UTAUT Model Kapsamında Ruh Sağlığı Çalışanlarının Çevrim İçi Psikolojik Danışma Vermeye Yönelik Görüşleri: Bir Q Metod Analizi

Abstract

Çevrim içi psikolojik danışma, teknolojik gelişmelerle birlikte gelişen ve bireylerin hayatlarına entegre olan bir müdahaledir. Bu noktada çevrim içi psikolojik danışma hizmeti veren ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının çevrim içi psikolojik danışmayı kabul ve kullanımlarını araştırmak oldukça önemlidir. Bu araştırma, çevrim içi ve yüz yüze psikolojik danışma hizmeti veren 35 ruh sağlığı çalışanı (psikolog ve psikolojik danışman) ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada UTAUT modeline göre katılımcıların çevrim içi psikolojik danışmayı kabul ve kullanma davranışlarını anlamak için öznel düşüncelerinin, tutumlarının ve inançlarının daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayan Q metodolojiden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda çevrim içi psikolojik danışma kabul ve kullanımıyla ilgili faktörlerde ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının iki faktörde gruplandığı tespit edilmiştir. Faktör 1’deki katılımcılar için performans beklentisinin ve kolaylaştırıcı koşulların; Faktör 2’deki katılımcılar için ise çaba beklentisinin ve kolaylaştırıcı koşulların, çevrim içi psikolojik danışmayı kabul ve kullanma davranışlarını etkilediği görülmüştür. Ayrıca Faktör 1’deki ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının çevrim içi psikolojik danışma konusunda daha olumlu bir tutuma sahip olduğu; ikinci gruptaki ruh sağlığı çalışanlarının ise yüz yüze psikolojik danışmayı çevrim içi psikolojik danışmaya tercih ettikleri tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

• Çevrim içi psikolojik danışma
• Ruh sağlığı çalışanları
• UTAUT model
• Q metodoloji

Mental Health Professionals' Views on Providing Online Counseling within the Scope of UTAUT Model: A Q Method Analysis

Abstract

Online counseling, an intervention that has evolved alongside technological advancements and become integrated into individuals' lives, has gained even more popularity. At this point, it is essential to investigate the acceptance and usage of online counseling by mental health professionals. This research was conducted with 35 mental health professionals (psychologists and counsellors) who provide both online and face-to-face counseling. In the study, Q methodology was used to better understand the subjective thoughts, attitudes, and beliefs of participants to understand their behaviors regarding the acceptance and use of online counseling according to the UTAUT model. As a result of the research, it was found that factors related to the acceptance and usage of online counseling were grouped into two factors for mental health professionals. The research findings indicate that mental health professionals are grouped into two factors regarding factors related to the acceptance and utilization of online counseling. It has been observed that performance expectations and facilitating conditions influence the acceptance and utilization of online counseling for participants in Factor 1, while effort expectations and facilitating conditions influence the behavior of acceptance and utilization for participants in Factor 2. Additionally, it was found that mental health professionals in Factor 1 have a more positive attitude towards online counseling, whereas those in the second group prefer face-to-face counseling over online counseling.

Keywords

• Online counselling
• Mental health professionals
• UTAUT model
• Q methodology

References

1. Abdillah, H., Setyosari, P., Lasan, B.B., & Muslihati, M. (2020). The acceptance of school counselor in the use of ICT during school from home in the Covid-19 era. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(4),1569-1582. https://doi.org/10.17478.804939
2. Alt, D., Boniel-Nissim, M., Naamati-Schneider, L., & Meirovich, A. (2022). Precursors of Openness to Provide Online Counseling: The Role of Future Thinking, Creativity, and Innovative Behavior of Future Online Therapists. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 848235. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.848235
3. Amos, P. M., Adade, J. R. D., & Duodu, A. A. (2022). Online counseling: Perceptions of counselors, counselor educators and trainees. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 12(1), 37-59. https://doi.org/10.18401/2022.12.1.3
4. Andersson, G., Paxling, B., Wiwe, M., Vernmark, K., Felix, C. B., Lundborg, L., Furmark, T., Cuijpers, P., & Carlbring, P. (2012). Therapeutic alliance in guided Internet-relivered cognitive behavioural treatment of depression. Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Social Anxiety Disorder. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 50, 544-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2012.05.003
5. Apolinário-Hagen, J., Vehreschild, V., & Alkoudmani, R. M. (2017). Current views and perspectives on e-mental health: An exploratory survey study for understanding public attitudes toward ınternet-based psychotherapy in Germany. JMIR Mental Health, 4(1), e8. https://doi.org/10.2196/mental.6375 Bacıoğlu, S. D., & Kocabıyık, O. O. (2019). Counseling trainees’ views towards usage of online counseling in psychological services. European Journal of Education Studies, 5(12), 46-60. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2597546
6. Bashatah, L. S. (2016). Q-methodology: What and how. Journal of Research & Method in Education, 6(5), 37-43. https://doi.org/10.9790/7388-0605053743
7. Békés, V. & Aafjes-van Doorn, K. (2020). Psychotherapists’ attitudes toward online therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Psychotherapy Integration, 30(2), 238-247. https://doi.org/10.1037/int0000214
8. Békés, V., Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Luo, X., Prout, T. A., & Hoffman, L. (2021). Psychotherapists’ challenges with online therapy during COVID-19: Concerns about connectedness predict therapists’ negative view of online therapy and its perceived efficacy over time. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 705699. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705699

