Kış Merasında Otlatmanın Toprağın Bazı Özelliklerine Etkileri

Abstract

Merada otlayan hayvanlar, otlatmanın zaman ve yoğunluğu ile iklim ve toprak şartlarına bağlı olarak toprağı olumlu ya da olumsuz etkiler. Özellikle topraklar yaş iken yapılan otlatmalar genellikle olumsuz etkiye sahiptir. Bu çalışmada kışın koyun otlatılan doğal merada, bu otlatmanın toprakların fiziksel ve biyolojik özellikleri üzerine etkileri belirlemek için denemenin başlangıcı ve sonunda 0-5 ve 5-15 cm derinliklerden toprak örnekleri alınmıştır. Denemede koyun başına 875 m² alan düşecek şekilde her yıl kışın 2 ay (ocak ve şubat) Merinos koyunları otlatılmıştır. Uygulanan eş yapma t testi sonucunda otlatmanın hacim ağırlığı, penetrometre direnci, toprak nemi, mikroorganizma sayısı ve katalaz enzim aktivitesi özelliklerine etkisi istatistiksel olarak önemli (P<0.05) bulunmuştur. İncelenen diğer özellikler (agregat stabilitesi, organik karbon (C), toplam azot (N), üreaz aktivitesi) üzerinde otlatmanın önemli etkisi görülmemiştir. Sonuç olarak, meraların sürdürülebilirliği için topraklar ıslak iken otlatılmamalıdır.

Keywords

• Otlatma,Sıkışma,Mikroorganizma faaliyeti

Effects of Grazing on Soil Characteristics of Winter Rangeland

Abstract

Grazing animals have either positive or negative impacts on soils just based on grazing time and intensity, climate and soil conditions. Grazing over wet soils usually have negative impacts on soil characteristics. This study was conducted to determine the effects of winter sheep grazing on soil physical and chemical characteristics. Soil samples were taken from 0-5 and 5-15 cm soil depth at the beginning and end of experiments. Merino sheep were grazed for 2 months (January and February) over a rangeland as to have 875 m² space for each sheep. Paired sample t-test results revealed that grazing had significant effects on bulk density, penetrometer resistance, soil moisture, number of microorganisms and catalase enzyme activities (P<0.05). Grazing did not have any significant effects on the other parameters (aggregate stability, organic carbon(C), total nitrogen(N), urease activity). It was concluded that rangelands should not be grazed under wet conditions for the sustainability of the rangelands.

Keywords

• Grazing,Soil compaction,Microbial activity

References

1. Abeye, A.O., Allen, V.G., Fontenot, J.P., 1997. Grazing sheep and cattle together or separately: Effects on soils and plants. Agron. J. 89: 380-386.
2. Aksakal, E.L., Öztaş, T., Özgül, M., 2011. Time-dependent changes in distribution patterns of soil bulk density and penetration resistance in a rangeland under overgrazing. Turk. J. Agric. For. 35(2): 195-204.
3. Allan, C. J., Jones, B., Falkiner, S., Nicholson, C., Hyde S., Mauchline, S., Ferrier, D.A., Ward, P., Siddique, K.H.M., Flower, K.C., 2016. Light grazing of crop residues by sheep in a Mediterranean-type environment has little impact on following no-tillage crops. Eur. J. Agron. 77: 70–80.
4. Anonim, 2018. Bandırma Meteoroloji İstasyonu Müdürlüğü verileri (1950-2017). Yayınlanmamış.
5. Avağ, A., Koç, A., Kendir, H., 2012. Ulusal Mera Kullanım ve Yönetim Projesi Sonuç Raporu. TÜBİTAK Proje No: 106G017, 483 s.
6. Beck, T. H., 1971. Die messung katalasen a aktivitaet boden . Z. Pflanzenernaehai Sodek 130: 68–81.
7. Bell, L,W., Kirkegaard, J.A., Swan, A., Hunt JR, Huth, N.I., Fettell, N,A., 2011. Impacts of soil damage by grazing livestock on crop productivity. Soil Till. Res. 113: 19–29.
8. Betteridge, K., Mackay, A.D., Shepherd, T.G., Barker, D.J., Budding, P.J., Devantier, B.P., Costall, D.A., 1999. Effect of cattle and sheep treading on surface configuration of a sedimentary hill soil. Aust. J. Soil Res. 37: 743-760.

