Psikolojik Danışmanlarda Otantiklik, Öz-duyarlılık ve İyi Oluş: Beden Duyarlılığı ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğünün Aracı Rolü

Year 2024, Volume: 53 Issue: 3, 1267 - 1296, 31.12.2024

Zeynep Aydın Sünbül , Neslihan Özcan

https://doi.org/10.14812/cuefd.1463114

Abstract

Bu araştırmada psikolojik danışmanlarda otantiklik, öz-duyarlılık ile iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkide beden duyarlılığı ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün aracı rolünü incelemek amaçlanmıştır. Örneklemde 137 kadın, 37 erkek olmak üzere toplam 174 psikolojik danışman katılımcı yer almıştır. Yol analizi sonuçları otantikliğin iyi oluş ile anlamlı düzeyde dolaylı ilişkiler sergilediğini (β=.21, p<.01, 95% BC, CI [.15, .28]) ve hem beden duyarlılığının (β=.05, p<.01) hem de duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün (β=.16, p<.01) bu ilişkiye anlamlı düzeyde kısmi aracılık ettiğini ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca, öz-duyarlılığın iyi oluş ile anlamlı düzeyde dolaylı ilişkiler sergilediği (β=.44, p<.01, 95% BC, CI [.32, .54]) ve hem beden duyarlılığının (β=.03, p<.05) hem de duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün (β=.41, p<.01) bu ilişkiye anlamlı düzeyde ve kısmi aracılık ettiği bulunmuştur. Araştırmada önerilen yol modeli psikolojik danışmanlarda beden duyarlılığına ilişkin varyansın %19’unu, duygu düzenleme güçlüğünün %74’ünü ve iyi oluşun %27’sini açıklamaktadır. Bulgular ilgili alan yazı doğrultusunda tartışılmış ve çeşitli öneriler sunulmuştur.

Keywords

Psikoloji, Beden Duyarlılığı, Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü, İyi Oluş, Otantiklik, Öz-duyarlılık, Psikolojik Danışman

Ethical Statement

Araştırmada İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Etik Kurulu tarafından 07/05/2018 tarihli etik kurul onayı alınmıştır (E-38510686-100-2300007283).

Authenticity, Self-compassion and Well-being in Psychological Counselors: The Mediating Role of Body Responsiveness and Emotion Dysregulation

Abstract

This study aims to examine the mediating role of body responsiveness and emotion dysregulation in the relationship between authenticity, self-compassion, and well-being among psychological counselors. A total of 174 psychological counselors, 137 women and 37 men, took part as the sample. The results showed that authenticity exhibited significantly indirect relationships with well-being (β=.21, p<.01, 95% BC, CI [.15, .28]), and both body responsiveness (β=.05, p<.01) and emotion dysregulation (β=.16, p<.01) partially mediating this relationship at a significant level. In addition, self-compassion exhibited significantly indirect relationship with well-being (β=.44, p<.01, 95% BC, CI [.32, .54]), and both body responsiveness (β=.03, p<.05) and emotion dysregulation (β=.41, p<.01) also serving as partial mediators. The proposed path model of the study explains 19% of the variance in body responsiveness, 74% of emotion dysregulation, and 27% of well-being among psychological counselors. The findings were discussed in light of the related literature and various suggestions were provided.

Keywords

Psychology, body responsiveness, emotion dysregulation, well-being, authenticity, self-compassion, psychological counselor

Ethical Statement

Araştırmada İstanbul Medeniyet Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Etik Kurulu tarafından 07/05/2018 tarihli etik kurul onayı alınmıştır (E-38510686-100-2300007283).

