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The Relationship between Altruism and Life Satisfaction: Mediator Role of Cognitive Flexibility

Year 2020, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 142 - 162, 28.04.2020

Abstract

Life satisfaction is one of the most basic goals of human beings. Covering all aspects of life satisfaction, the main dynamic and source of life motivation will be a key to human happiness. There are several factors affecting life satisfaction. This particular study probed how altruistic behaviors affect life satisfaction and how cognitive flexibility mediates the relationship between these two variables. A total of 559 undergraduate students aged between 18 and 36 (M = 21) studying at six different faculties participated in the study. The research data were collected through the scales of life satisfaction, cognitive flexibility and altruism measurement. The findings indicated that altruism is an important predictor of cognitive flexibility and life satisfaction and that cognitive flexibility is an important predictor of life satisfaction. It was also found that cognitive flexibility mediates the influence of altruism on young adult’s life satisfaction. The study concludes that students should be encouraged to exhibit altruistic behaviors to achieve life satisfaction. More importantly, it is believed that improving students’ flexible thinking skills as well as altruistic behaviors will increase their life satisfaction.

References

  • Altunkol, F. (2011). The analysis of the relation between cognitive flexibility and perceived stress levels of college students (Unpublished master’s thesis). Çukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Turkey.
  • Altunkol, F. (2017). Bilişsel esneklik eğitim programının lise öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik ile algilanan stress düzeylerine ve stresle başa çıkma tarzlarına etkisi (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).Çukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Turkey.
  • Asıcı, E., & İkiz, F. E. (2015). Mutluluğa giden bir yol: Bilişsel esneklik. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(35), 191-211.
  • Bai, Y. (2011). Studies on the relationship among cognitive flexibility, coping styles and mental health of the teachers in the middle occupational school (Unpublished master’s thesis).Hebei University, PRC.
  • Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Batson, C. D. (2012). A history of prosocial behavior research. In A. W. Kruglanski & W. Stroebe, Handbook of the History of Social Psychology (p. 243-264). Newyork: Psychology Press.
  • Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., Lishner, D. A., & Tsang, J. (2016). Empathy and altruism. In K. W. Brown & M. R. Leary (Ed.), Oxford handbook of hypo-egoic phenomena: Theory and research on the quiet ego (p. 161-174). Oxford University Press.
  • Becchettibecchetti, L., Corrado, L., & Conzo, P. (2017).Sociability, altruism and well-being. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41(2), 441-486.
  • Bedel, A. & Ulubey, E. (2015). Ergenlerde başa çıkma stratejilerini açıklamada bilişsel esnekliğin rolü. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(55), 291-300.
  • Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980).Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
  • Bettencourt, L. A. & Brown, S. W. (1997). Contact employees: relationships among workplace fairness, job satisfaction and prosocial service behaviors. Journal of Retailing, 73(1), 39–61. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90014-2.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316. doi: 10.1177/0049124189017003004
  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482-487.
  • Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Caprara, G. V. & Steca, P. (2005).Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of prosocial behavior conducive to life satisfaction across ages. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 191-217. doi:10.1521/jscp.24.2.191.62271.
  • Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2000). Prosocial foundations of children’s academic achievement. Psychological Science, 11(4), 302-306. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00260.
  • Certel, Z., Bahadır, Z., Kabaca, H. E., & Seraki, A. S. (2018). Professional experience, tolerance, empathy and reading interests as variables predicting cognitive flexibilities of physical education teachers. International Journal On New Trends In Education & Their Implications, 9(3).
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson.
  • Dennis, J. P. & Vander Wal, J. S. (2009). The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy Research, 34, 241–253.
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., Schroeder, D. A., & Penner, L. A. (2006). The social psychology of prosocial behavior. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Dulin, P., Hill, R. D., Anderson, J., & Rasmussen, D. (2001). Altruism as a predictor of life satisfaction in a sample of low-income older adult service providers. Journal of Mental Health and Aging,7(3), 349-360.
  • Dunleavy, K. N. & Martin, M. (2006). A convergent validity study of the decision-making collaboration scale. American Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 339-344.
  • Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429.
  • Dusselier, L., Dunn, B., Wang, Y., Shelley II, M. C. & Whalen, D. F. (2005). Personal, health, academic, and environmental predictors of stress for residence hall students. Journal of American College Health, 54(1), 15–24.
  • Gülaçtı, F., Gür, R., & Çiftçi, Z. (2017). Öğretmen adaylarının özgecilik ve yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Pegem Atif İndeksi, 473-484. doi:10.14527/9786053188407.31
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
  • Hossain, M. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Chan, C., Standing, C., & Olanrewaju, A. S. (2018). Sharing political content in online social media: A planned and unplanned behaviour approach. Information Systems Frontiers,20(3), 485-501. doi:10.1007/s10796-017-9820-9
  • Hullman, G. A. (2007). Communicative adaptability scale: Evaluating its use as an ‘other-report’ measure. Communication Reports, 20(2), 51-74. doi:10.1080/08934210701643693
  • Ionescu, T. (2011). Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility. New Ideas in Psychology, 30(2), 190-200.
  • Johnco, C., Wuthrich V. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). The influence of cognitive flexibility on treatment outcome and cognitive restructuring skill acquisition during cognitive behavioural treatment for anxiety and depression in older adults: Results of a pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 57, 55- 64.
  • Kahana, E., Bhatta, T., Lovegreen, L. D., Kahana, B., & Midlarsky, E. (2013). Altruism, helping, and volunteering: pathways to well-being in late life. Journal of Aging and Health, 25(1), 159-187. doi: 10.1177/0898264312469665.
  • Kahana, E., Kahana, B., Lovegreen, L., Kahana, J., Brown, J., & Kulle, D. (2011). Health-care consumerism and access to health care: Educating elders to improve both preventive and end-of-life care. Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 29, 173-193. doi:10.1108/S0275-4959(2011)0000029010
  • Kaya, Ş., Arslan, A., Özgen, D., Cesaretli, E., Bal, H.K., & Şen, Ş., (2015). 14-18 yaş arası bireylerin özgecilik ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/tg7f9eytksib/ondokuz-mayis-universitesi-egitim-fakultesi-rehberlik-vepsi/
  • Keith, J., Velezmoro, R., & O’brien, C. (2015). Correlates of cognitive flexibility in veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(4), 287-293. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000280
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications.
  • Koesten , J., Schrodt, P., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Communication, 24(1), 82-94. doi: 10.1080/10410230802607024
  • Layous, K., Nelson, S.K., Oberle, E., Schonert-Reichl, K.A., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). Kindness counts: prompting prosocial behavior in preadolescents boosts peer acceptance and well-being. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051380
  • Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151–173.
  • Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9. doi:10.1080/08934219809367680
  • Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (2001).The relationship between cognitive flexibility and affinity-seeking strategies. Advances in Psychological Research, 4, 69-76.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995).A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological reports, 76(2), 623-626. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Martin, M. M., Anderson, C. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (1998). Individuals’ perceptions of their communication behaviors: A validity study of the relationship between the cognitive flexibility scale and the communication flexibility scale with aggressive communication traits. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 531-540.
  • Martin, M. M.,Staggers, S. M., & Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275-280.
  • Meadows, S. O., Brown, J. S., & Elder, G. H. (2006). Depressive symptoms, stress, and support: Gendered trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 89-99.
  • Midlarsky, E., & Kahana, E. (1994). Altruism in later life (vol. 196). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Miranda, R. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 3088-3095.
  • Nazarzadeh, R. S., Fazeli, M., Aval, M. M. & Shourch, R. M. (2015). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy on cognitive flexibility in perfectionist. Psychology, 6(14), 1780.
  • Neugarten, B., Havighurst, R., & Tobin, S. (1961). The measure of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 134-143.
  • Newman, B. M. & Newman, P. R. (2018). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Boston: Cengage Learning
  • Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual. Maidenhead, PA: Open University Press.
  • Palm, K. M. & Follette, V. M. (2011).The roles of cognitive flexibility and experiential avoidance in explaining psychological distress in survivors of interpersonal victimization. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 33(1), 79-86.
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Özgecilik ve Yaşam Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki: Bilişsel Esnekliğin Aracı Rolü

