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Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet

Year 2019, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 155 - 162, 30.09.2019

Gülnihal Kara

https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099

Abstract

Fotokopi makineleri iç ortam hava kalite problemlerine yol açabilmektedir. Laboratuar ortamında test odasında yapılan çalışmalar fotokopi makinelerinin fotokopi işlemi süresince çok sayıda uçucu organik bileşiği (UOB) yaydığını göstermiştir. Bu çalışmada dört fotokopi merkezinden ve iki dış hava örneğinden alınan alan numuneleri aktif karbon tüplerinde toplanmış ve gaz kromatografisi-kütle spektrometresi kullanılarak NIOSH tarafından geliştirilen standart metoda göre analiz edilmiştir. Fotokopi merkezi 2’de 0,52-35,90 µg/m3 aralığında 18 farklı uçucu organik bileşik belirlenmiştir. Maksimum konsantrasyon 77,59 µg/m3 olarak (toluen, fotokopi merkezi 3) belirlenmiştir. Fotokopi merkezlerinde toplam uçucu organik bileşik maruziyeti 15,76-129,03 µg/m3.gün aralığında tespit edilmiştir. 

Keywords

Uçucu organik bileşikler Hava İç ortam Fotokopi merkezi GC/MS

References

  • 1. US EPA, 1991. Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Managers, EPA/400/1-91/033, Washington.
  • 2. Khatri M., Bello D., Pal A., Joel MC., Woskie S., Gassert T., Lan J., Gu AZ., Demokritou P., Gaines P., 2013. Evaluation of Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Inflammatory Responses of Nanoparticles from Nphotocopiers in Three Human Cell Lines, Part. Fibre Toxicol, 10, 42-64.
  • 3. Martin J., Bello D., Bunker K., Shafer M., Christiani D., Woskie S., Demokritou P., 2015. Occupational Exposure to Nanoparticles at Commercial Photocopy Centers, J Hazard Mater, 298, 351–360.
  • 4. HeC., Morawska L., Taplin L., 2007. Particle Emission Characteristics of Office Printers. Environ Sci Technol, 4, 6039–6045.
  • 5. Kiurski, J.S., Marić, B.B., Oros, I.B., Kecić, V.S., 2017. The Ecodesign Practice in Serbian Printing Industry, J Clean Prod, 149, 1200-1209.
  • 6. Tang T., Hurra J., Gminski R., Mersch-Sundermann V., 2012. Fine and Ultrafine Particles Emitted from Laser Printers as Indoor Air Contaminants in German offices, Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 19(9), 3840–3849.
  • 7. Kim SY., Kim Y., Byeon JH., Lee DY., Hwang J., 2009. Emission of Submicron Aerosol Particles in Operating a Laser Beam Printer. Int J Precis Eng Manuf, 10(5), 33–36.
  • 8. Destaillats H., Maddalena RL., Singer BC., Hodgson AT., McKone TE., 2008. Indoor Pollutants Emitted by Office Equipment: a Review of Reported Data and Information Needs, Atmos Environ, 42, 1371–1388.
  • 9. Kowalska, J., Szewczyńska, M., Pośniak, M., 2015. Measurements of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Office Printers and Photocopiers, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 22, 5241–5252.
  • 10. Kiurski, JS., Aksentijević, S.M., Mandarić, S.D., 2018. Statistical Approach for Characterization of Photocopying Indoor Pollution, Air Qual Atmos Health, 11, 867-881.
  • 11. Henschel, B.D., Fortann, R.C., Roache, N.F., 2001. Variations in the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from the Toner for a Specific Photocopier, J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 51, 708–717.
  • 12. Leovic, K.W., Whitaker, D.A., Northeim, C., Sheldon, L.S., 1996. Measurement of Indoor Air Emissions from Dry-process Photocopy Machines, J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 46, 821-829.
  • 13. Lee, C.W., Hsu, D.J., 2007. Measurements of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Formation in Photocopy Centers in Taiwan, Atmos Environ, 41, 6598-6609.
  • 14. Lee, S.C., Lam, S., Fai. H.K., 2001. Characterization of VOCs, Ozone and PM10 Emissions from Office Equipment in an Environmental Chamber, Build Environ, 36, 837–842.
  • 15. Awadi, L.A., Rashidi, M.A., Pereira, B., Pillai, A., Khan, A., 2018. Indoor Air Quality in Printing Press in Kuwait, Int J Environ Sci Technol, 10(1007), 1-14.
  • 16. Salonen, H., Pasanen, A.L., Lappalainen, S., Riuttala, H., Tuomi, T., Pasanen, P., Bäck, B., Reijula, K., 2009. Volatile Organic Compounds and Formaldehyde as Explaining Factors for Sensory İrritation in Office, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg; 6, 239–247.