9. Blake, G.R., Hartge, K.H., 1986. Bulk Density. In: Klute, A.(Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1-Physical and Mineralogical Methods: 363-375. SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
10. Bradford, J.M., 1986. Penetrability. In: Klute, A.(Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 1-Physical and Mineralogical Methods: 463-478. SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
11. Bryant, H.T., Blaser R.E., Peterson, J.R., 1972. Effect of trampling by cattle on bluegrass yield and soil compaction of a meadowville loam. Agron. J. 64(3): 331-334.
12. Clark, J.T., Russell, J.R., Karlen, D.L., Singleton, P.L., Busby, W.D., Peterson, B.C., 2004. Soil surface property and soybean yield response to corn stover grazing. Agron. J. 96: 1364-1371.
13. Çetiner, M., Gökkuş, A., Parlak, M., 2012. Yapay bir merada otlatmanın bitki örtüsü ve toprak özelliklerine etkisi. Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 27(2): 80-88.
14. Devi, T.I., Yadava, P.S., Garkoti, S.C., 2014. Cattle grazing influences soil microbial biomass in sub-tropical grassland ecosystems at Nambol, Manipur, northeast India. Trop. Ecol. 55(2): 195-206.
15. Drewry, J.J., Paton, R.J., 2005. Effects of sheep treading on soil physical properties and pasture yield of newly sown pastures. New Zeal. J. Agr. Res. 48: 39-46.
16. Du Toit, G.V.N., Snyman, H.A., Malan, P.J., 2009. Physical impact of grazing by sheep on soil parameters in the Nama Karoo subshrub/grass rangeland of South Africa. J. Arid Environ. 73(9): 804-810.
17. Evans, C.R.W., Krzic, M., Broersma, K., Thompson, D.J., 2012. Long-term grazing effects on grassland soil properties in southern British Columbia. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92(4): 685-693.
18. Gee, G.W., Or, D., 2002. Particle-size analysis. In: Dane, J.H., Topp, G.C. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4. Physical Methods. 255–293. SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
19. Gil, S.V., Becker, A., Oddino, C., Zuza, M., Marinelli, A., March, G., 2009. Field trial assessment of biological, chemical, and physical responses of soil to tillage intensity, fertilization, and grazing. Environ. Manage. 44: 378–386.
20. Gökkuş, A., Tölü, C., Hanoğlu Oral, H., Özaslan Parlak, A., Alatürk, F., 2017. Koyun otlatılan meralarda yıllık yem üretiminin planlaması ve bunun hayvansal üretime etkileri. TÜBİTAK Proje No: 2140233. Kesin Sonuç Raporu. 208 sayfa.
21. Hatfield, P.G., Goosey, H.B., Spezzano, T.M., Blodgett, S.L., Lenssen, A.W., Kott, R.W., Marlow, C.B., 2007. Incorporating sheep into dryland grain production systems III. Impact on changes in soil bulk density and soil nutrient profiles. Small Ruminant Res. 67: 222–231.
22. Hoffman, G.G., Teicher, K., 1961. Ein kolorimetrisches verfahren zur bestimmung der urease aktivitaet in böden. 2. Pflanzenernahr. Düng. Bodenkunde. 91 (140): 55–63.
23. Holt, J.A., 1997. Grazing pressure and soil carbon, microbial biomass and enzyme activities in semi-arid northeastern Australia. App. Soil Ecol. 5(2): 143-149.
24. Hunt, J.R., Swan, A.D., Fettell, N.A., Breust, P.D., Menz, I. D., Peoples, M.B., Kirkegaard, J.A., 2016. Sheep grazing on crop residues do not reduce crop yields in no-till, controlled traffic farming systems in an equi-seasonal rainfall environment. Field Crop Res. 196: 22–32.
25. Kirsten, W. J., 1983. Organic Elemental Analysis. Academic Press, New York, USA.
26. Lenssen, A.W., Sainju, U.M., Hatfield, P.G., 2013. Integrating sheep grazing into wheat–fallow systems: Crop yield and soil properties. Field Crop Res. 146: 75–85.
27. Li, C., Hao, X., Zhao, M., Han, G., Willms, W.D., 2008. Influence of historic sheep grazing on vegetation and soil properties of a Desert Steppe in Inner Mongolia. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 128:109–116.
28. Li, J., Huang, Y., Xu, F., Wu, L., Chen, D., Bai, Y., 2018. Responses of growing‐season soil respiration to water and nitrogen addition as affected by grazing intensity. Funct. Ecol. 32(7):1890-1901.
29. Li, W., Huang, H., Zhang Z., Wu, G., 2011. Effects of grazing on the soil properties and C and N storage in relation to biomass allocation in an alpine meadow. J. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr. 11(4): 27-39.
