve kapatıcılığını mümkün kılmaktadır. Bitkilerde bulunan alkaloidler, fenolikler, terpenoidler, ketonlar, polisakkaritler, proteinler, vitaminler, amino asitlerin fonksiyonel grupları iyon halindeki gümüş metalleri ile tepkimeye girerek “+” değerlikli metalleri “0” değerlikli nanometal yapılara indirgemektedir. Aynı zamanda sekonder metabolitlerin fonksiyonel grupları “0” değerlikli gümüş nanopartiküller ile bağlar oluşturarak gümüş nanopartiküllerin yüzeyini kaplar, böylece gümüş nanopartiküllerinin stabilizasyonu sağlanmış olur. Biyolojik yöntemler ile sentez hızlıdır, yüksek verim sağlar ve gümüş nanopartikülü üretimi maliyeti düşer. Aynı zamanda, biyosentez yoluyla nanopartikül üretimi canlı içinde gerçekleştiğinden çevre dostu bir tekniktir. Son teknoloji ile gümüş nanopartiküller, biyosensör ve fotogörüntüleme alanlarında öne çıkmıştır. Gümüş nanopartiküller ile bazı belirteçlerin spesifik olarak tespiti çeşitli çalışmalarla kanıtlanmıştır. Bu derlemede gümüş nanopartiküllerinin kullanım alanları, biyosentezi, stabilizasyonu, karakterizasyonu, antibakteriyel mekanizması ve biyosensör olarak kullanımına değinilecektir.

Keywords

• Yeşil sentez
• biyonanoteknoloji
• karakterizasyon
• sekonder metabolit
• antibakteriyel aktivite

The Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and their Use as a Biosensor Material

Abstract

Various synthesis methods are being developed in order to increase the number of scientific fields where nanoparticles can be used. Recently, the biosynthesis methods have eliminated the limitations of the traditional synthesis methods such as physical and chemical ones. They have been also developed as an alternative synthesis method. With green synthesis called herbal nanofactories, primary and secondary metabolites in plants enable the reduction and capping of nanoparticles. The functional groups of alkaloids, phenolics, terpenoids, ketones, polysaccharides, proteins, vitamins, and amino acids in plants react with silver metals in ionic form and reduce “+” valued metals to “0” valued nanostructures. At the same time, functional groups of secondary metabolites form bonds with “0” valued silver nanometals and cover the surface of silver nanometals; thus, stabilization is achieved. Synthesis by biological methods provides high efficiency and rapid synthesis and the production cost of silver nanoparticle decreases. Moreover, biosynthesis is an environment-friendly technique as it takes place inside a living being. With the latest technology, silver nanoparticles stand out in the fields of biosensor and photoimaging. In this review, in which areas silver nanoparticles are used and their biosynthesis, stabilization, characterization, antibacterial mechanism, and use as a biosensor will be discussed.

Keywords

• Green synthesis
• bionanotechnology
• characterization
• secondary metabolite
• antibacterial activity

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