  • 17. Leovic, K.W., Whitaker, D.A., Northeim, C., Sheldon, L.S., 1998. Evaluation of Test Method for Measuring Indoor Air Emissions from Dry-process Photocopiers, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc; 48, 915–923.
  • 18. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2004. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans as Evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1–82 (a total of 885 agents, mixtures and exposures).
  • 19. Ongwandee, M., Moonrinta, R., Panyametheekul, S., Tangbanluekal, C.H., Morrison, G., 2011. Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds in Office Buildings in Bangkok, Thailand: Concentrations, Sources, and Occupant Symptoms, Build Environ, 46, 1512–1522.
  • 20. Kuo, Y.M., Chiu, C.H., Yu, H.L., 2015. Influences of Ambient Air Pollutants and Meteorological Conditions on Ozone Variations in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 29, 1037–1050.
  • 21. Vicente, E.D., Ribeiro, J.P., Custódio, D., Alves, C.A., 2017. Assessment of the Indoor Air Quality in Copy Centres at Aveiro, Portugal, Air Qual Atmos Health, 10, 117-127.
  • 22. Wolkoff, P., Wilkins, C.K., Clausen, P.A., Nielsen, G.D., 2006a. Organic Compounds in Office Environments-sensory Irritation, Odor, Measurements and the Role of Reactive Chemistry, Indoor Air, 16, 7–19.
  • 23. Elango, N., Kasi, V., Vembhu, B., Poornima, JG., 2013. Chronic Exposure to Emissions from Photocopiers in Copy Shops Causes Oxidative Stres and Systematic Inflammation Among Photocopier Operators in India, Environ Health, 12(78), 1-12.
  • 24. Pattinson, W., Targino, AC., Gibson, MD., Krecl, P., Cipoli, Y., Sá, V., 2018. Quantifying Variation in Occupational Air Pollution Exposure Within a Small Metropolitan Region of Brazil, Atmos Environ, 182, 138–154.
  • 25. Koren, H.S., Graham, D.E., Devlin, R.B., 1992. Exposure of Humans to a Volatile Organic Mixture. III. Infammatory Response. Arch. Environ. Health, 47, 39-44.
  • 26. Serfozo, N., Ondráček, J., Glytsos, T., Lazaridis, M., 2018. Evaluation of Nanoparticle Emissions from a Laser Printer in an Experimental Chamber and Estimation of the Human Particle Dose, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 13103–13117.
  • 27. Hsu, D.J., Huang, H.L., Chien, C.H., Lin, T.S., 2005. Potential Exposure to VOCs Caused by Dry Process Photocopiers: Results from a Chamber Study, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 75, 1150-1155.
  • 28. Hsu, D.J., Huang, H.L., Lin, H.Y., Lin, Lin, T.S., 2006. Potential Volatile Organic Compound Exposure from Dry Process Photocopiers in Operation-idle Mode, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 76, 922-929.
  • 29. Lee, C.W., Dai, Y.T., Chien, C.H., Hsu, D.J., 2006. Characteristics and Health Impacts of Volatile Organic Compounds in Photocopy Centers, Environ. Res. 100, 139-49.
  • 30. NIOSH, 2007. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods No. 1501: Hydrocarbons, Aromatic, 2003.
  • 31. Kagi, N., Fujii, S., Horiba, Y., Namiki, N., Ohtani, Y., Emi, H., Tamura, H., Kim, Y.S., 2007. Indoor Air Quality for Chemical and Ultrafine Particle Contaminants from Printers, Build. Environ. 42, 1949–1954.
  • 32. Wang, Z.M., Wagner, J., Wall, S., 2011. Characterization of Laser Printer Nanoparticle and VOC Emissions, Formation Mechanisms, and Strategiesmto Reduce Airborne Exposures, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 45, 1060–1068.
  • 33. Senthong, P., Wittayasilp, S., 2018. Measurements and Health Impacts of Carbon Black and BTEXs in Photocopy Centers, Arch. Environ. Occup. Health. 73(3), 169–175.
  • 34. Sarkhosh, M., Mahvi, A.H., Zare, M.R.,, Fakhri Y., Shamsolahi HR., 2012. Indoor Contaminants from Hardcopy Devices: Characteristics of VOCs in Photocopy Centers, Atmos. Environ. 63, 307-312.
  • 35. ATSDR 2004. (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (ATSDR), http://www. atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • 36. Zhao, L., Wang, XM., He, Q., Wang, H., Sheng, G.Y., Chan, L.Y., Fu, J.M., Blake, D.R., 2004. Exposure to Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds, PM10 and CO While Walking Along Streets in Urban Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ. 38, 6177–6184.
  • 37. Salthammer, T., Schripp, T., Uhde, E., Wensing, M., 2012. Aerosols Generated by Hardcopy Devices and Other Electrical Appliances. Environ. Pollut. 169, 167–174.

Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds in Photocopy Centers

Year 2019, Volume: 34 Issue: 3, 155 - 162, 30.09.2019

Gülnihal Kara

https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099

Abstract

Photocopiers have been caused indoor air quality problems. Studies conducted in the laboratory in the test chamber have indicated that several volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted during photocopier operation of photocopier machines. In this study, area samples from four photocopy centers and two outdoor air samples in Konya were collected in charcoal tubes and analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry according to the standard method developed by NIOSH. Eighteen different VOCs were detected in photocopy center 2 and concentrations ranged from 0.52 µg/m3 to 35.90 µg/m3. The maximum concentration was determined as 77.59 µg/m3 (toluene, photocopy center 3). The daily average exposure to TVOC in photocopy centers detected from 15.76-to 129.03 µg/m3. 

Keywords

Volatile organic compounds Air Indoor Photocopy center GC/MS

References

  • 1. US EPA, 1991. Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Managers, EPA/400/1-91/033, Washington.
  • 2. Khatri M., Bello D., Pal A., Joel MC., Woskie S., Gassert T., Lan J., Gu AZ., Demokritou P., Gaines P., 2013. Evaluation of Cytotoxic, Genotoxic and Inflammatory Responses of Nanoparticles from Nphotocopiers in Three Human Cell Lines, Part. Fibre Toxicol, 10, 42-64.
  • 3. Martin J., Bello D., Bunker K., Shafer M., Christiani D., Woskie S., Demokritou P., 2015. Occupational Exposure to Nanoparticles at Commercial Photocopy Centers, J Hazard Mater, 298, 351–360.
  • 4. HeC., Morawska L., Taplin L., 2007. Particle Emission Characteristics of Office Printers. Environ Sci Technol, 4, 6039–6045.
  • 5. Kiurski, J.S., Marić, B.B., Oros, I.B., Kecić, V.S., 2017. The Ecodesign Practice in Serbian Printing Industry, J Clean Prod, 149, 1200-1209.
  • 6. Tang T., Hurra J., Gminski R., Mersch-Sundermann V., 2012. Fine and Ultrafine Particles Emitted from Laser Printers as Indoor Air Contaminants in German offices, Environ Sci Pollut Res Int, 19(9), 3840–3849.
  • 7. Kim SY., Kim Y., Byeon JH., Lee DY., Hwang J., 2009. Emission of Submicron Aerosol Particles in Operating a Laser Beam Printer. Int J Precis Eng Manuf, 10(5), 33–36.
  • 8. Destaillats H., Maddalena RL., Singer BC., Hodgson AT., McKone TE., 2008. Indoor Pollutants Emitted by Office Equipment: a Review of Reported Data and Information Needs, Atmos Environ, 42, 1371–1388.
  • 9. Kowalska, J., Szewczyńska, M., Pośniak, M., 2015. Measurements of Chlorinated Volatile Organic Compounds Emitted from Office Printers and Photocopiers, Environ Sci Pollut Res, 22, 5241–5252.
  • 10. Kiurski, JS., Aksentijević, S.M., Mandarić, S.D., 2018. Statistical Approach for Characterization of Photocopying Indoor Pollution, Air Qual Atmos Health, 11, 867-881.
  • 11. Henschel, B.D., Fortann, R.C., Roache, N.F., 2001. Variations in the Emission of Volatile Organic Compounds from the Toner for a Specific Photocopier, J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 51, 708–717.
  • 12. Leovic, K.W., Whitaker, D.A., Northeim, C., Sheldon, L.S., 1996. Measurement of Indoor Air Emissions from Dry-process Photocopy Machines, J Air Waste Manag Assoc, 46, 821-829.
