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Examining The Relationship Between Empathy, Helpfulness, Respect and Fairness: A Path Analysis

Year 2020, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 257 - 277, 28.04.2020

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to examine the presence and power of prediction of the relationships among the behaviors of empathy, respect, helpfulness and fairness. In the proposed hypothetical model, three powers of prediction were examined: the power of empathy to predict helpfulness and respect, the power of helpfulness and respect to predict fairness, and finally the power of empathy to predict fairness through respect and helpfulness. A total of 332 fourth-grade elementary school students participated in the study. Structural equation modeling was employed to analyze the data. The findings of the study show that the ability to empathize had a large effect on the emergence of the behaviors of helpfulness and respect. However, the effect of the behaviors of helpfulness and respect on fairness was found to be moderate in size. Finally, the indirect effect of empathy on fairness mediated by the behaviors of respect and helpfulness was found to be significant and moderate.

References

  • Aktepe, V. (2010). İlköğretim 4. sınıf sosyal bilgiler dersinde yardımseverlik değerinin etkinlik temelli öğretimi ve öğrencilerin tutumlarına etkisi [Primary 4th grade in social studies course teaching 'philantropy' value with activity based and effect on students' attitudes] Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Gazi University, Ankara
  • Aral, V. (2010). Hukuk felsefesinin temel sorunları.[Basic problems of philosophy of law] İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 20, ed. L. Berkowitz, New York: Academic Press, 65– 122.
  • Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Breyer, F., & Gigliotti, G. A. (1980). Empathy and respect for the rights of others. Journal of Economics, 40(1), 59-64.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. (First Edition). NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
  • Cartabuke, M., Westerman, J. W., Bergman, J. Z., Whitaker, B. G., Westerman, J., & Beekun, R. I. (2017). Empathy as an antecedent of social justice attitudes and perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-11.
  • Çengelci Köse, T. (2017). Hukuk ve adalet dersi öğretim programı ve öğretim materyalinde değerler. [Values in law and justice course curriculum and teaching material] Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(51), 656-664.
  • Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2015). Empathy, justice, and moral behavior. AJOB neuroscience, 6(3), 3-14.
  • Demirci, İ. (2017). Huzurlu ve mutlu yaşamın değerler ve karakter güçleri bağlamında karma bir araştırmayla incelenmesi [The investigation of peaceful and happy life in the context of values and character strengths by using the mixed method] Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Marmara University, Istanbul.
  • Dereli, E. & Aypay, A. (2012). The prediction of empathetic tendency and characteristic trait of collaboration on humane values in secondary education students and the examining to those characteristics. Educational Sciences. Theory & Practise, 12(2), 1262-1270.
  • Deutsch M. (2011) Justice and conflict. In Coleman P. (eds) Conflict, Interdependence, and Justice. Peace Psychology Book Series, vol 11. Springer, New York, NY
  • Dökmen, Ü. (2013). Sanatta ve günlük yaşamda iletişim çatışmaları ve empatik [Communication conflicts in art and everyday life, and empathy]. Ankara: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Duru, E. (2004). Ögretmen adaylarında empati-yardım etme eğilimi ilişkisi ve yardım etme eğiliminin bazı psikososyal değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Investigation of the relationship between empathy and helping tendency in terms of some psychosocial variables]. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 15, 31-41.
  • Eren, S. (2015). Öyküleştirme yöntemine dayalı eğitimin beş yaş çocuklarında farklılıklara saygı kazanımına etkisinin incelenmesi [Studying the effect of story-based education on the respect of differences in five-year-old children]. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Erken, M. (2009). Empati becerisinin ahlaki davranışlar üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of empathy on moral behaviors] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Sakarya University, Sakarya.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (Third Ed.). London: Sage Publication.
  • Frith, C. (2008). Chair's introduction in empathy and fairness (eds Novartis Foundation, G. Bock and J. Goode). doi:10.1002/9780470030585.ch1
  • Heuer, L., Blumenthal, E., Douglas, A. & Weinblatt, T. (1999). A deservingness approach to respect as a relationally based fairness judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(10), 1279–1292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299258009
  • Hill, E. T. (2000). Respect, pluralism and justice. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Hod-Shemer, O., Zimerman, H., Hassunah-Arafat, S. & Wertheim, C. (2018). Preschool children’s perceptions of fairness. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(2), 179-186.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: implications for caring and justice. London, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, 1-55.
  • Kabapınar, Y. (2004). İlköğretimdeki hayat bilgisi ve sosyal bilgiler derslerinde kullanılacak bir öğretim etkinliği olarak resim çizimi yoluyla empati [Emapthy as a teaching activity to be used in life science and social studies courses in primary education.] M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 20, 85-100.
  • Kabapınar, Y. (2012). Kuramdan uygulamaya hayat bilgisi ve sosyal bilgiler öğretimi [From theory to practice: Life sciences and social studies instructions]. Genişletilmiş 3. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Kaya, A., & Siyez, D. M. (2010). KA-Sİ Çocuk ve ergenler için empatik eğilim ölçeği: geliştirilmesi geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. [Child and adolescent KA-Sİ empathic tendecy scale: development, validity and reliability study] Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(156), 110-125.
  • Kılınç, E. F. (2015). Okulöncesi dönemde değerlerin kapsamı. [The scope of value in early childhood education] S. Yağan Güder (ed.) In Okulöncesi ve İlkokul Döneminde Değerler Eğitimi. (p.21-35). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (Second Ediciton). NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
  • Kühnlenz, B., Sosnowski, S., Buß, M., Wollherr, D., Kühnlenz, K., & Buss, M. (2013). Increasing helpfulness towards a robot by emotional adaption to the user. International Journal of Social Robotics, 5(4), 457–476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0182-2
  • Lasa Aristu, A., Holgado Tello, F. P., Carrasco Ortiz, M. A., & del Barrio Gándara, M. V. (2008). The structure of bryant’s empathy index for children: A cross-validation study. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 670–677. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988452
  • Mark, I. L., IJzendoorn, M. H. & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 11: 451-468. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00210.
  • Miller, P.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
  • Moore, C. (2009). Fairness in children’s resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychological Science, 20(8), 944–948.
  • Nam, H. H., Jost, J. T., & Feldman, S. (2017). The neurobiology of fairness and social justice: an introduction. Social Justice Research, 30(4), 289–299. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-017-0296-z
  • Sarmusak, D. (2011). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin empatik eğilimleri ve algıladıkları öğretmen tutumlarının öğrencilerin ahlakî değer yargılarına etkisi [The effect of primary school students? empathic inclinations and perceptions of teacher attitudes on their value judgements] Unpublished master thesis. Gazi University, Ankara
  • Sashkin, M., & Williams, R. L. (1990). Does fairness make a difference? Organizational Dynamics, 19(2), 56–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90071-V
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of human values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550–562.
  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878–891.
  • Segal, E. A. (2011). Social empathy: A model built on empathy, contextual understanding, and social responsibility that promotes social justice. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 266–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.564040
  • Segal, E. A., & Wagaman, M. A. (2017). Social empathy as a framework for teaching social justice. Journal of Social Work Education, 53(2), 201-211.
  • Şimşek, S. & Öztürk, M. (2014). Sosyal bilgiler eğitiminde beceriler [Skills in social studies education]. S. İnan (Ed.) In Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimine Giriş (p. 83-97). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modelling. Personality and Individual Differences. 42, 893-898.
  • Suhr, D. (2008). Step your way through path analysis. Western Users of SAS Software Conference Proceedings. Retreieved from https://www.lexjansen.com/wuss/2008/pos/pos04.pdf
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6), 49-74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidel, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. (Fourth Edition). MA: Allyn &Bacon, Inc.
  • Toi, M., & Batson, C. D. (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(2), 281–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.2.281
  • Yılmaz, S. (2016). Milenyum çağının unutulan gerçeği şahsiyet ve değerler eğitimi [Forgotten truth of the millennium era: Personality and values education]. Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.