References

• Akın, Ü., Akın, A. & Abacı, R. (2007). Öz-duyarlık ölçeği: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 33, 01-10.
• American Counseling Association. (2014). ACA code of ethics. American Counseling Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 5th edition. American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
• Anderson, C. L., Chen, S. & Ayduk, Ö. (2020). When does changing emotions harm authenticity? Distinct reappraisal strategies differentially impact subjective and observer-rated authenticity. Self and Identity, 19(5), 590–612. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2019.1645041
• Aydın Sünbül, Z. & Arıcı Özcan, N. (2022). The mediating role of negative mood states and body responsiveness in the associations of mindfulness and self-compassion with life satisfaction. Studia Psychologica, 64(4), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.31577/sp.2022.04.858
• Baker, Z. G., Tou, R. Y. W., Bryan, J. L. & Knee, C. R. (2017). Authenticity and well-being: exploring positivity and negativity in interactions as a mediator. Personality and Individual Differences, 113, 235–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.018
• Barrett-Lennard, G. (1998). Carl Rogers’ helping system: journey and substance. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446217894
• Batten, S. V. & Santanello, A. P. (2009). A contextual behavioral approach to the role of emotion in psychotherapy supervision. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 3(3), 148–156. https://doi.org/10.1037/1931-3918.a0014801
• Bayır-Toper, A., Sellman, E. & Joseph, S. (2022). Being yourself for the ‘greater good’: An empirical investigation of the moderation effect of authenticity between self-compassion and compassion for others. Current Psychology, 41(7), 4871–4884. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00989-6
• Bibeau, M., Dionne, F. & Leblanc, J. (2016). Can compassion meditation contribute to the development of psychotherapists’ empathy? A review. Mindfulness, 7(1), 255–263. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-015-0439-y
• Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F. W. & Hutton, J. (2013). Cultivating self-care and compassion in psychological therapists in training: The experience of practicing loving-kindness meditation. Training and Education in Professional Psychology, 7(4), 267–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033092
• Boellinghaus, I., Jones, F. W. & Hutton, J. (2014). The role of mindfulness and loving-kindness meditation in cultivating self-compassion and other-focused concern in health care professionals. Mindfulness, 5(2), 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-012-0158-6
• Boyraz, G. & Kuhl, M. L. (2015). Self-focused attention, authenticity, and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 87, 70–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2015.07.029
• Burks, D. J. & Robbins, R. (2012). Psychologists’ authenticity. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 52(1), 75–104. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167810381472
• Burton, A., Burgess, C., Dean, S., Koutsopoulou, G. Z. & Hugh-Jones, S. (2017). How effective are mindfulness-based interventions for reducing stress among healthcare professionals? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Stress and Health, 33(1), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2673
• Butler, J. & Kern, M. L. (2016). The PERMA-Profiler: A brief multidimensional measure of flourishing. International Journal of Wellbeing, 6(3), 1–48. https://doi.org/10.5502/ijw.v6i3.526
• Campos, J. J., Walle, E. A., Dahl, A. & Main, A. (2011). Reconceptualizing emotion regulation. Emotion Review, 3(1), 26–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910380975
• Chan, L. (2010). Intentional interviewing and counseling: facilitating client development in a multicultural society, by Allen E. Ivey, Mary B. Ivey and Carlos P. Zalaquett. Asia Pacific Journal of Counselling and Psychotherapy, 1(2), 186–187. https://doi.org/10.1080/21507686.2010.493204
• Chen, S. (2021). The relationship between emotion regulation methods and post-traumatic stress. 2021 International Conference on Biomedicine, Medical Services & Specialties, 75–78.
• Colli, A., Tanzilli, A., Dimaggio, G. & Lingiardi, V. (2014). Patient personality and therapist response: An empirical investigation. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171(1), 102–108. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13020224
• Cook, J. D. (2009). Emotion regulation for counselors-in-training: determining and developing the emotional suitability of applicants and trainees for counseling work. Oregon State University.
• Cook-Cottone, C. P. (2015). Mindfulness and yoga for self-regulation. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826198631
• Cottone, R. R., Tarvydas, V. M. & Hartley, M. T. (2021). Ethics and decision making in counseling and psychotherapy. Springer Publishing Company. https://doi.org/10.1891/9780826135292