  • 13. Lee, C.W., Hsu, D.J., 2007. Measurements of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Formation in Photocopy Centers in Taiwan, Atmos Environ, 41, 6598-6609.
  • 14. Lee, S.C., Lam, S., Fai. H.K., 2001. Characterization of VOCs, Ozone and PM10 Emissions from Office Equipment in an Environmental Chamber, Build Environ, 36, 837–842.
  • 15. Awadi, L.A., Rashidi, M.A., Pereira, B., Pillai, A., Khan, A., 2018. Indoor Air Quality in Printing Press in Kuwait, Int J Environ Sci Technol, 10(1007), 1-14.
  • 16. Salonen, H., Pasanen, A.L., Lappalainen, S., Riuttala, H., Tuomi, T., Pasanen, P., Bäck, B., Reijula, K., 2009. Volatile Organic Compounds and Formaldehyde as Explaining Factors for Sensory İrritation in Office, J. Occup. Environ. Hyg; 6, 239–247.
  • 17. Leovic, K.W., Whitaker, D.A., Northeim, C., Sheldon, L.S., 1998. Evaluation of Test Method for Measuring Indoor Air Emissions from Dry-process Photocopiers, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc; 48, 915–923.
  • 18. IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) 2004. Overall Evaluations of Carcinogenicity to Humans as Evaluated in IARC Monographs Volumes 1–82 (a total of 885 agents, mixtures and exposures).
  • 19. Ongwandee, M., Moonrinta, R., Panyametheekul, S., Tangbanluekal, C.H., Morrison, G., 2011. Investigation of Volatile Organic Compounds in Office Buildings in Bangkok, Thailand: Concentrations, Sources, and Occupant Symptoms, Build Environ, 46, 1512–1522.
  • 20. Kuo, Y.M., Chiu, C.H., Yu, H.L., 2015. Influences of Ambient Air Pollutants and Meteorological Conditions on Ozone Variations in Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess, 29, 1037–1050.
  • 21. Vicente, E.D., Ribeiro, J.P., Custódio, D., Alves, C.A., 2017. Assessment of the Indoor Air Quality in Copy Centres at Aveiro, Portugal, Air Qual Atmos Health, 10, 117-127.
  • 22. Wolkoff, P., Wilkins, C.K., Clausen, P.A., Nielsen, G.D., 2006a. Organic Compounds in Office Environments-sensory Irritation, Odor, Measurements and the Role of Reactive Chemistry, Indoor Air, 16, 7–19.
  • 23. Elango, N., Kasi, V., Vembhu, B., Poornima, JG., 2013. Chronic Exposure to Emissions from Photocopiers in Copy Shops Causes Oxidative Stres and Systematic Inflammation Among Photocopier Operators in India, Environ Health, 12(78), 1-12.
  • 24. Pattinson, W., Targino, AC., Gibson, MD., Krecl, P., Cipoli, Y., Sá, V., 2018. Quantifying Variation in Occupational Air Pollution Exposure Within a Small Metropolitan Region of Brazil, Atmos Environ, 182, 138–154.
  • 25. Koren, H.S., Graham, D.E., Devlin, R.B., 1992. Exposure of Humans to a Volatile Organic Mixture. III. Infammatory Response. Arch. Environ. Health, 47, 39-44.
  • 26. Serfozo, N., Ondráček, J., Glytsos, T., Lazaridis, M., 2018. Evaluation of Nanoparticle Emissions from a Laser Printer in an Experimental Chamber and Estimation of the Human Particle Dose, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 25, 13103–13117.
  • 27. Hsu, D.J., Huang, H.L., Chien, C.H., Lin, T.S., 2005. Potential Exposure to VOCs Caused by Dry Process Photocopiers: Results from a Chamber Study, Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 75, 1150-1155.
  • 28. Hsu, D.J., Huang, H.L., Lin, H.Y., Lin, Lin, T.S., 2006. Potential Volatile Organic Compound Exposure from Dry Process Photocopiers in Operation-idle Mode, Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 76, 922-929.
