The Explanation of Resilience within Attachment Model Among Adults with Earthquake Experience

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to investigate the relationship between attachment styles and resilience of earthquake survivors. Totally 242 survivors (150 females, 92 males) of August 17 Marmara or November 12 Duzce earthquakes were participated to the study. The participants had lived in one of the five cities (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Yalova, Bolu and Duzce) at the time of earthquake. The age range of participants was between 20 and 58, with the mean of 36.13 years. Ego-Resilience Scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, Relationship Questionnaire, Life Orientation Scale, and Positive Negative Affect Schedule were administered to the participants. Pearson product moment correlation coefficients were utilized in order to examine the relationships between all variables. Simple linear regression analyses were run to evaluate how well secure attachment, positive emotions, and optimism predicted resilience. Results revealed a positive relationship between secure attachment and resilience. Additionally, positive affect, secure attachment, and optimism were found as important predictors of resilience.

Keywords

• Attachment style, Resilience

Deprem Deneyimi Yaşamış Yetişkinlerde Bağlanma Modeline Göre Psikolojik Sağlamlığın Açıklanması

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, deprem deneyimi yaşamış yetişkinlerde bağlanma stilleri ve psikolojik sağlamlık arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektedir. Araştırmaya, 17 Ağustos Marmara ya da 12 Kasım Düzce depremlerinden birini beş ilden (Kocaeli, Sakarya, Yalova, Bolu ve Düzce) herhangi birinde yaşamış 242 (150 kadın, 92 erkek) depremzede katılmıştır. Katılımcıların yaş aralığı 20-58 arasındadır ve yaş ortalaması 36.13 olarak bulunmuştur. Katılımcılara, Ego-Sağlamlığı Ölçeği, Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği, İlişki Ölçeği, Yaşam Yönelimi Testi ve Olumlu ve Olumsuz Duygu Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Araştırmada değişkenlerin bir biriyle olan ilişkisi Pearson çarpım momentler korelasyo nkatsayısı analizi ile test edilmiştir. Güvenli bağlanma, olumlu duygular ve iyimserliğin psikolojik sağlamlığı yordayan değişkenler olup olmadığı ise basit doğrusal regresyon modeli ile sınanmıştır. Güvenli bağlanma ile psikolojik sağlamlık arasında pozitif bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Ayrıca, regresyon modeli, olumlu duygular, güvenli bağlanma ve iyimserlik, psikolojik sağlamlığı yordayan önemli değişkenler olduğunu göstermektedir.

Keywords

• Bağlanma stili, Psikolojik sağlamlık

References

1. Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.
2. Akhunlar, M.N. (2010). Üniversite öğrencilerinin bağlanma stilleri ile uyum süreçleri arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Unpublishedmaster’s thesis, University of Maltepe, İstanbul.
3. Altundağ, G. (2011). Üniversite öğrencilerinde bağlanma stilleri, stresle başa çıkma tutumları ve stresi algılama düzeyinin incelenmesi. Unpublishedmaster’s thesis, Haliç Üniversitesi, İstanbul
4. Arbona, C., & Power, T.G. (2003).Parental attachment, self-esteem, and antisocial behaviors among African American, European American, and Mexican American adolescents. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1),40-51.
5. Armata, P.M., & Baldwin, D.R. (2008). Stress, optimism, resiliency and cortisol with relation to digestive symptoms or diagnosis. Individual Differences Research, 6, 123-138.
6. Aspelmeier, J.E., Elliot, A.N., & Smith, C.H. (2007). Childhood sexual abuse, attachment and trauma symptoms in college females: The moderating role of attachment. Child Abuse and Neglect, 31, 549-566.
7. Aydın, G., & Tezer, E. (1991). İyimserlik, sağlık sorunları ve akademik başarı ilişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26 (7), 2-9.
8. Baldwin, D.R., Kennedy, D., & Armata, P. (2008). De-stressing mommy: Ameliorative association with dispositional optimism and resiliency. Stress and Health, 24, 393-400.

