The Effect of Straw Mulching on Some Traits Related to Photosynthesis and Yield in Bread Wheat

Abstract

The efficiency of the mulching materials could be significantly changed by the factors such as soil and climate conditions, the type, amount, application method and time of the mulching materials. In this study, the wheat straw was used as mulch material in 4 different amounts (0, 3, 6 and 9 t/ha) and at 3 different stages (soon after planting, at the beginning of stem elongation and booting stage). The experiment was carried out as factorial arrangement on the randomized complete block design with 4 replications during 2017-2018 crop season in Kahramanmaraş conditions. In the experiment, bread wheat cultivar of Adana 99 was used and the straw mulching effects on flag leaf area, chlorophyll content, plant canopy temperature, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductivity, grain yield, biomass and harvest index were tested. The effects of treatment on flag leaf area, plant canopy temperature, net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate and stomatal conductivity were insignificant. The effect of mulch application time on harvest index and chlorophyll content at anthesis, the effect of mulch amount on chlorophyll content at early dough stage were significant. The effects of mulch application time on grain yield and biomass were not significant, while the effects of mulch amount were significant but inconsistent. It was concluded that it is required to be carried on the long-term similar researches in order to reach reliable results and suggestions.

Keywords

• Wheat
• straw mulching
• photosynthetic properties
• biomass
• grain yield

Ekmeklik Buğdayda Saman Malçının Fotosentezle İlişkili Bazı Tarımsal Özelliklere ve Verime Etkisi

Abstract

İklim ve toprak özellikleri, malç tipi, miktarı, uygulama şekli ve zamanı gibi faktörlere bağlı olarak malç materyal-lerinin etkinliği önemli derecede değişebilmektedir. Bu çalışmada malç olarak buğday samanı kullanılmış ve 4 farklı miktarda (0, 300, 600 ve 900 kg/da), 3 farklı zamanda (ekimden hemen sonra, sapa kalkma başlangıcında, gebecik döneminde) uygulama yapılmıştır. Deneme, faktöriyel düzenleme yapılarak, tesadüf blokları deneme planına göre, 4 tekerrürlü olarak, 2017-2018 ürün yılında Kahramanmaraş koşullarında yürütülmüştür. Denemede, Adana 99 ekmeklik buğday çeşidi kullanılmış ve saman malçı uygulamasının bayrak yaprak alanı, klorofil içeriği, bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı, net fotosentez hızı, transpirasyon hızı, stoma iletkenliği, biyomas, hasat indeksi ve tane verimi üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Uygulamaların bayrak yaprak alanı, bitki örtüsü sıcaklığı, net fotosentez hızı, transpirasyon hızı ve stoma iletkenliği üzerindeki etkileri önemsiz olmuştur. Hasat indeksi ve çiçeklenme dönemindeki klorofil içeriği yönünden malç uygulama zamanının, erken sarı olumdaki klorofil içeriği yönünden malç miktarının etkisi önemli olmuştur. Tane verimi ve biyomas yönünden malç uygulama zamanının etkisi önemsiz, uygulama miktarının etkisi önemli ancak kararsız bir durum göstermiştir. Daha kararlı sonuçlara ve güvenilir önerilere ulaşabilmek için benzer nitelikte çalışmaların uzun dönemli olarak devam ettirilmesine ihtiyaç olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

• Buğday
• saman malçı
• fotosentez özellikleri
• biyomas
• tane verimi

References

1. Akkaya, A. (1994). Buğday Yetiştiriciliği. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi. Ziraat Fakültesi Genel Yayın l. Ders Kitapları Yayın l, Kahramanmaraş, 225s.
2. Akter, S., Sarker, U. K., Hasan, A. K., Uddin, M. R., Hoque, M. M. I., Mahapatra, C. K. (2018). Effects of mulching on growth and yield components of selected varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under field condition. Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 3 (1), 25-35.
3. Amini, R., Alami-Milani, M. (2013). Effect of mulching on soil, canopy and leaf temperature of lentil (Lens culinaris Medick.). IJFAS Journal, 2 (20), 797-802.
4. Anderson, R. L. (2005). Are some crops synergisitic to following crop. Agronomy Journal, 97 (1), 7-10.
5. Anonim. (2018). Kahramanmaraş Meteoroloji İl Müdürlüğü Verileri. Kahramanmaraş.
6. Baumhardt, R. L., Lascano, R. J. (1996). Rain infiltration as affected by wheat residue amount and distribution in ridged tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60, 1908–1913.
7. Blanco-Canqui, H., Lal, R. (2007). Impacts of long-term wheat straw management on soil hydraulic properties under no-tillage. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 71, 1166–1173.
8. Brennan, J., Hackett, R., McCabe, T., Grant, J., Fortune, R. A., Forristal, P. D. (2014). The effect of tillage system and residue management on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat in a cool Atlantic climate. European Journal of Agronomy, 54, 61–69.