  • 29. Lee, C.W., Dai, Y.T., Chien, C.H., Hsu, D.J., 2006. Characteristics and Health Impacts of Volatile Organic Compounds in Photocopy Centers, Environ. Res. 100, 139-49.
  • 30. NIOSH, 2007. NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods No. 1501: Hydrocarbons, Aromatic, 2003.
  • 31. Kagi, N., Fujii, S., Horiba, Y., Namiki, N., Ohtani, Y., Emi, H., Tamura, H., Kim, Y.S., 2007. Indoor Air Quality for Chemical and Ultrafine Particle Contaminants from Printers, Build. Environ. 42, 1949–1954.
  • 32. Wang, Z.M., Wagner, J., Wall, S., 2011. Characterization of Laser Printer Nanoparticle and VOC Emissions, Formation Mechanisms, and Strategiesmto Reduce Airborne Exposures, Aerosol Sci. Tech. 45, 1060–1068.
  • 33. Senthong, P., Wittayasilp, S., 2018. Measurements and Health Impacts of Carbon Black and BTEXs in Photocopy Centers, Arch. Environ. Occup. Health. 73(3), 169–175.
  • 34. Sarkhosh, M., Mahvi, A.H., Zare, M.R.,, Fakhri Y., Shamsolahi HR., 2012. Indoor Contaminants from Hardcopy Devices: Characteristics of VOCs in Photocopy Centers, Atmos. Environ. 63, 307-312.
  • 35. ATSDR 2004. (Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry) (ATSDR), http://www. atsdr.cdc.gov/.
  • 36. Zhao, L., Wang, XM., He, Q., Wang, H., Sheng, G.Y., Chan, L.Y., Fu, J.M., Blake, D.R., 2004. Exposure to Hazardous Volatile Organic Compounds, PM10 and CO While Walking Along Streets in Urban Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ. 38, 6177–6184.
  • 37. Salthammer, T., Schripp, T., Uhde, E., Wensing, M., 2012. Aerosols Generated by Hardcopy Devices and Other Electrical Appliances. Environ. Pollut. 169, 167–174.
There are 37 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gülnihal Kara

Publication Date September 30, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 34 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kara, G. (2019). Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 34(3), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099
AMA Kara G. Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet. cukurovaummfd. September 2019;34(3):155-162. doi:10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099
Chicago Kara, Gülnihal. “Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 34, no. 3 (September 2019): 155-62. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099.
EndNote Kara G (September 1, 2019) Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 34 3 155–162.
IEEE G. Kara, “Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet”, cukurovaummfd, vol. 34, no. 3, pp. 155–162, 2019, doi: 10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099.
ISNAD Kara, Gülnihal. “Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi 34/3 (September 2019), 155-162. https://doi.org/10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099.
JAMA Kara G. Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet. cukurovaummfd. 2019;34:155–162.
MLA Kara, Gülnihal. “Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet”. Çukurova Üniversitesi Mühendislik-Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 34, no. 3, 2019, pp. 155-62, doi:10.21605/cukurovaummfd.638099.
Vancouver Kara G. Fotokopi Merkezlerinde Uçucu Organik Bileşiklere Maruziyet. cukurovaummfd. 2019;34(3):155-62.