• Daubenmier, J. J. (2005). The relationship of yoga, body awareness, and body responsiveness to self-objectification and disordered eating. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 29(2), 207–219. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6402.2005.00183.x
• Daubenmier, J., Sze, J., Kerr, C. E., Kemeny, M. E. & Mehling, W. (2013). Follow your breath: Respiratory interoceptive accuracy in experienced meditators. Psychophysiology, 50(8), 777–789. https://doi.org/10.1111/psyp.12057
• Demirci, İ., Ekşi, H., Dinçer, D. & Kardaş, S. (2017). Beş boyutlu iyi oluş modeli: PERMA ölçeği Türkçe formunun geçerlik ve güvenirliği. Five-dimensional model of well-being: The validity and reliability of Turkish version of PERMA-Profiler. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 5(1), 60–77.
• Diener, E. & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47(5), 1105–1117. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.47.5.1105
• Ding, J. (2021). Psychological empowerment and turnover intention among university counselors: emotional exhaustion as a mediator and emotion regulation as a moderator. Current Psychology, 41(12), 8280–8286. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12144-021-02079-7/FIGURES/3
• Dorian, M. & Killebrew, J. E. (2014). A study of mindfulness and self-care: a path to self-compassion for female therapists in training. Women & Therapy, 37(1–2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/02703149.2014.850345
• English, T. & John, O. P. (2013). Understanding the social effects of emotion regulation: The mediating role of authenticity for individual differences in suppression. Emotion, 13(2), 314–329. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029847
• Finlay-Jones, A. L., Rees, C. S. & Kane, R. T. (2015). Self-compassion, emotion regulation and stress among Australian psychologists: testing an emotion regulation model of self-compassion using structural equation modeling. PLOS ONE, 10(7), e0133481. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133481
• Gibson, D. M., Dollarhide, C. T. & Moss, J. M. (2010). Professional identity development: A grounded theory of transformational tasks of new counselors. Counselor Education and Supervision, 50(1), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6978.2010.tb00106.x
• Gratz, K. L. & Roemer, L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: development, factor structure, and initial validation of the difficulties in emotion regulation scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26(1), 41–54. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94
• Gross, J. J. (1998). The emerging field of emotion regulation: an integrative review. Review of General Psychology, 2(3), 271–299.
• Gross, J. J. (2002). Emotion regulation: Affective, cognitive, and social consequences. Psychophysiology, 39(3), 281–291. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0048577201393198
• Gross, J. J. & Thompson, R. A. (2007). Emotion regulation conceptual foundations. In J. J. Gross (Ed.), Handbook of Emotion Regulation (pp. 3–24). Guilford Press.
• Hanley, A. W., Mehling, W. E. & Garland, E. L. (2017). Holding the body in mind: Interoceptive awareness, dispositional mindfulness, and psychological well-being. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 99, 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.014
• Harris, M. R. (2010). The relationship between psychological well-being and perceived wellness in graduate-level counseling students. Walden University.
• Harter, S. (2002). Authenticity. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 382–394). Oxford University Press.
• Hayes, A. M. & Feldman, G. (2004). Clarifying the construct of mindfulness in the context of emotion regulation and the process of change in therapy. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 11(3), 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1093/CLIPSY.BPH080
• Hill, T. K. (2013). The relationships among master’s level counseling trainees’ training level, emotional intelligence, and psychophysiological correlates of emotion regulation during a simulated counseling interaction. The University of North Carolina at Charlotte.
• İlhan, T. & Özdemir, Y. (2013). Otantiklik ölçeğinin Türkçeye uyarlanması: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması / Adaptation of authenticity scale to Turkish: a validity and reliability study. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5(40), 142–153.
• Impett, E. A., Daubenmier, J. J. & Hirschman, A. L. (2006). Minding the body: Yoga, embodiment, and well-being. Sexuality Research and Social Policy, 3(4), 39–48. https://doi.org/10.1525/srsp.2006.3.4.39
• Impett, E. A., Le, B. M., Kogan, A., Oveis, C. & Keltner, D. (2014). When you think your partner is holding back: the costs of perceived partner suppression during relationship sacrifice. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 5(5), 542–549. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550613514455
• Jungers, C. M. & Gregoire, J. (2016). Authenticity in ethical decision making: Reflections for professional counselors. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 55(2), 99–110. https://doi.org/10.1002/johc.12027