30. Loeppert, R.H., Suarez, D.L., 1996. Carbonate and gypsum. In: Sparks, D.L. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 3. Chemical Methods. 437–474. SSSA Book Series 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
31. McLean, E.O., 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 199–224. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
32. Nimmo, J.R., Perkins, K.S., 2002. Aggregate stability and size distribution. In: Dane, J.H., Topp, G.C. (Eds.), Methods of Soil Analysis, Part 4. Physical Methods. SSSA Book Series 5, 317–328, 1692 pp., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
33. Olivera, N.L., Prieto, L., Bertiller, M.N., Ferrero, M.A., 2016. Sheep grazing and soil bacterial diversity in shrublands of the Patagonian Monte, Argentina. J. Arid Environ. 125: 16-20.
34. Prieto, L.H., Bertiller, M.B., Carrera, A.L. Olivera, N.L., 2011. Soil enzyme and microbial activities in a grazing ecosystem of Patagonian Monte, Argentina. Geoderma 162(3-4): 281-287.
35. Raiesi, F., Asadi, E., 2006. Soil microbial activity and litter turnover in native grazed and ungrazed rangelands in a semiarid ecosystem. Biol. Fert. Soils 43: 76–82.
36. Rakkar, M.K., Blanco-Canqui, H., 2018. Grazing of crop residues: Impacts on soils and crop production. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 258: 71-90.
37. Rakkar, M.K., Blanco-Canqui, H., Drijber, R.A., Drewnoski, M.E., MacDonald, J.C., Klopfenstein, T., 2017. Impacts of cattle grazing of corn residues on soil properties after 16 years. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 81: 414–424.
38. Reed, M.J., Peterson, R.A., 1961. Vegetation, soil, and cattle responses to grazing on Northern Great Plains Range. USDA Forest Serv. Tech. Bull. No. 1252, 79 p.
39. Rhoades, J.D., 1982. Soluble salts. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 2, Agronomy 9: 167–179. Am. Soc. of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
40. Sainju, U.M., Barsotti, J.L., Lenssen, A.W., Hatfield, P.G., 2014. Particulate and active soil nitrogen fractions are reduced by sheep grazing in dryland cropping systems. Nutr. Cycl. Agroecosys. 99: 79-93.
41. Sainju, U.M., Lenssen, A.W., Goosey, H.B., Snyder, E., Hatfield, P.G., 2011. Sheep grazing in a wheat–fallow system affects dryland soil properties and grain yield. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 75: 1789-1798.
42. Schmalz, H.J., Taylor, R.V., Johnson, T.N., Kennedy, P.L., De Bano S.J., Newingham, B.A., Mc Danie, P.A., 2013. Soil morphologic properties and cattle stocking rate affect dynamic soil properties. Rangeland Ecol. Manag. 66: 445–453.
43. Shi, X.M., Li, X.G., Li, C.T., Zhao, Y., Shang, Z.H., Ma, Q., 2013. Grazing exclusion decreases soil organic C storage at an alpine grassland of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. Ecol. Eng. 57: 183– 187.
44. Stavi, I., Barkai, D., Islam, K.R., Zaady, E., 2015. No adverse effect of moderate stubble grazing on soil quality and organic carbon pool in dryland wheat agro-ecosytems. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 35: 1117–1125.
45. Taddese, G., Mohamed Saleem, M.A., Ayaleneh, W., 2002. Effect of livestock grazing on physical properties of a cracking and self-mulching Vertisol. Aust. J. Exp. Agr. 49: 129-133.
46. Türkmen, C., Müftüoğlu, N.M., Kavdır, Y., 2013. Değişik yöntemlerle ıslah edilen meralarda bazı toprak kalite özelliklerinin değişimi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi 19: 245-255.
47. Usaborisut P., Ampanmanee, J., 2015. Compaction properties of silty soils in relation to soil texture, moisture content and organic matter. American J. Agric. Biological Sci. 10(4): 178-185.
48. Van Haveren, B.P., 1983. Soil bulk density as influenced by grazing intensity and soil type on a shortgrass prairie site. J. Range Manage. 36(5): 586-588.
49. Winogradsky, S.N., 1952. Mikrobiologiya pochvy. Problemy i metody. Pyatdesyat let issledovanii (Soil Microbiology: Problems and Methods. Fifty Years of Investigations), Moscow, Akad. Nauk, SSSR.
50. Wollum, A.G., 1982. Cultural Methods for Soil Microorganisms. In: Page, A. L., Miller, R.H., Keeney, D. R. (Ed.), Methods of Soil Analysis, 2nd edition, Part 2, Chemical and Microbiological Properties: 781–802., SSSA Book Series (9), Madison WI, USA.
51. Xu, S., Silveira, M.L., Inglett, K.S., Sollenberger, L.E., Gerber, S., 2017. Soil microbial community responses to long-term land use intensification in subtropical grazing lands. Geoderma 293: 73-81.