Empati, Yardımseverlik, Saygı ve Adil Olma Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi: Yol Analizi

Year 2020, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 257 - 277, 28.04.2020

Abstract

Alanyazında; empati, yardımseverlik, saygı ve adil olma davranışları arasında anlamlı ilişkilerin olduğu ifade edilmektedir. Ancak bu davranışlar arasındaki olası ilişkilere yönelik bir modelin önerildiği çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Yapılan araştırmada empati, saygı, yardımseverlik ve adil olma davranışları arasındaki ilişkiler ve yordama güçleri incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Önerilen hipotetik modelde; empatinin yardımseverlik ve saygılı olmayı, yardımseverlik ve saygılı olmanın adil olmayı ve son olarak empatinin saygı ve yardımseverlik davranışları aracılığıyla adil olmayı yordama gücü incelenmiştir. Araştırmaya 332 ilkokul dördüncü sınıf öğrencisi katılmıştır. Verilerinin analizinde yapısal eşitlik modellemesinden yararlanılmıştır. Araştırma bulguları; yardımseverlik ve saygılı olma davranışının ortaya çıkışında empati becerisinin yüksek etki büyüklüğüne sahip olduğunu göstermektedir. Bununla birlikte yardımseverlik ve saygılı olma davranışlarının, adil olma davranışı üzerindeki etki büyüklüğünün orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Son olarak empatinin; saygılı ve yardımsever olma davranışları aracılığıyla, adil olma davranışı üzerindeki dolaylı etkisinin anlamlı olduğu ve bu etkinin orta düzeyde olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular tartışılarak önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

