Research Article

The Concept of “Modern Arabic Literature” in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey

Volume: 29 Number: 3 December 15, 2025
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The Concept of “Modern Arabic Literature” in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey

Abstract

Modern Arabic literature is often considered to have begun with Napoleon's invasion of Egypt in 1798, while the 19th century is recognized in sources as the Nahda (renaissance) century. During the rule of Muhammad Ali Pasha in Egypt, who assumed power in 1805 after Napoleon, significant steps toward modernization were taken. Key developments included the establishment of the Bulaq Press, the sending of students to Europe for education, translation activities, and the founding of the School of Languages. While literary products began to emerge after the 1850s, the appearance of the first modern literary works extended into the early 20th century. Today, Paul Starkey is one of the most prominent scholars of modern Arabic literature in the West. Paul Starkey, a British Orientalist and scholar known for his work on modern Arabic literature and Arabic-English translation, who studied at Oxford University and until his retirement was Professor of Arabic at Durham University, has published numerous scholarly articles on various aspects of the Arabic novel, especially on Arab writers such as Edwar al-Kharrat and Sonallāh Ibrahim. He has won many awards in the international arena. In his work Modern Arabic Literature, English Orientalist and academic Paul Starkey argues that modern Arabic literature did not begin with Napoleon’s invasion of Egypt. Starkey suggests that the use of the term modern in this context reflects the influence of the rise of the novel in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries and its peak in the 19th century, which marked the West’s modernity being mirrored in the East. He also emphasizes that the term Arabic in Arabic literature is not limited to works written in the Arabic language but includes works by Arabs or authors of Arab origin, especially in Western languages such as English, French and Spanish can also be considered as Arabic literature. Moreover, the evaluation of this literature, which brings Mahjar literature to mind, brings with it a new perspective that considers the publications written in Spanish by Arabs in South America as a continuation of Mahjar, contrary to the ideas that Mahjar literature ended in the 1960s but continued its influence. Finally, Starkey points out that the word “Adab” has a much wider layer of meaning than the meaning of literature. In the related article, descriptive method, one of the qualitative research methods, was used throughout the research and the data obtained were evaluated by analysis method. In this context, in the light of the aforementioned information, this article aims to explore the concept of Modern Arabic Literature through Paul Starkey’s perspective and to provide a broader interpretation of this concept. It also examines the Nahda movement and the emergence of the novel as a genre resulting from modernization efforts.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Arabic Language and Rhetoric

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

December 15, 2025

Submission Date

January 15, 2025

Acceptance Date

July 26, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 29 Number: 3

APA
Gökgöz, T. (2025). The Concept of “Modern Arabic Literature” in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi, 29(3), 59-85. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1620871
AMA
1.Gökgöz T. The Concept of “Modern Arabic Literature” in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey. CUID. 2025;29(3):59-85. doi:10.18505/cuid.1620871
Chicago
Gökgöz, Turgay. 2025. “The Concept of ‘Modern Arabic Literature’ in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 29 (3): 59-85. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1620871.
EndNote
Gökgöz T (December 1, 2025) The Concept of “Modern Arabic Literature” in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 29 3 59–85.
IEEE
[1]T. Gökgöz, “The Concept of ‘Modern Arabic Literature’ in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey”, CUID, vol. 29, no. 3, pp. 59–85, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.18505/cuid.1620871.
ISNAD
Gökgöz, Turgay. “The Concept of ‘Modern Arabic Literature’ in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi 29/3 (December 1, 2025): 59-85. https://doi.org/10.18505/cuid.1620871.
JAMA
1.Gökgöz T. The Concept of “Modern Arabic Literature” in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey. CUID. 2025;29:59–85.
MLA
Gökgöz, Turgay. “The Concept of ‘Modern Arabic Literature’ in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey”. Cumhuriyet İlahiyat Dergisi, vol. 29, no. 3, Dec. 2025, pp. 59-85, doi:10.18505/cuid.1620871.
Vancouver
1.Turgay Gökgöz. The Concept of “Modern Arabic Literature” in the Context of English Orientalist Paul Starkey. CUID. 2025 Dec. 1;29(3):59-85. doi:10.18505/cuid.1620871