Research Article
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Analysing Journalism Skills: A Field Study on Turkish Case

Year 2019, , 195 - 223, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041

Abstract

With the rapid spread of information technologies, especially the internet, traditional journalistic practices have begun to be transformed. This study aims to discuss this transformation witnessed in traditional journalism practices through the skills specific to journalism. Despite such a discussion that poses many questions, the fundamental question underlying the efforts made within the scope of this study is, “In an era where everyone has begun to engage in journalism using similar technological tools and ‘skills specific to the human species’, how do journalists describe their own professional skills?” Although the study acknowledges the presence of a change in the skills that are considered to be specific to this profession, it also assumes that rather than being triggered by social needs, this change is a result of conscious interventions in the components of human-specific productive power, which were and are still undertaken by those that experience capital accumulation problem. The quantitative data of the research were obtained from a field study, in which 86 reporters working in the print media participated. A total of 4,300 items of data acquired through a survey were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative techniques. The results provide an insight into the distortion of journalists’ professional skills by the new division of labor division/work relations activated by the institutional structuring of the media and the increasing use of technology, as well as assisting in understanding the changes initiated by this distortion. Keywords

References

  • Appelgren, E., & Nygren, G. (2014). Data journalism in Sweden: Introducing new methods and genres of journalism into ‘old’ organizations. Digital Journalism, 2(3), 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.884344
  • Bell, D. (1976). The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Carlson, M. (2015). The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefiniton of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
  • Castells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society: the information age, economy, society and culture. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Clerwall, C. (2014). Enter the robot journalist: Users’ perceptions of automated content. Journalism Practice. 8(5), 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.883116
  • Coleman, R., Lee, J. Y., Yaschur, C. Meader, A. P., & McElroy, K. (2018). Why be a journalist? US students’ motivations and role conceptions in the new age of journalism. Journalism, 19(6), 800-819. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1464884916683554
  • Creech, B., & Mendelson, A. L. (2015). Imagining the journalist of the future: Technological visions of journalism education and newswork. The Communication Review, 18(2), 142-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2015.1031998
  • Deuze, M., Neuberger, C., & Paulussen, S. (2004). Journalism education and online journalists in Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands. Journalism Studies, 5(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670032000174710
  • Downey, J., & Fenton, N. (2003). New media, counter publicity and the public sphere. New Media & Society, 5(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002003
  • Drok, N. (2013). Beacons of reliability: European journalism students and professionals on future qualifications for journalists. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753209
  • Fink, K., & Anderson, C. W. (2014). Data journalism in the United States: Beyond the ‘usual suspects’. Journalism Studies, 16(4), 467-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.939852
  • Fourie, P. J. (2013). Beyond skills training: Six macro themes in South African journalism education. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753290
  • Freeman, C. (2007). The ICT paradigm. In R. Mansel, C. Avgerou, D. Quah & R. Silverstone (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of information and communication technologies (pp. 34-54). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Gleason, T. (2015). If we are all journalists, can journalistic privilege survive? Javnost - The Public, 22(4), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2015.1091625
  • Guo, L., & Volz, Y. (2019). (Re)defining Journalistic Expertise in the Digital Transformation: A Content Analysis of Job Announcements. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1588147
  • Harvey, D. (2008). Umut mekanları (Z. Gambetti, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: Metis Yayınları.
  • Himma-Kadakas, M. & Palmiste, G. (2019). Expectations and the actual performance of skills in online journalism. Journal of Baltic Studies, 50(2), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2018.1479718
  • Kosterich, A., & Weber, M. S. (2019). Transformation of a Modern Newsroom Workforce: A case study of NYC journalist network histories from 2011 to 2015. Journalism Practice, 13(4), 431-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1497454
  • Liu, C. D. (2006). De-skilling effects on journalists: ICTs and the labour process of Taiwanese newspaper reporters. Canadian Journal of Communication, 31(3), 695-714.
  • Machlup, F. (1962). The production and distribution of knowledge in US. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Masuda, Y. (1990). Managing in the information society. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publisher.
  • McLuhan, M. (1966). Understanding media: the extensions of man. New York, NY: MIT Press.
  • McLuhan, M., & Powers, B. R. (1992). The global village: transformations in world life and media in the 21st century. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Opgenhaffen, M., d’Haenens, L., & Corten, M. (2013). Journalistic tools of the trade in Flanders. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753208
  • Örnebring, H., & Mellado, C. (2018). Valued skills among journalists: An exploratory comparison of six European nations. Journalism, 19(4), 445-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657514
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244
  • Pavlik, J. (2000). The impact of technology on journalism. Journalism Studies, 1(2), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700050028226
  • Phillips, A., Singer, J. B., Vlad, T., & Becker, L. B. (2009). Implications of technological change for journalists’ tasks and skills. Journal of Media Business Studies, 6(1), 61-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2009.11073479
  • Porat, M. U. (1977). The information economy: definition and measurement. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 
  • Rethel-Sohn, A. (2011). Zihin emeği-kol emeği, epistemoloji eleştirisi (A. Temiz Deniz, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: Metis Yayınları.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1974). Capitalism, socialism & democracy. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Toffler, A. (1981). Üçüncü dalga (A. Seden, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: Altın Kitaplar.
  • Tremayne, M., & A. Clark. (2014). New perspectives from the sky: Unmanned aerial vehicles and journalism. Digital Journalism, 2, 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.805039
  • Van Dalen, A. (2012). The algorithms behind the headlines: How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human journalists. Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
  • Van Der Haak, B., Parks, M., & Castells, M. (2012). The future of journalism: Networked journalism: Rethinking journalism in the networked digital age. International Journal of Communication, 6, 2923-2938
  • Willnat, L., Weaver, D. H., & Choi, J. (2013). The global journalist in the twenty-first century. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 163-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753210
  • Witschge, T., & Nygren, G. (2009). Journalistic work: A profession under pressure? Journal of Media Business Studies, 6(1), 37-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2009.11073478
  • Young, S., & Carson, A. (2018). What is a Journalist? The view from employers as revealed by their job vacancy advertisements. Journalism Studies, 19(3), 452-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1190665

Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği

Year 2019, , 195 - 223, 31.12.2019
https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041

Abstract

Bilişim teknolojilerinin, özellikle de internetin hızla yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte geleneksel gazetecilik pratikleri dönüşüm geçirmeye başlamıştır. Bu çalışma geleneksel gazetecilik pratiklerinde tanık olduğumuz bu dönüşümü gazetecilik mesleğine özgü beceriler üzerinden tartışmaya açmayı hedeflemektedir. Söz konusu tartışma çok sayıda soruyu içermekle birlikte bu makale kapsamındaki çabayı ayakta tutacak temel soru şudur: Herkes gazeteciliği benzer teknolojik araçlarla ve ‘türün geneline özgü insani’ becerilerle yapmaya başladığında meslekten gazeteciler alana özgü becerilerini nasıl tanımlayacaklardır? Çalışma, gazetecilik mesleğine özgülendiği kabul edilen becerilerde bir değişim olduğunu kabul etmekle birlikte bu değişimin toplumsal ihtiyaçlardaki değişimden çok birikim sorunu yaşayanların insana özgü üretici gücün bileşenlerine kendi sınıfsal ihtiyaçları yönünde yapmış ve halen yapmakta oldukları bilinçli müdahalelerinin sonucunda gerçekleştiğini varsaymaktadır. Çalışmanın nicel verisi yazılı basında çalışan toplam 86 muhabir gazetecinin katıldığı bir alan araştırmasından elde edilmiştir. Anket yoluyla elde edilen 4,300 veri, nicel ve nitel teknikler kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, medyanın kurumsal yapılanması içinde devreye sokulan yeni iş bölümü/çalışma ilişkilerinin ve artan ölçüde teknoloji kullanımının gazetecilerin mesleki becerilerinde yol açtığı tahrifatı ve neden olduğu mesleki dönüşümü anlamamıza yardım etmektedir.