References

  • Aktepe, V. (2010). İlköğretim 4. sınıf sosyal bilgiler dersinde yardımseverlik değerinin etkinlik temelli öğretimi ve öğrencilerin tutumlarına etkisi [Primary 4th grade in social studies course teaching 'philantropy' value with activity based and effect on students' attitudes] Unpublished doctoral dissertation. Gazi University, Ankara
  • Aral, V. (2010). Hukuk felsefesinin temel sorunları.[Basic problems of philosophy of law] İstanbul: On İki Levha Yayıncılık.
  • Batson, C. D. (1987). Prosocial motivation: Is it ever truly altruistic? in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. 20, ed. L. Berkowitz, New York: Academic Press, 65– 122.
  • Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
  • Breyer, F., & Gigliotti, G. A. (1980). Empathy and respect for the rights of others. Journal of Economics, 40(1), 59-64.
  • Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. (First Edition). NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
  • Cartabuke, M., Westerman, J. W., Bergman, J. Z., Whitaker, B. G., Westerman, J., & Beekun, R. I. (2017). Empathy as an antecedent of social justice attitudes and perceptions. Journal of Business Ethics, 1-11.
  • Çengelci Köse, T. (2017). Hukuk ve adalet dersi öğretim programı ve öğretim materyalinde değerler. [Values in law and justice course curriculum and teaching material] Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 10(51), 656-664.
  • Davis, M. H. (1996). Empathy: A social psychological approach. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
  • Decety, J., & Cowell, J. M. (2015). Empathy, justice, and moral behavior. AJOB neuroscience, 6(3), 3-14.
  • Demirci, İ. (2017). Huzurlu ve mutlu yaşamın değerler ve karakter güçleri bağlamında karma bir araştırmayla incelenmesi [The investigation of peaceful and happy life in the context of values and character strengths by using the mixed method] Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation. Marmara University, Istanbul.
  • Dereli, E. & Aypay, A. (2012). The prediction of empathetic tendency and characteristic trait of collaboration on humane values in secondary education students and the examining to those characteristics. Educational Sciences. Theory & Practise, 12(2), 1262-1270.
  • Deutsch M. (2011) Justice and conflict. In Coleman P. (eds) Conflict, Interdependence, and Justice. Peace Psychology Book Series, vol 11. Springer, New York, NY
  • Dökmen, Ü. (2013). Sanatta ve günlük yaşamda iletişim çatışmaları ve empatik [Communication conflicts in art and everyday life, and empathy]. Ankara: Remzi Kitabevi.
  • Duru, E. (2004). Ögretmen adaylarında empati-yardım etme eğilimi ilişkisi ve yardım etme eğiliminin bazı psikososyal değişkenler açısından incelenmesi [Investigation of the relationship between empathy and helping tendency in terms of some psychosocial variables]. Pamukkale University Journal of Education, 15, 31-41.
  • Eren, S. (2015). Öyküleştirme yöntemine dayalı eğitimin beş yaş çocuklarında farklılıklara saygı kazanımına etkisinin incelenmesi [Studying the effect of story-based education on the respect of differences in five-year-old children]. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara.
  • Erken, M. (2009). Empati becerisinin ahlaki davranışlar üzerindeki etkisi [The effect of empathy on moral behaviors] (Unpublished master’s thesis). Sakarya University, Sakarya.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using SPSS (Third Ed.). London: Sage Publication.
  • Frith, C. (2008). Chair's introduction in empathy and fairness (eds Novartis Foundation, G. Bock and J. Goode). doi:10.1002/9780470030585.ch1
  • Heuer, L., Blumenthal, E., Douglas, A. & Weinblatt, T. (1999). A deservingness approach to respect as a relationally based fairness judgment. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(10), 1279–1292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167299258009
  • Hill, E. T. (2000). Respect, pluralism and justice. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
  • Hod-Shemer, O., Zimerman, H., Hassunah-Arafat, S. & Wertheim, C. (2018). Preschool children’s perceptions of fairness. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(2), 179-186.
  • Hoffman, M. L. (2000). Empathy and moral development: implications for caring and justice. London, England: Cambridge University Press.
  • Hu, L. & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modelling, 6, 1-55.
  • Kabapınar, Y. (2004). İlköğretimdeki hayat bilgisi ve sosyal bilgiler derslerinde kullanılacak bir öğretim etkinliği olarak resim çizimi yoluyla empati [Emapthy as a teaching activity to be used in life science and social studies courses in primary education.] M. Ü. Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 20, 85-100.
  • Kabapınar, Y. (2012). Kuramdan uygulamaya hayat bilgisi ve sosyal bilgiler öğretimi [From theory to practice: Life sciences and social studies instructions]. Genişletilmiş 3. Baskı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