9. Békés, V., Aafjes‐van Doorn, K., McCollum, J., Prout, T. R., & Hoffman, L. (2022). The development of a self‐report scale to assess therapists' acceptance of telepsychotherapy. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 78, 1240–1260. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23289
10. Berry, R. M., Ashby, J. S., Gnilka, P. B., & Matheny, K. B. (2011). A comparison of face-to-face and distance coaching practices: Coaches' perceptions of the role of the working alliance in problem resolution. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 63(4), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026735
11. Boldrini, T., Schiano Lomoriello, A., Del Corno, F., Lingiardi, V., & Salcuni, S. (2020). Psychotherapy during COVID-19: How the clinical practice of Italian psychotherapists changed during the pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 591170. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.591170
12. Braun, P., Drüge, M., Hennemann, S., Nitsch, F. J., Staeck, R., & Apolinário-Hagen, J. (2022). Acceptance of E-mental health services for different application purposes among psychotherapists in clinical training in germany and switzerland: secondary analysis of a cross-sectional survey. Frontiers in Digital Health, 4, 840869. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdgth.2022.840869
13. Brooks, E., Turvey, C., & Augusterfer, E. F. (2013). Provider barriers to telemental health: Obstacles overcome, obstacles remaining. Telemedicine and E‐Health, 19(6), 433–437. https://doi.org/10.1089/tmj.2013.0068
14. Brown, C. (2012). The working alliance in online counseling for crisis intervention and youth [Unpublished master’s thesis]. University of Alberta.
15. Brown, S. R. (1980). Political Subjectivity: Applications Of Q Methodology In Political Science. London: Yale University Press.
16. Brown, S. R. (1996). Q methodology and qualitative research. Qualitative Health Research, 6, 561–567. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973239600600408
17. Brown, S. R., Baltrinic, E. ve Jencius, M. (2019). From concourse to q sample to testing theory. Operant Subjectivity, 41(1), 1-17. https://doi.org/10.15133/j.os.2019.002
18. Chester, A., & Glass, C. A. (2006). Online counselling: A descriptive analysis of therapy services on the Internet. British Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 34(2), 145-160. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600583170
19. Cipolletta, S., & Mocellin, D. (2018). Online counseling: An exploratory survey of Italian psychologists’ attitudes towards new ways of interaction. Psychotherapy Research, 28(6), 909-924. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1259533
20. Cohen, L., Manion, L. & Morrison, K. (2011). Research methods in education. Routledge.Abdillah, H., Setyosari, P., Lasan, B.B., & Muslihati, M. (2020). The acceptance of school counselor in the use of ICT during school from home in the Covid-19 era. Journal for the Education of Gifted Young Scientists, 8(4),1569-1582. https://doi.org/10.17478/804939
21. Connolly, S. L., Miller, C. J., Lindsay, J. A., & Bauer, M. S. (2020). A systematic review of providers’ attitudes toward telemental health via videoconferencing. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 27(2), Article e12311. https://doi.org/10.1111/cpsp.12311
22. De Witte, N. A. J., Carlbring, P., Etzelmueller, A., Nordgreen, T., Karekla, M., Haddouk, L., Belmont, A., Øverland, S., Abi-Habib, R., Bernaerts, S., Brugnera, A., Compare, A., Duque, A., Ebert, D. D., Eimontas, J., Kassianos, A. P., Salgado, J., Schwerdtfeger, A., Tohme, P., Van Assche, E., … Van Daele, T. (2021). Online consultations in mental healthcare during the COVID-19 outbreak: An international survey study on professionals' motivations and perceived barriers. Internet Interventions, 25, 100405. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100405
23. Eseadi, C. (2022). An Online Counseling Intervention for Nigerian Undergraduates with Academic Burnout. Online Submission, 6(1), 35-44. https://doi.org/10.24036/00514za0002
24. Fitriani, A. A., Ariyanti, M., & Millanyani, H. (2022). User Acceptance Analysis on Tele counseling App. In Proceedings of the 3rd Asia Pacific International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, Johor Bahru, Malaysia. https://ieomsociety.org/proceedings/2022malaysia/520.pdf