9. Bartholomew, K. & Horowitz, L.M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(2), 226-244.
10. Block, J. & Kremen, A.M. (1996). IQ and ego-resilience: Conceptual and empirical connections and separateness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 349-361.
11. Başer-Şeker, G. (2009). Lise öğrencilerinin bağlanma stilleri ve yaşam doyumlarının incelenmesi. Unpublished master’s thesis, Gazi Üniversitesi, Ankara.
12. Birnbaum, G.E., Orr, I., Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1997). When marriage breaks up: Does attachment style contribute to coping and mental health? Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 14, 643-654.
13. Bonanno, G. A., Galea, S., Bucciarelli, A., &Vlahov, D. (2007). What predicts psychological resilience after disaster? The role of demographics, resources, and life stress. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, Vol 75(5), 671-682.
14. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and loss, Vol 1: Attachment. New York: Basic Books.
15. Çelik, Ş. (2004). The effects of an attachment-oriented-psychoeducational-group-training on improving the preoccupied attachment styles of university students. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
16. DiTommaso, E., Brannen-McNulty, C., Ross, L., & Burgess, M. (2003). Attachment styles, social skills and loneliness in young adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 35, 303-312.
17. Deniz, M.E., Hamarta, E., ve Arı, R. (2005). An investigation of social skills and loneliness levels of university students with respect to their attachment styles in a sample of Turkish students. Social Behavior and Personality, 33(1), 19-32.
18. Dumont, M. & Provost, M.A. (1999). Resilience in adolescents: Protective role of social support, coping strategies, self-esteem, and social activities on experience of stress and depression. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 28(3), 343-363.
19. Eagle, M. (1995). The developmental perspectives of attachment and psychoanalytic theory. In S. Goldber, R. Muir, & J. Kerr (Eds.), Attachment theory: Social, developmental, and clinical perspectives (pp. 123-150). Hillsdale NC: The Analytic Press.
20. Fraenkel, J.R., & Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education. (6th Ed). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company.
21. Fredrickson, B.L., Tugade, M.M., Waugh, C.E., & Larkin, G.R. (2003). What good are positive emotions in crises? A prospective study of resilience and emotions following the terrorist attacks on the United States on September 11th, 2001. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 365-376.
22. Gizir, C. A. (2007). Psikolojik Sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 28, 113-128.
23. Heinonen, K., Raikkönen, K., Jarvinen, L. & Standberg, T. (2004). Adult attachment dimensions and recollections of childhood family ontext: Associations with dispositional optimism and pessimism. European Journal of Personality, 18, 193-207.
24. Karaırmak, Ö. (2007a). Investigation of personal qualities contributing to psychological resilience among earthquake survivors: A model testing study. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Middle East Technical University, Ankara.
25. Karaırmak, Ö. (2007b). Connor-Davidson psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeğinin Türkçe versiyonunun geçerlilik ve güvenirliği: Travma örnekleminde doğrulayıcı factor analizi. IX. Ulusal Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Kongresi Kitapçığı.
26. Koohsar, A.A.H., & Bonab, B.G. (2011). Relationship between quality of attachment and life satisfaction in high school administrators. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 954-958.
27. Laible, D.J., Carlo, G., &Roesch, S.C. (2004). Pathways to self-esteem in late adolescence: the role of parent and peer attachment, empathy, and social behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 27, 703-716.
28. McCarthy, C.J., Moller, N., & Fouladi, R. (2001). Continued attachment to parents: Its relationship to affect regulation and perceived stress among college students.Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 33, 198-213.
29. Mikulincer, M. (1998). Adult attachment style and individual differences in functional versus dysfunctional experiences of anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 513-524.
30. Mikulincer, M., & Florian, V. (1995). Appraisal and coping with a real-life stressful situation: The contribution of attachment styles. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 21, 408-416.
31. Mikulincer, M., & Nachshon, O. (1991). Attachment styles and patterns of self-disclosure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 321-332.
32. Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Adult attachment and affect regulation. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver (Eds.), Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd Ed., pp. 503-531). New York: Guilford Press.