Year 2020, Volume: 49 Issue: 1, 142 - 162, 28.04.2020

Abstract

Yaşam doyumu, insanın en temel amaçlarından biridir. Yaşam motivasyonunun temel kaynağı ve dinamiği olan yaşam doyumunun tüm yönlerinin ortaya çıkarılması insan mutluluğunun önemli bir kaynağı olacaktır. Yaşam doyumunu etkileyen birçok faktör bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada özgeci davranışların yaşam doyumunu nasıl etkilediğini ve bilişsel esnekliğin bu iki değişken arasındaki aracı rolü araştırılmaktadır. Çalışmaya yaşları 18 ve 36 (Ort = 21) arasında değişen altı farklı fakültedeki559 üniversite öğrencisi dâhil edilmiştir. Veri toplamada yaşam doyumu, bilişsel esneklik ve özgecilik ölçekleri kullanılmıştır. Bulgulara göre özgeciliğin bilişsel esneklik ve yaşam doyumunun önemli bir yordayıcısı olduğu bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bilişsel esnekliğin yaşam doyumunun önemli bir yordayıcısı olduğu bulunmuştur. Son olarak bilişsel esnekliğin, özgeciliğin genç yetişkinin yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkisine aracılık ettiği bulunmuştur. Sonuç olarak öğrenciler yaşam doyumuna ulaşabilmeleri için özgecil davranış sergilemeye teşvik edilmelidirler. Daha da önemlisi, özgecil davranışlarla birlikte öğrencilere esnek düşünme yeteneği kazandırmak yaşam doyumlarını artıracaktır.