9. Chakraborty, D., Nagarajan, S., Aggarwal, P., Gupta, V. K., Tomar, R. K., Garg, R. N., Sahoo, R., Sarkar, A., Chopra, U., Sundara Sarma, K.S., Kalra, N. (2008). Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status, and the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semi-arid environment. Agricultural Water Management, 95. 1323-1334.
10. Chen, W., Zhangc, J., Dengb, X. (2019). The spike weight contribution of the photosynthetic area above the upper internode in a winter wheat under different nitrogen and mulching regimes. The Crop Journal, 7 (1), 89-100.
11. Chen, Y., T.,Liu, X., Tian, X., Wang, M., Li, S ., Wang, Z., Wang. (2015). Effects of plastic film combined with straw mulch on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat in Loess Plateau. Field Crops Research, 172, 53–58.
12. Ebrahimian, E., Koocheki, A., Mahallati, M. N., Khorramdel, S., Beheshti, A. (2016). The effect of tillage and wheat residue management on nitrogen uptake efficiency and nitrogen harvest index in wheat. Turkish J. Field Crops, 21 (2), 233-239.
13. Erdoğan, E. (2018). Amik Ovası Koşullarında Bazı Ekmeklik Buğday (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotiplerinin Fizyolojik, Morfolojik ve Kalite Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi. (Yüksek lisans tezi). Erişim adresi: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi.
14. Erenstein, O. (2002). Crop residue mulching in tropical and semi-tropical countries: An evaluation of residue availability and other technological implications. Soil and Tillage Research, 67, 115-133.
15. Farooq, M., Bakhtiar, M., Tchabo, W., Meng, W., Ullah, A., Saboor, A., Ilyas, N., Fatima, N., Ma, S. (2018). Effect of mulch type, mulch size and nitrogen levels on wheat production. Afr. J. Food Integ. Agr., 2, 15-22.
16. Farooq, M., Hussain, M., Siddique, K. H. M. (2014). Drought Stress in Wheat during Flowering and Grain-filling Periods. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences, 33 (4); 331-349.
17. Gallé, A., J., Flexas. (2010). Gas-exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in grapevine leaves in the field. Method. Results Grapevine Res. 107–121. doi:10.1007/978-90-481-9283-0_ 8.
18. Gerek, R. (1968). Dryfarming istasyonu tarafından yapılmış olan nadas hazırlığı ve toprak verimliliği denemeleri. Eskişehir Tohum Islah ve Deneme İst. 6, Eskişehir.
19. Hassan, I. A. (2006). Effects of water stress and high temperature on gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescence in Triticum aestivum L. Photosynthetica, 4 (4) :312–315. doi:10.10 07/s11099-0 06 -0 024 -7.
20. Hirasawa, T., Hisao, T. (1999). Some characteristics of reduced leaf photosynthesis at midday in maize growing in the field. Field Crops Res. 62, 53–62.
21. Huang, G., Chai, Q., Feng, F., Yu, A. (2012). Effects of different tillage systems on soil properties, root growth, grain yield, and water use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Arid Northwest China. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 11 (8), 1286-1296.
22. Huang, Y., Chen, L., Fu, B., Huang, Z., Gong, J. (2005). The wheat yields and water-use efficiency in the Loess Plateau: straw mulch and irrigation effects. Agricultural Water Management, 72, 209–222.
23. Jabran, K., Aulakh, A. M. (2015). Higher Yield and Economic Benefits for Wheat Planted in Conservation Till Systems. Y. Y. U. J. Agr. Science, 25 (1): 78-83.
24. Kahlon, M. S., Lal, R., Ann-Varughese, M. (2013). Twenty-two years of tillage and mulching impacts on soil physical characteristics and carbon sequestration in Central Ohio. Soil & Tillage Research, 26, 151-158.
25. Kara, R. (2009). Kahramanmaraş Yöresine Ait Yerel Ekmeklik Buğday Genotiplerinin Verim Ve Fizyolojik Özellikler Yönünden İncelenmesi. KSÜ/Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. (Doktora tezi). Erişim adresi: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi.