  • Kaya, A., & Siyez, D. M. (2010). KA-Sİ Çocuk ve ergenler için empatik eğilim ölçeği: geliştirilmesi geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. [Child and adolescent KA-Sİ empathic tendecy scale: development, validity and reliability study] Eğitim ve Bilim, 35(156), 110-125.
  • Kılınç, E. F. (2015). Okulöncesi dönemde değerlerin kapsamı. [The scope of value in early childhood education] S. Yağan Güder (ed.) In Okulöncesi ve İlkokul Döneminde Değerler Eğitimi. (p.21-35). Ankara: Eğiten Kitap.
  • Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling (Second Ediciton). NY: Guilford Publications, Inc.
  • Kühnlenz, B., Sosnowski, S., Buß, M., Wollherr, D., Kühnlenz, K., & Buss, M. (2013). Increasing helpfulness towards a robot by emotional adaption to the user. International Journal of Social Robotics, 5(4), 457–476. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12369-013-0182-2
  • Lasa Aristu, A., Holgado Tello, F. P., Carrasco Ortiz, M. A., & del Barrio Gándara, M. V. (2008). The structure of bryant’s empathy index for children: A cross-validation study. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 11(2), 670–677. Retrieved from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988452
  • Mark, I. L., IJzendoorn, M. H. & Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J. (2002). Development of empathy in girls during the second year of life: Associations with parenting, attachment, and temperament. Social Development, 11: 451-468. doi:10.1111/1467-9507.00210.
  • Miller, P.A., & Eisenberg, N. (1988). The relation of empathy to aggressive and externalizing/antisocial behavior. Psychological Bulletin, 103, 324-344.
  • Moore, C. (2009). Fairness in children’s resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychological Science, 20(8), 944–948.
  • Nam, H. H., Jost, J. T., & Feldman, S. (2017). The neurobiology of fairness and social justice: an introduction. Social Justice Research, 30(4), 289–299. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11211-017-0296-z
  • Sarmusak, D. (2011). İlköğretim öğrencilerinin empatik eğilimleri ve algıladıkları öğretmen tutumlarının öğrencilerin ahlakî değer yargılarına etkisi [The effect of primary school students? empathic inclinations and perceptions of teacher attitudes on their value judgements] Unpublished master thesis. Gazi University, Ankara
  • Sashkin, M., & Williams, R. L. (1990). Does fairness make a difference? Organizational Dynamics, 19(2), 56–71. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/0090-2616(90)90071-V
  • Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structure of human values: theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.). Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). San Diego: Academic Press.
  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a universal psychological structure of human values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550–562.
  • Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878–891.
  • Segal, E. A. (2011). Social empathy: A model built on empathy, contextual understanding, and social responsibility that promotes social justice. Journal of Social Service Research, 37(3), 266–277. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01488376.2011.564040
  • Segal, E. A., & Wagaman, M. A. (2017). Social empathy as a framework for teaching social justice. Journal of Social Work Education, 53(2), 201-211.
  • Şimşek, S. & Öztürk, M. (2014). Sosyal bilgiler eğitiminde beceriler [Skills in social studies education]. S. İnan (Ed.) In Sosyal Bilgiler Eğitimine Giriş (p. 83-97). Ankara: Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Steiger, J. H. (2007). Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modelling. Personality and Individual Differences. 42, 893-898.
  • Suhr, D. (2008). Step your way through path analysis. Western Users of SAS Software Conference Proceedings. Retreieved from https://www.lexjansen.com/wuss/2008/pos/pos04.pdf
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3 (6), 49-74.
  • Tabachnick, B. G. & Fidel, L. S. (2001). Using multivariate statistics. (Fourth Edition). MA: Allyn &Bacon, Inc.
  • Toi, M., & Batson, C. D. (1982). More evidence that empathy is a source of altruistic motivation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 43(2), 281–292. doi:https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.43.2.281
  • Yılmaz, S. (2016). Milenyum çağının unutulan gerçeği şahsiyet ve değerler eğitimi [Forgotten truth of the millennium era: Personality and values education]. Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
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Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Article
Authors

İşıner Sever 0000-0001-5381-6976

Ömür Gürdoğan Bayır This is me

Publication Date April 28, 2020
Submission Date August 14, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 49 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Sever, İ., & Gürdoğan Bayır, Ö. (2020). Examining The Relationship Between Empathy, Helpfulness, Respect and Fairness: A Path Analysis. Çukurova Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 49(1), 257-277.

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