Yaşlanan dünya nüfusu ve artan bakım hizmetleri ihtiyacı Bakım hizmetlerini kim sunacak? İnsanların yerini robotlar mı alıyor?

Abstract

Dünyanın birçok bölge ve ülkesinde nüfus hızla yaşlanmakta ve uzun dönemli bakım hizmetlerine olan ihtiyaç artmaktadır. Bakım hizmetleri tüm dünyada toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliklerine bağlı olarak esas itibariyle kadınlar tarafından aile bireylerine sunulan, karşılığı olmayan ve görmezden gelinen bir emek türüdür. Bakım hizmetleri piyasada para karşılığı sunulduğu zaman da esas olarak kadınlar ve göçmen işçiler tarafından üstlenilmekte ve düşük değerli emek olarak görülmektedir. Çalışma koşullarının zorluğu ve ücretlerin düşüklüğü nedeniyle bu alandaki işgücü arzı azalmakta, bakım işlerinde çalışacak sağlık ve sosyal bakım işçilerini bulmak giderek zorlaşmaktadır. Her ne kadar devletlerin bakımı bir insan hakkı olarak kabul edip bu alana yönelik sosyal harcamaları artırması BM ve AB gibi uluslararası örgütler tarafından tavsiye edilse de eğilim, hizmetlerin piyasa üzerinden teminini desteklemek yönündedir. Yaşanan işgücü açığını kapatmak için tartışılan çözüm yollarından biri, düzenli göç kanallarının açılarak nüfusu yaşlanan ülkelere daha fazla göçmen işçi getirtilmesidir. Buna alternatif olarak yaşlı bakımında robotların kullanımı giderek daha çok tartışılmaktadır. Bakım etiğine ilişkin kaygılar ve henüz maliyetlerinin yüksekliği nedeniyle robotlar çok yaygın kullanılmasa da bu alandaki şirketlere yapılan devlet destekli yatırımlarla üretimin hızla artması ve yapay zekâ destekli insansı robotların kullanımının orta vadede yaygınlaşması beklenebilir. Bu çalışma alana ilişkin literatür değerlendirmesine dayanmaktadır.

Keywords

• bakım emeği
• uzun dönemli bakım
• göçmen bakım işçisi
• insansı robotlar

An aging global population and the increasing need for care services Who will provide care? Are robots replacing humans?

Abstract

In many regions and countries around the world, the population is rapidly aging and the need for long-term care services is increasing. Care services are a type of labour that is primarily provided by women to family members, is unpaid, and is often overlooked, due to gender inequalities around the world. When care services are provided commercially in the market, they are primarily undertaken by women and migrant workers and are undervalued. Due to the harsh working conditions and low wages, the labour supply in this sector is decreasing, and it is becoming increasingly difficult to find health and social care workers to work in care jobs. Although international organizations such as the UN and the EU recommend that states recognize care as a human right and increase social spending in this area, the trend is toward supporting the provision of services through the market. One of the solutions discussed to address the labour shortage is to open regular migration channels to bring more migrant workers to countries with aging populations. As an alternative, the use of robots in elderly care is increasingly being discussed. Although robots are not yet widely used due to concerns about care ethics and their high costs, state-supported investments in companies in this field are expected to accelerate production and the use of AI-supported humanoid robots is likely to become widespread in the medium term. This study is based on relevant literature evaluation.

Keywords

• care labour
• long term care
• migrant care workers
• humanoid robots

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