• Kernis, M. H. & Goldman, B. M. (2006). A multicomponent conceptualization of authenticity: theory and research. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 38, 283–357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(06)38006-9
• Keyes, C. L. M. (1998). Social well-being. Social Psychology Quarterly, 61(2), 121. https://doi.org/10.2307/2787065
• Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). Guilford Press.
• Kottler, J. A. & Hazler, R. J. (2001). The therapist as a model of humane values and humanistic behavior. In The handbook of humanistic psychology: Leading edges in theory, research, and practice (pp. 355–370). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412976268.n28
• Lambie, G. W. & Sias, S. M. (2009). An integrative psychological developmental model of supervision for professional school counselors-in-training. Journal of Counseling & Development, 87(3), 349–356. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2009.tb00116.x
• Lamont, J. M. (2019). The relationship of mindfulness to body shame, body responsiveness, and health outcomes. Mindfulness, 10(4), 639–649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-018-1020-2
• Lamont, J. M. (2021). Effects of body shame on poor health decisions: The mediating role of body responsiveness. Current Psychology, 40 (11), 5489–5498. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-019-00528-y
• Landa, I. & English, T. (2022). Variability in state authenticity predicts daily affect and emotion regulation. Emotion, 22(8), 1995–1999. https://doi.org/10.1037/emo0001017
• Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Batts Allen, A. & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887–904. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.5.887
• Lee, M.-J., Wu, W.-C., Chang, H.-C., Chen, H.-J., Lin, W.-S., Feng, J. Y. & Lee, T. S.-H. (2020). Effectiveness of a school-based life skills program on emotional regulation and depression among elementary school students: A randomized study. Children and Youth Services Review, 118, 105464. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105464
• Linehan, M. M. (2015). DBT skills training manual, 2nd Ed. In Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease (Issue 11). https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0000000000000387
• Linley, P. A., Joseph, S., Harrington, S. & Wood, A. M. (2006). Positive psychology: Past, present, and (possible) future. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 1(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760500372796
• MacBeth, A. & Gumley, A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(6), 545–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2012.06.003.
• Marshall, N. M. (1996). Sampling for qualitative research. Family Practice, 13(6), 522-525.
• Martínez-Iñigo, D., Totterdell, P., Alcover, C. M. & Holman, D. (2007). Emotional labour and emotional exhaustion: Interpersonal and intrapersonal mechanisms. Work & Stress, 21(1), 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370701234274.
• Mayton, H. (2018). Being your authentic self: an exploration of the relationship between authenticity and self-efficacy in counselor trainees. The University of North Carolina.
• Mehling, W. E., Daubenmier, J., Price, C. J., Acree, M., Bartmess, E. & Stewart, A. L. (2013). Self-reported interoceptive awareness in primary care patients with past or current low back pain. Journal of Pain Research, 403. https://doi.org/10.2147/JPR.S42418
• Mennin, D. & Farach, F. (2007). Emotion and evolving treatments for adult psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 14(4), 329–352. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2007.00094.x
• Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223–250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309027
• Neff, K. D. & Pommier, E. (2013). The relationship between self-compassion and other-focused concern among college undergraduates, community adults, and practicing meditators. Self and Identity, 12(2), 160–176. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2011.649546
• Nelson, J. R., Hall, B. S., Anderson, J. L., Birtles, C. & Hemming, L. (2018). Self–compassion as self-care: a simple and effective tool for counselor educators and counseling students. Journal of Creativity in Mental Health, 13(1), 121–133. https://doi.org/10.1080/15401383.2017.1328292
• Oschman, J. L. (2015). Energy medicine: The scientific basis second edition. Churchill Livingstone https://doi.org/10.1016/C2009-0-49551-5
• Patsiopoulos, A. T. & Buchanan, M. J. (2011). The practice of self-compassion in counseling: A narrative inquiry. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 42(4), 301–307. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024482
• Pillow, D. R., Hale, W. J., Crabtree, M. A. & Hinojosa, T. L. (2017). Exploring the relations between self-monitoring, authenticity, and well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 116, 393–398. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.04.060
• Pintado, S. (2019). Changes in body awareness and self-compassion in clinical psychology trainees through a mindfulness program. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 34, 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2018.12.010