25. Haberstroh, S., Parr, G., Bradley, L., Morgan‐Fleming, B., & Gee, R. (2008). Facilitating online counseling: Perspectives from counselors in training. Journal of Counseling & Development, 86(4), 460-470.
26. Humer, E., Stippl, P., Pieh, C., Pryss, R., & Probst, T. (2020). Experiences of psychotherapists with remote psychotherapy during the COVID-19 pandemic: cross-sectional web-based survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(11), e20246. https://doi.org/10.2196/20246
27. Joinson, A. N., & Paine, C. B. (2007). Self-disclosure, privacy and the Internet. The Oxford Handbook of Internet Psychology. Retrieved September 10, 2023 from http://www.york.ac.uk/res/e-society/projects/15/PRISD_report2.pdf
28. Joyce, N. (2012). An empirical examination of the influence of personality, gender role conflict, and self-stigma on attitudes and intentions to seek online counseling in college students [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Akron.
29. Kilroe, C. (2010). A need assessment of potential online counseling service clients [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. The University of Calgary.
30. Koch, A., Graczykowska, A., Szumiał, S., & Marszał-Wiśniewska, M. (2023). A study on the attitude of Polish psychotherapists towards online therapy-Polish adaptation of the UTAUT-T (Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology-Therapist version) and verification of the UTAUT-T model. Psychiatria Polska, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/159445
31. Korecka, N., Rabenstein, R., Pieh, C., Stippl, P., Barke, A., Doering, B., ... & Probst, T. (2020). Psychotherapy by telephone or internet in Austria and Germany which CBT psychotherapists rate it more comparable to face-to-face psychotherapy in personal contact and have more positive actual experiences compared to previous expectations? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21), 7756. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17217756
32. Lazard, L., Capdevila, R., & Roberts, A. (2011). Methodological pluralism in theory and in practice: The case for Q in the community. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 8(2), 140-150. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780887.2011.572749
33. Maurya, R. K., Bruce, M. A., & Therthani, S. (2020). Counselors’ perceptions of distance counseling: A national survey. Journal of Asia Pacific Counseling, 10(2), 1-22.
34. Mawusi-Amos, P., Bedu-Addo, P. K. A., & Antwi, T. (2020). Experiences of online counseling among undergraduates in some Ghanaian universities. Sage Open, 10(3), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020941844
35. McKeown, B., & Thomas, D. B. (2013). Q methodology (Vol. 66). London: SAGE Publications.
36. Milot-Lapointe, F., & Dionne, P. (2022). Online Group Employment Counselling During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Attitudes Toward Online counseling. Swiss Psychology Open: the official journal of the Swiss Psychological Society, 2(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.5334/spo.47
37. Mulungu, C., Mindu, T., & Mulungu, K. (2023). Efficacy of online counseling during pandemics in Zambia: a client and therapist perspective. Research Square, (Preprint View). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-3303288/v1
38. Nuttman-Shwartz, O., & Shaul, K. (2021). Online therapy in a shared reality: The novel coronavirus as a test case. Traumatology, 27(4), 365-374. https://doi.org/10.1037/trm0000334
39. Perry, K., Gold, S., & Shearer, E. M. (2020). Identifying and addressing mental health providers' perceived barriers to clinical video telehealth utilization. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 76(6), 1125-1134. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22770
40. Philippi, P., Baumeister, H., Apolinário-Hagen, J., Ebert, D. D., Hennemann, S., Kott, L., Lin, J., Messner, E. M., & Terhorst, Y. (2021). Acceptance towards digital health interventions: Model validation and further development of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology. Internet interventions, 26, 100459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2021.100459
41. Phillips, E. A., Himmler, S. F., & Schreyögg, J. (2021). Preferences for e-mental health interventions in Germany: a discrete choice experiment. Value in Health, 24(3), 421-430. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jval.2020.09.018