References

  • Altunkol, F. (2011). The analysis of the relation between cognitive flexibility and perceived stress levels of college students (Unpublished master’s thesis). Çukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Turkey.
  • Altunkol, F. (2017). Bilişsel esneklik eğitim programının lise öğrencilerinin bilişsel esneklik ile algilanan stress düzeylerine ve stresle başa çıkma tarzlarına etkisi (Unpublished doctoral dissertation).Çukurova University, Institute of Social Sciences, Turkey.
  • Asıcı, E., & İkiz, F. E. (2015). Mutluluğa giden bir yol: Bilişsel esneklik. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(35), 191-211.
  • Bai, Y. (2011). Studies on the relationship among cognitive flexibility, coping styles and mental health of the teachers in the middle occupational school (Unpublished master’s thesis).Hebei University, PRC.
  • Batson, C. D. (1991). The altruism question: Toward a social-psychological answer. Hillsdale, NJ, England: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Batson, C. D. (2012). A history of prosocial behavior research. In A. W. Kruglanski & W. Stroebe, Handbook of the History of Social Psychology (p. 243-264). Newyork: Psychology Press.
  • Batson, C. D., Ahmad, N., Lishner, D. A., & Tsang, J. (2016). Empathy and altruism. In K. W. Brown & M. R. Leary (Ed.), Oxford handbook of hypo-egoic phenomena: Theory and research on the quiet ego (p. 161-174). Oxford University Press.
  • Becchettibecchetti, L., Corrado, L., & Conzo, P. (2017).Sociability, altruism and well-being. Cambridge Journal of Economics, 41(2), 441-486.
  • Bedel, A. & Ulubey, E. (2015). Ergenlerde başa çıkma stratejilerini açıklamada bilişsel esnekliğin rolü. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(55), 291-300.
  • Bentler, P. M. & Bonett, D. G. (1980).Significance tests and goodness of fit in the analysis of covariance structures. Psychological Bulletin, 88, 588-606.
  • Bettencourt, L. A. & Brown, S. W. (1997). Contact employees: relationships among workplace fairness, job satisfaction and prosocial service behaviors. Journal of Retailing, 73(1), 39–61. doi:10.1016/S0022-4359(97)90014-2.
  • Bollen, K. A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316. doi: 10.1177/0049124189017003004
  • Bonanno, G. A., Papa, A., Lalande, K., Westphal, M., & Coifman, K. (2004). The importance of being flexible: The ability to both enhance and suppress emotional expression predicts long-term adjustment. Psychological Science, 15(7), 482-487.
  • Browne, M.W. & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
  • Caprara, G. V. & Steca, P. (2005).Self-efficacy beliefs as determinants of prosocial behavior conducive to life satisfaction across ages. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24(2), 191-217. doi:10.1521/jscp.24.2.191.62271.
  • Caprara, G. V., Barbaranelli, C., Pastorelli, C., Bandura, A., & Zimbardo, P. G. (2000). Prosocial foundations of children’s academic achievement. Psychological Science, 11(4), 302-306. doi:10.1111/1467-9280.00260.
  • Certel, Z., Bahadır, Z., Kabaca, H. E., & Seraki, A. S. (2018). Professional experience, tolerance, empathy and reading interests as variables predicting cognitive flexibilities of physical education teachers. International Journal On New Trends In Education & Their Implications, 9(3).
  • Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational research: Planning, conducting, and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Boston: Pearson.
  • Dennis, J. P. & Vander Wal, J. S. (2009). The cognitive flexibility inventory: instrument development and estimates of reliability and validity. Cognitive Therapy Research, 34, 241–253.
  • Diener, E. D., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of personality assessment, 49(1), 71-75. doi:10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
  • Dovidio, J. F., Piliavin, J. A., Schroeder, D. A., & Penner, L. A. (2006). The social psychology of prosocial behavior. Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  • Dulin, P., Hill, R. D., Anderson, J., & Rasmussen, D. (2001). Altruism as a predictor of life satisfaction in a sample of low-income older adult service providers. Journal of Mental Health and Aging,7(3), 349-360.
  • Dunleavy, K. N. & Martin, M. (2006). A convergent validity study of the decision-making collaboration scale. American Journal of Psychology, 8(2), 339-344.
  • Durak, M., Senol-Durak, E., & Gençöz, T. (2010). Psychometric properties of the satisfaction with life scale among Turkish university students, correctional officers, and elderly adults. Social Indicators Research, 99(3), 413-429.
  • Dusselier, L., Dunn, B., Wang, Y., Shelley II, M. C. & Whalen, D. F. (2005). Personal, health, academic, and environmental predictors of stress for residence hall students. Journal of American College Health, 54(1), 15–24.
  • Gülaçtı, F., Gür, R., & Çiftçi, Z. (2017). Öğretmen adaylarının özgecilik ve yaşam doyumu düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Pegem Atif İndeksi, 473-484. doi:10.14527/9786053188407.31
  • Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53–60.
  • Hossain, M. A., Dwivedi, Y. K., Chan, C., Standing, C., & Olanrewaju, A. S. (2018). Sharing political content in online social media: A planned and unplanned behaviour approach. Information Systems Frontiers,20(3), 485-501. doi:10.1007/s10796-017-9820-9