• Prikhidko, A., Su, Y., Houseknecht, A. & Swank, J. M. (2020). Emotion regulation for counselors‐in‐training: A grounded theory. Counselor Education and Supervision, 59(2), 96–111. https://doi.org/10.1002/ceas.12169
• Prikhidko, A. & Swank, J. M. (2018). Emotion regulation for counselors. Journal of Counseling & Development, 96(2), 206–212. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCAD.12193
• Purwaningrum, R., Hanurawan, F., Degeng, I N. S. & Triyono, T. (2019). School counselor’s psychological well-being: A phenomenological study. EJES, 6(2), 80–99. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.2691173
• Raab, K. (2014). Mindfulness, self-compassion, and empathy among health care professionals: a review of the literature. Journal of Health Care Chaplaincy, 20(3), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/08854726.2014.913876
• Rivera, G. N., Christy, A. G., Kim, J., Vess, M., Hicks, J. A. & Schlegel, R. J. (2019). Understanding the relationship between perceived authenticity and well-being. Review of General Psychology, 23(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000161
• Rogers, C. (1961). On becoming a person, a therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Scientific Research Publishing.
• Ruganci, R. N. (2008). The relationship among attachment style, affect regulation, psychological distress, and mental construct of the relational world. Middle East Technical University.
• Ryan, R. M., Laguardia, J. G. & Rawsthome, L. J. (2005). Self-complexity and the authenticity of self-aspects: effects on well-being and resilience to stressful events. North American Journal of Psychology, 7(3), 431–448.
• Ryan, W. S. & Ryan, R. M. (2019). Toward a social psychology of authenticity: exploring within-person variation in autonomy, congruence, and genuineness using self-determination theory. Review of General Psychology, 23(1), 99–112. https://doi.org/10.1037/gpr0000162
• Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069–1081. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
• Ryff, C. D. & Singer, B. H. (2008). Know thyself and become what you are: An eudaimonic approach to psychological well-being. Journal of Happiness Studies, 9(1), 13–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9019-0
• Schmader, T. & Sedikides, C. (2018). State authenticity as fit to environment: The implications of social identity for fit, authenticity, and self-segregation. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 22(3), 228–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868317734080
• Schueller, S. M. & Seligman, M. E. P. (2010). Pursuit of pleasure, engagement, and meaning: Relationships to subjective and objective measures of well-being. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(4), 253–263. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439761003794130
• Sutton, A. (2020). Living the good life: A meta-analysis of authenticity, well-being, and engagement. Personality and Individual Differences, 153, 109645. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.109645
• Tagay, Ö. & Çakar, F. S. (2017). Okullarda yürütülen psikolojik danışma ve rehberlik hizmetlerine ilişkin okul psikolojik danışmanlarının görüşleri. Ahi Evran Üniversitesi Kırşehir Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(3), 1168-1186.
• Tarhan, S. (2017). İhtiyaç, yeterlik ve mesleki doyum bağlamında rehber öğretmenlerin görev algıları. Bartın Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3), 1385-1408.
• Voon, S. P. & Chan, S. L. (2021). Counselling cancer patients: A case study of perspectives of professional counsellors and cancer patients in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(17). https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i17/11398
• Werner, K. & Gross, J. J. (2010). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A conceptual framework. In M.
• Kring & D. M. Sloan (Eds.), Emotion regulation and psychopathology: A transdiagnostic approach to etiology and treatment (pp. 13–37). Guilford Press.
• Winnicott, D. W. (1965). The maturational processes and the facilitating environment: studies in the theory of emotional development. International Universities Press.
• Wood, A. M., Linley, P. A., Maltby, J., Baliousis, M. & Joseph, S. (2008). The authentic personality: A theoretical and empirical conceptualization and the development of the Authenticity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 55(3), 385–399. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.55.3.385
• Yalom, I. (1980). Existential psychotherapy. Basic Books.
• Yıldız, A. D. & Türk, E. G. (2018). Okul psikolojik danışmanlarının görev sınırları ve sorumluluklarının metaforlar ile analizi. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 26(4), 1207-1216. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.358491
• Zhang, J. W., Chen, S., Tomova Shakur, T. K., Bilgin, B., Chai, W. J., Ramis, T., Shaban-Azad, H., Razavi, P., Nutankumar, T. & Manukyan, A. (2019). A compassionate self is a true self? Self-compassion promotes subjective authenticity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 45(9), 1323–1337. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167218820914.