42. Prout, T. A., Zilcha-Mano, S., Aafjes-van Doorn, K., Békés, V., Christman-Cohen, I., Whistler, K., ... & Di Giuseppe, M. (2020). Identifying predictors of psychological distress during COVID-19: a machine learning approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 586202. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.586202
43. Richards, D., & Viganò, N. (2013). Online counseling: a narrative and critical review of the literature. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(9), 994-1011. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21974
44. Schröder, J., Sautier, L., Kriston, L., Berger, T., Meyer, B., Späth, C., Köther, U., Nestoriuc, Y., Klein, J. P., & Moritz, S. (2015). Development of a questionnaire measuring Attitudes towards Psychological Online Interventions-the APOI. Journal of Affective Disorders, 187, 136–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.08.044
45. Shemmings, D. (2006). ‘Quantifying’qualitative data: an illustrative example of the use of Q methodology in psychosocial research. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 147-165. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp060oa
46. Staeck, R., Drüge, M., Albisser, S., & Watzke, B. (2022). Acceptance of E-mental health interventions and its determinants among psychotherapists-in-training during the first phase of COVID-19. Internet Interventions, 29, 100555. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.invent.2022.100555
47. Stickl, J. E., Wester, K. L., & Wachter-Morris, C. A. (2019). Making sense of subjectivity: Q methodology in counseling research. Counseling Outcome Research and Evaluation, 10(2), 106-118. https://doi.org/10.1080/21501378.2017.1419425
48. Stone, T., & Turale, S. (2015). Q methodology: An introduction. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 19(3), 183-186.
49. Teh, L. A., Acosta, A. C., Hechanova, M. R. M., Garabiles, M. R., & Alianan Jr, A. S. (2014). Attitudes of psychology graduate students toward face-to-face and online counseling. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 47(2), 65-97.
50. Van Exel, N., & De Graaf, G. (2005). Q methodology: A sneak preview. Retrieved August 29, 2023 from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228574836_Q_Methodology_A_Sneak_Preview/citations
51. Venkatesh, V., Morris, M. G., Davis, G. B., & Davis, F. D. (2003). User acceptance of information technology: Toward a unified view. MIS Quarterly, 27(3), 425-478. https://doi.org/10.2307/30036540
52. Venkatesh, V., Thong, J. Y. L., & Xu, X. (2012). Consumer acceptance and use of information technology: Extending the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology. Management Information Systems Quarterly, 36(1), 157–178. https://doi.org/10.2307/41410412
53. Wallis, J., Burns, J., & Capdevila, R. (2009). Q methodology and a Delphi poll: a useful approach to researching a narrative approach to therapy. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 6(3), 173-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/14780880701734545
54. Wan-Chen, C., Hsun-Yu, C., Sung, Y. H., Po-Lin, C., Ya-Feng, H., Kuo-Chang, H., & Shi-Sen, H. (2023). Therapists’ practical implementation and preparation of online counseling in the post-pandemic era. Current Psychology, 1-1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-023-04614-0
55. Watts, S., & Stenner, P. (2005) Doing Q methodology: Theory, method and interpretation, Qualitative Research in Psychology, 2(1), 67-91. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088705qp022oa
56. Yıldırım, İ. (2017). Eğitimin oyunlaştırılmasına ilişkin öğrenci algıları: Bir Q metodu analizi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 42(191), 235-246. https://doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.6970
57. Yüksel-Şahin, F. (2021). Psikolojik danışmanların Covid-19’a, yüz yüze ve çevrimiçi psikolojik danışma yapmaya, yüz yüze ve çevrimiçi eğitim almaya ilişkin görüşlerinin incelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (9), 496-522. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.799721
58. Zentner, K., Gaine, G., Ethridge, P., Surood, S., & Abba-Aji, A. (2022). Clinicians’ attitudes toward telepsychology in addiction and mental health services, and prediction of postpandemic telepsychology uptake: Cross-sectional study. JMIR Formative Research, 6(5): e35535. https://doi.org/10.2196/35535
59. Zeren, Ş. G. (2017). Therapeutic alliance in face-to-face and online counseling: Opinions of counselor candidates. Journal of Human Sciences, 14(3), 2278-2307. https://doi.org/10.14687/jhs.v14i3.4203