  • Hullman, G. A. (2007). Communicative adaptability scale: Evaluating its use as an ‘other-report’ measure. Communication Reports, 20(2), 51-74. doi:10.1080/08934210701643693
  • Ionescu, T. (2011). Exploring the nature of cognitive flexibility. New Ideas in Psychology, 30(2), 190-200.
  • Johnco, C., Wuthrich V. M., & Rapee, R. M. (2014). The influence of cognitive flexibility on treatment outcome and cognitive restructuring skill acquisition during cognitive behavioural treatment for anxiety and depression in older adults: Results of a pilot study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 57, 55- 64.
  • Kahana, E., Bhatta, T., Lovegreen, L. D., Kahana, B., & Midlarsky, E. (2013). Altruism, helping, and volunteering: pathways to well-being in late life. Journal of Aging and Health, 25(1), 159-187. doi: 10.1177/0898264312469665.
  • Kahana, E., Kahana, B., Lovegreen, L., Kahana, J., Brown, J., & Kulle, D. (2011). Health-care consumerism and access to health care: Educating elders to improve both preventive and end-of-life care. Research in the Sociology of Health Care, 29, 173-193. doi:10.1108/S0275-4959(2011)0000029010
  • Kaya, Ş., Arslan, A., Özgen, D., Cesaretli, E., Bal, H.K., & Şen, Ş., (2015). 14-18 yaş arası bireylerin özgecilik ile yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişki. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/tg7f9eytksib/ondokuz-mayis-universitesi-egitim-fakultesi-rehberlik-vepsi/
  • Keith, J., Velezmoro, R., & O’brien, C. (2015). Correlates of cognitive flexibility in veterans seeking treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 203(4), 287-293. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000000280
  • Kline, R. B. (2015). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: Guilford publications.
  • Koesten , J., Schrodt, P., & Ford, D. J. (2009). Cognitive flexibility as a mediator of family communication environments and young adults' well-being. Health Communication, 24(1), 82-94. doi: 10.1080/10410230802607024
  • Layous, K., Nelson, S.K., Oberle, E., Schonert-Reichl, K.A., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012). Kindness counts: prompting prosocial behavior in preadolescents boosts peer acceptance and well-being. PLoS ONE 7(12): e51380. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051380
  • Little, T. D., Cunningham, W. A., Shahar, G., & Widaman, K. F. (2002). To parcel or not to parcel: Exploring the question, weighing the merits. Structural Equation Modeling, 9, 151–173.
  • Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (1998). The cognitive flexibility scale: Three validity studies. Communication Reports, 11(1), 1-9. doi:10.1080/08934219809367680
  • Martin, M. M., & Anderson, C. M. (2001).The relationship between cognitive flexibility and affinity-seeking strategies. Advances in Psychological Research, 4, 69-76.
  • Martin, M. M., & Rubin, R. B. (1995).A new measure of cognitive flexibility. Psychological reports, 76(2), 623-626. doi:10.2466/pr0.1995.76.2.623
  • Martin, M. M., Anderson, C. M., & Thweatt, K. S. (1998). Individuals’ perceptions of their communication behaviors: A validity study of the relationship between the cognitive flexibility scale and the communication flexibility scale with aggressive communication traits. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13(3), 531-540.
  • Martin, M. M.,Staggers, S. M., & Anderson, C. M. (2011). The relationships between cognitive flexibility with dogmatism, intellectual flexibility, preference for consistency, and self-compassion. Communication Research Reports, 28(3), 275-280.
  • Meadows, S. O., Brown, J. S., & Elder, G. H. (2006). Depressive symptoms, stress, and support: Gendered trajectories from adolescence to young adulthood. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 35(1), 89-99.
  • Midlarsky, E., & Kahana, E. (1994). Altruism in later life (vol. 196). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage
  • Miranda, R. & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2007). Brooding and reflection: Rumination predicts suicidal ideation at 1-year follow-up in a community sample. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 3088-3095.
  • Nazarzadeh, R. S., Fazeli, M., Aval, M. M. & Shourch, R. M. (2015). Effectiveness of cognitive-behavior therapy on cognitive flexibility in perfectionist. Psychology, 6(14), 1780.
  • Neugarten, B., Havighurst, R., & Tobin, S. (1961). The measure of life satisfaction. Journal of Gerontology, 16, 134-143.
  • Newman, B. M. & Newman, P. R. (2018). Development through life: A psychosocial approach. Boston: Cengage Learning
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There are 66 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Article
Authors

İsmail Yelpaze 0000-0003-4428-0502

Levent Yakar 0000-0001-7856-6926

Publication Date April 28, 2020
Submission Date October 3, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 49 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Yelpaze, İ., & Yakar, L. (2020). The Relationship between Altruism and Life Satisfaction: Mediator Role of Cognitive Flexibility. Cukurova University Faculty of Education Journal, 49(1), 142-162. https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.628825

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