26. Lentz, R. D., Bjorneberg, D. L. (2003). Polyacrylamide and straw residue effects on irrigation furrow erosion and infiltration. J. Soil Water Conserv. 58, 312–319.
27. Malhi, S. S., Kutcher, H. R. (2007). Small grains stubble burning and tillage effects on soil organic C and N, and aggregation in northeastern Saskatchewan. Soil Till. Res. 94, 353–361.
28. Malhi, S.S., Lemke, R. (2007). Tillage, crop residue and N fertilizer effects on crop yield, nutrient uptake, soil quality and nitrous oxide gas emissions in a second 4-yr rotation cycle. Soil & Tillage Research, 96, 269–283.
29. Montenegro, A. A. A., Abrantes, J. R. C. B., de Lima, J. L. M. P., Singh, V. P., Santos, T. E. M. (2013). Impact of mulching on soil and water dynamics under intermittent simulated rainfall. Catena 109, 139–149.
30. Pask, A. J. D., Pietragalla, J., Mullan, D. M. Reynolds, M. P. (2012). Physiological breeding II: A field guide to wheat phenotyping. D.F.: CIMMYT, Mexico.
31. Rahman, M. A., Chikushi, J., Saifizzaman, M., Lauren, J. G. (2005). Rice straw mulching and nitrogen response of no-till wheat following rice in Bangladesh. Field Crops Research, 91, 71-81.
32. Ram, H., Dadhwal, V., Vashist, K. K., Kau, H. (2013). Grain yield and water use efficiency of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in relation to irrigation levels and rice straw mulching in North West India. Agricultural Water Management, 128, 92–101.
33. Reynolds, M. P., Ortiz-Monasterio, J. I. McNab, A. (2001). Application of Physiology in Wheat Bree-ding. D.F.: CIMMYT, Mexico.
34. SAS Institute. (2010). Statistical Analysis System Software, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
35. Shah, S. S. H., Ul-Hassan, A., Ghafoor, A., Bakhsh, A. (2013). Soil physical characteristics and yield of wheat and maize as affected by mulching materials and sowing methods. Soil Environ. 32 (1), 14-21, 2013.
36. Sidhu, H. S., Singh, M., Humphreys, E., Singh, B., Dhillon, S. S., Blackwell, J., Bector, V., Malkeet-Singh, Sarbjeet- Singh. (2007). The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture. 47 (7), 844-854.
37. Singh, B., Humphreys, E., Eberbach, P. L., Katupitiya, A., Singh, Y., Kukal, S.S. (2011). Growth, yield and water productivity of zero till wheat as affected by rice straw mulch and irrigation schedule. Field Crops Res., 121, 209–225.
38. Stagnari, F., Galieni, A., Speca, S., Cafiero, G., Pisante, M. (2014). Effects of straw mulch on growth and yield of durum wheat during transition to Conservation Agriculture in Mediterranean environment. Field Crops Research, 167, 51–63.
39. Tolk, J., Howell, T., Evett, S. (1999). Effect of mulch, irrigation, and soil type on water use and yield of maize. Soil & Tillage Research, 50, 137-147.
40. Turmel, M., Speratti, A., Baudron, F., Verhulst, N., Govaerts, B. (2015). Crop residue management and soil health: A systems analysis. Agricultural Systems, 134, 6-16.
41. Usman, K., Khan, E. A., Niamatullah, K., Abdur, R., Fazal, Y., Uddin, S. (2014). Response of Wheat to Tillage Plus Rice Residue and Nitrogen Management in Rice-Wheat System. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 13 (11), 2389-2398.
42. Yılmaz, K. (2018). Toprak Bilimi Raporları. KSÜ Ziraat Fakültesi Toprak Laboratuvarı. Kahramanmaraş.
43. Zadoks, J. C., Chang, T. T. Konzak, C. F. (1974). A decimal code for growth stages of cereals. Weed Research, 14: 415-421.
44. Zhang, G. S., Chan, K. Y., Li, G. D., Huang, G. B. (2008). Effect of straw and plastic film management under contrasting tillage practices on the physical properties of an erodible loess soil. Soil & Tillage Research, 98, 113–119.
45. Zhang, S., Lövdahl, L., Grip, H., Tong, Y., Yang, X., Wang, Q. (2009). Effects of mulching and catch cropping on soil temperature, soil moisture and wheat yield on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil & Tillage Research, 102, 78-86.
46. Zribi, W., Aragués, R., Medina, E., Faci, J.M. (2015). Efficiency of inorganic and organic mulching materials for soil evaporation control. Soil & Tillage Research, 148, 40-45.