References

  • Appelgren, E., & Nygren, G. (2014). Data journalism in Sweden: Introducing new methods and genres of journalism into ‘old’ organizations. Digital Journalism, 2(3), 394-405. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.884344
  • Bell, D. (1976). The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. New York, NY: Basic Books.
  • Carlson, M. (2015). The robotic reporter: Automated journalism and the redefiniton of labor, compositional forms, and journalistic authority. Digital Journalism, 3(3), 416-431. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2014.976412
  • Castells, M. (1996). The rise of the network society: the information age, economy, society and culture. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishers.
  • Clerwall, C. (2014). Enter the robot journalist: Users’ perceptions of automated content. Journalism Practice. 8(5), 519-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2014.883116
  • Coleman, R., Lee, J. Y., Yaschur, C. Meader, A. P., & McElroy, K. (2018). Why be a journalist? US students’ motivations and role conceptions in the new age of journalism. Journalism, 19(6), 800-819. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1464884916683554
  • Creech, B., & Mendelson, A. L. (2015). Imagining the journalist of the future: Technological visions of journalism education and newswork. The Communication Review, 18(2), 142-165. https://doi.org/10.1080/10714421.2015.1031998
  • Deuze, M., Neuberger, C., & Paulussen, S. (2004). Journalism education and online journalists in Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands. Journalism Studies, 5(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670032000174710
  • Downey, J., & Fenton, N. (2003). New media, counter publicity and the public sphere. New Media & Society, 5(2), 185-202. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444803005002003
  • Drok, N. (2013). Beacons of reliability: European journalism students and professionals on future qualifications for journalists. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 145-162. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753209
  • Fink, K., & Anderson, C. W. (2014). Data journalism in the United States: Beyond the ‘usual suspects’. Journalism Studies, 16(4), 467-481. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2014.939852
  • Fourie, P. J. (2013). Beyond skills training: Six macro themes in South African journalism education. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 212-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753290
  • Freeman, C. (2007). The ICT paradigm. In R. Mansel, C. Avgerou, D. Quah & R. Silverstone (Eds.), The Oxford handbook of information and communication technologies (pp. 34-54). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Gleason, T. (2015). If we are all journalists, can journalistic privilege survive? Javnost - The Public, 22(4), 375-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2015.1091625
  • Guo, L., & Volz, Y. (2019). (Re)defining Journalistic Expertise in the Digital Transformation: A Content Analysis of Job Announcements. Journalism Practice. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1588147
  • Harvey, D. (2008). Umut mekanları (Z. Gambetti, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: Metis Yayınları.
  • Himma-Kadakas, M. & Palmiste, G. (2019). Expectations and the actual performance of skills in online journalism. Journal of Baltic Studies, 50(2), 251-267. https://doi.org/10.1080/01629778.2018.1479718
  • Kosterich, A., & Weber, M. S. (2019). Transformation of a Modern Newsroom Workforce: A case study of NYC journalist network histories from 2011 to 2015. Journalism Practice, 13(4), 431-457. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1497454
  • Liu, C. D. (2006). De-skilling effects on journalists: ICTs and the labour process of Taiwanese newspaper reporters. Canadian Journal of Communication, 31(3), 695-714.
  • Machlup, F. (1962). The production and distribution of knowledge in US. New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Masuda, Y. (1990). Managing in the information society. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publisher.
  • McLuhan, M. (1966). Understanding media: the extensions of man. New York, NY: MIT Press.
  • McLuhan, M., & Powers, B. R. (1992). The global village: transformations in world life and media in the 21st century. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
  • Opgenhaffen, M., d’Haenens, L., & Corten, M. (2013). Journalistic tools of the trade in Flanders. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 127-144. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753208
  • Örnebring, H., & Mellado, C. (2018). Valued skills among journalists: An exploratory comparison of six European nations. Journalism, 19(4), 445-463. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884916657514
  • Papacharissi, Z. (2002). The virtual sphere: The internet as a public sphere. New Media & Society, 4(1), 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614440222226244
  • Pavlik, J. (2000). The impact of technology on journalism. Journalism Studies, 1(2), 229-237. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616700050028226
  • Phillips, A., Singer, J. B., Vlad, T., & Becker, L. B. (2009). Implications of technological change for journalists’ tasks and skills. Journal of Media Business Studies, 6(1), 61-85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2009.11073479
  • Porat, M. U. (1977). The information economy: definition and measurement. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 
  • Rethel-Sohn, A. (2011). Zihin emeği-kol emeği, epistemoloji eleştirisi (A. Temiz Deniz, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: Metis Yayınları.
  • Schumpeter, J. A. (1974). Capitalism, socialism & democracy. London, UK: Routledge.
  • Toffler, A. (1981). Üçüncü dalga (A. Seden, Trans.). İstanbul, Turkey: Altın Kitaplar.
  • Tremayne, M., & A. Clark. (2014). New perspectives from the sky: Unmanned aerial vehicles and journalism. Digital Journalism, 2, 232-246. https://doi.org/10.1080/21670811.2013.805039
  • Van Dalen, A. (2012). The algorithms behind the headlines: How machine-written news redefines the core skills of human journalists. Journalism Practice, 6(5-6), 648-658. https://doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.667268
  • Van Der Haak, B., Parks, M., & Castells, M. (2012). The future of journalism: Networked journalism: Rethinking journalism in the networked digital age. International Journal of Communication, 6, 2923-2938
  • Willnat, L., Weaver, D. H., & Choi, J. (2013). The global journalist in the twenty-first century. Journalism Practice, 7(2), 163-183. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2012.753210
  • Witschge, T., & Nygren, G. (2009). Journalistic work: A profession under pressure? Journal of Media Business Studies, 6(1), 37-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16522354.2009.11073478
  • Young, S., & Carson, A. (2018). What is a Journalist? The view from employers as revealed by their job vacancy advertisements. Journalism Studies, 19(3), 452-472. https://doi.org/10.1080/1461670X.2016.1190665
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Nurcan Törenli This is me 0000-0001-8520-3138

Zafer Kıyan This is me 0000-0002-7318-5419

Publication Date December 31, 2019
Submission Date September 2, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019

Cite

APA Törenli, N., & Kıyan, Z. (2019). Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences(57), 195-223. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041
AMA Törenli N, Kıyan Z. Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. December 2019;(57):195-223. doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041
Chicago Törenli, Nurcan, and Zafer Kıyan. “Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 57 (December 2019): 195-223. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041.
EndNote Törenli N, Kıyan Z (December 1, 2019) Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 57 195–223.
IEEE N. Törenli and Z. Kıyan, “Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği”, Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 57, pp. 195–223, December 2019, doi: 10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041.
ISNAD Törenli, Nurcan - Kıyan, Zafer. “Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences 57 (December 2019), 195-223. https://doi.org/10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041.
JAMA Törenli N, Kıyan Z. Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2019;:195–223.
MLA Törenli, Nurcan and Zafer Kıyan. “Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği”. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences, no. 57, 2019, pp. 195-23, doi:10.26650/CONNECTIST2019-0041.
Vancouver Törenli N, Kıyan Z. Gazetecilik Becerileri Üzerine Bir Alan Araştırması: Türkiye Örneği. Connectist: Istanbul University Journal of Communication Sciences. 2019(57):195-223.