33. Ognibene, T.C., & Collins, N.L. (1998). Adult attachment styles, perceived social support and coping strategies. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(3), 323-345.
34. Ong, A.D., Bergeman, C.S., Bisconti, T.L., & Wallace, K.A. (2006). Psychological Resilience, positive emotions, and successful adaptation to stress in later life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91 (4), 730-749.
35. Park, L.E., Crocker, J., & Mickelson, K.D. (2004).Attachment styles and contingencies of self-worth. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 1243-1254.
36. Priel, B., & Shamai, D. (1995). Attachment style and perceived social support: Effects on affect regulation. Personality and Individual Difference, 19, 235-241.
37. Rahimian, B.E., Asgharnezhad, F.A. & Rahiminezhad, A. (2008). Relationship between attachment style and mental health in adult survivors of the Bam earthquake. Psychological Research, 11 (21), 27-40.
38. Rew, L., Taylor-Seehafer, M., Thomas, N. Y., & Yockey, R. D. (2001). Correlates of resilience in homeless adolescents.Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 33(1), 33-40.
39. Sable, P. (2008). What is adult attachment? Clinical Social Work Journal, 36, 21–30. doi 10.1007/s10615-007-0110-8.
40. Sameroff, A.J., & Seifer, R. (1990). Early contributors to developmental risk.In J. E. Roff, A.S. Masten, D. Cicchetti, K. Nuechterlein, & S. Weintraub (Eds.). Risk and protective factors in the development of psychopathology (pp. 52-66). New York: Cambridge University Press.
41. Shaver, P.R., & Mikulincer, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development, 4, 133-161.
42. Shehu, J., & Mokgwathi, M.M. (2008). Health locus of control and internal resilience factors among adolescents in Botswana: A case-control study with implications for physical education. South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation, 30(2), 95-105.
43. Sherry, A., Lyddon, W. J., & Henson, R. (2007). Adult attachment and developmental personality styles: An empirical study. Journal of Counseling and Development, 85, 337-348.
44. Simeon, D., Yehuda, R., Cunill, R., Knutelska, M., Putnam, F.W., & Smith, L.M. (2007). Factors associated with resilience in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32, 1149-1152.
45. Snyder, C. R. (2000). The past and possible futures of hope. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 19, 11-28.
46. Soncu, E. (2010). Psychiatric symptomatology, attachment style, and burnout among mental health professionals in Turkey. Unpublished master’s thesis,University of Bilgi, İstanbul
47. Surcinelli, P., Rossi, N., Montebarocci, O., & Baldora, B. (2010). Adult attachment styles and psychological disease: Examining the mediating role of personality traits. The Journal of Psychology, 144(6), 523-534.
48. Sümer, N., & Güngör, D. (1999). Yetişkin bağlanma stilleri ölçeklerinin Türk örneklemi üzerinde psikometrik değerlendirmesi ve kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 14, 71-106.
49. Tanaka, N., Hasui, C., Uji, M., Hiramura, H., Chen, Z., Shikai, N., & Kitamura, T. (2008).Correlates of the categories of adolescent attachment styles: Perceived rearing, family function, early life events, and personality. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 62(1), 65-74.
50. Terzi, Ş., & Çankaya, Z. (2009). Bağlanma stillerinin öznel iyi olmayı ve stresle başa çıkma tutumlarını yordama gücü. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 31, 1-11.
51. Topp, L., Barker, B., & Degenharrdt, L. (2004). The external validity of results derived from ecstasy users recruited using purposive sampling strategies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 73, 33-40.
52. Tugade, M.M., & Fredrickson, B.L. (2004). Resilient individuals use emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320-333.
53. Tusaie, K., Puskar, K., & Sereika, S.M. (2007). A predictive and moderating model of psychosocial resilience in adolescents. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 39(1), 54-60.
54. Twaite, J.A., & Rodriguez-Srednicki, O. (2004). Childhood sexual and physical abuse and adult vulnerability to PTSD: The mediating effects of attachment and dissociation. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 13(1), 17-38.
55. Veld, E., Vingerhoets, A., & Denollet, J. (2011). Attachment style and self-esteem: The mediating role of Type D personality. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 1099-1103.
56. Waldinger, R.J., Schulz, M.S., Barsky, A.J., & Ahern, D.K. (2006). Mapping the road from childhood trauma to adult somatization: The role of attachment. Psychosomatic Medicine, 68, 129-135.
57. Wearden, A., Peters, I., Berry, K., Barrowclough, C., & Liversidge, T. (2008). Adult attachment, parenting experiences, and core beliefs about self and others. Personality and Individual Differences, 44, 1246-1257.