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Sivas Havzası, Oligosen Yaşlı Silisiklastik-Karbonatlı Göl İstifindeki Fasiyeslerin Dağılımı ve Çökelim Süreçleri

Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 166 - 175, 30.12.2024

Abstract

Bu çalışma, Sivas Havzası’nın batı kesiminde, Gemerek’in yaklaşık 25 km. güneydoğusunda yüzeyleyen Oligosen yaşlı kırıntılı-karbonatlı gölsel istifte yapılmış ve istifin çökelim süreçlerini ortaya konması amaçlanmıştır. Fasiyes analizi yöntemiyle yürütülen çalışmada, 12 fasiyes ayırtlanmıştır. Bunlar: Masif, organize olmamış çakıltaşı (F1); Dereceli, matriks destekli çakıltaşı (F2); Çapraz tabakalı, tane destekli çakıltaşı (F3); Büyük ölçekli çapraz tabakalı çakıllı kumtaşı (F4); Düzlemsel çapraz tabakalı kumtaşı (F5); Paralel tabakalı kumtaşı (F6); İyi boylanmış, tabakalı kumtaşı (F7); Masif,çakıllı çamurtaşı (F8); Laminalı kiltaşı-marn (F9); Tabakalı kireçtaşı (F10); Breşleşmiş kireçtaşı (F11) ve Kireçtaşı kırıntıları (F12) fasiyesleridir.
Bu fasiyeslerden, kökensel olarak benzerlik sunanlarla oluşturulan fasiyes toplulukları, birbirleri ile yakın ilişkili üç alt ortamın varlığını yansıtmaktadır. Bunlar (1) alüvyal yelpaze ve akarsu (2) göl kıyısı ortamları ve (3) göl içi ortamlarıdır.
Bu litolojik ve ortamsal çeşitlilik, iklim ve tektonizmanın denetlediği kıyı çizgisi oynamaları ve göl suyundaki biyokimyasal değişimlerle sağlanmıştır. Yarı kurak bir iklim ve sığ su koşullarını yansıtan gölde, su düzeyini düştüğü ve karasal alanlarda yoğun ayrışma-kazınmanın gerçekleştiği dönemlerde, kırıntılı malzemeyi göl içine taşıyan, alüvyal yelpaze, yelpaze deltası ve delta süreçleri egemen olmuştur. Tersine işleyen süreçlerde ise göl düzeyindeki yükselmeler sonucunda, göl içine dolan malzeme yeniden işlenerek kum barlarını oluşturmuştur. Karadan kırıntı getiriminin olmadığı dönemlerde ise karbonat çökelimi etkin olup, karbonat bankları gelişebilmiştir.

Supporting Institution

Sivas Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi

Project Number

CÜBAP, M-186 nolu proje

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi tarafından desteklenmiştir (CÜBAP, M-186 nolu proje). Yazarlar önerileri için Baki Varol’a teşekkürlerini sunar.

References

  • [1] Yılmaz, A., Sümengen, M., Terlemez, I., & Bilgiç, T. (1989). Geologic Map of the Sivas Quadrangle, Sheet G 23, scale1:100,000. Ankara, Turkey: General Directorate of MineralExploration and Research (MTA)
  • [2] Tekeli, O., Varol, B. ve Gökten, E., 1992, Sivas Havzasının batı kesiminin jeolojisi (Tuzla gölü-Tecer dağı arası) T.P.A.O. rap., No:3178.
  • [3] Poisson, A., Jean-Pierre, B., Kangal, Ö., Kavak, K., Temiz, H., and Bruno, V., 2012. 550 Stratigraphic studies in the Sivas Basin(Central Anatolia, Türkiye). 10th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Bern, 2012. 204-205.
  • [4] Weerd, A. A. van de, Bruijn, H. de, Wessels, W., 2023, A small assemblage of early Oligocene rodents and insectivores fromthe Sivas basin, Turkey. Palaeobiodiversity andPalaeoenvironments. 103, 609-632. 441-458.
  • [5] Miall, 1996, The geology of fluvial deposits: Sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. Springer, 582 p.
  • [6] Nemec, W. and Steel, R.J., 1988, What is a fan delta and how to recognize it? . In: Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 3-13. Blackie, London.
  • [7] McPherson, J.G., Shanmugam, g.& moiola, R.J., 1988, Fan deltas and braid deltas: conceptual problems. In: Fan Deltas:Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 14-22. Blackie, London.
  • [8] Postma, G., 1990, Depositional architecture and facies of river and fan deltas: a synthesis. In: Coarse grained deltas, A. Colella and d.B. Prior (ed.)., Spec. Pub. Of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentology, 10, 13-27.
  • [9] Talbot, M.R. & Allen, P.A., 1996, Lakes. In: Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy. H.G. Reading (ed.). Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp.83-124.
  • [10] Platt, N.H. and Wright, V.P., 1991, Lacustrine, carbonates: facies models, facies distributions and hydrocarbon Aspects. In:Lacustrine Facies Analysis (Ed. by P. Anadon, L. Cebrera and K.Kelts), pp. 57-74. Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sediment., 13.
  • [11] Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981, Tethyan evolution of Turkey : A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
  • [12] Erkan, E.N., Özer, S., Sümengen, M. ve Terlemez, İ., 1978, Sarız, Şarkışla, Gemerek, Tomarza arasının temel jeolojisi: M.T.A. Rap., Der.No: 5646.
  • [13] Kurtman, F., 1973, Sivas-Hafik-Zara ve İmranlı bölgesinin jeolojik ve tektonik yapısı: M.T.A. Derg., 80, 1-32.
  • [14] Gökten, E., 1983, Şarkışla (Sivas) güney-güneydoğusunun stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi. Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 26, 167-176s.
  • [15] Gündoğan İ, Önal M, Depçi T (2005). Sedimentology, petrography, and diagenesis of Eocene-Oligocene evaporites: the TuzhisarFormation, SW Sivas Basin, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 25: 791-803.
  • [16] Miall, A.D., 1977, A review of the braided-river depositionalenvironment, Earth Science Review, 13, 1-62.
  • [17] Rust, B.R., 1978, A classification of alluvial channel system. In. Fluvial sedimentology (Ed. by A.D. Miall), pp. 187-198. Mem.Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 5, Calgary..
  • [18] Lowe, D.R., 1982, Sediment grawity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. J. Sedim. Petrol., 52, 279-297.
  • [19] Kazancı, N., 1990, Fan-delta sequences in the Pleistocene-Holocene Burdur Basin: the role of basin margin configuration in the sediment entrapment and differential facies development . In: Coarse grained deltas (Ed. by A. Colella and D.B. Prior. Spec. Pub. of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentologist, 10, 185-198.
  • [20] Postma, G., 1990, Depositional architecture and facies of river and fan deltas: a synthesis. In: Coarse grained deltas, A. Colella and d.B. Prior (ed.)., Spec. Pub. Of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentologist, 10, 13-27.
  • [21] Kazancı, N., and Varol, B., 1990, Development of a mass flow dominated fan delta complex and associated carbonate reefswithin a transgressive Paleocene succession, central Anatolia,Turkey, Sediment. Geol., 68, 261-278.
  • [22] Kangal, Ö. ve Varol, B., 1999, Sivas Havzası Alt Miyosen istifinde havza kenarı fasiyesleri. TPJD. Bülten, 11/1, 31-53.
  • [23] Harms, J.C., Southard, J.B. & Walker, R.G., 1982, Structure and Squence in Clastic Rocks. Lecture Notes: Soc. econ. Paleont.Miner. Short Course No. 9, Calgary.
  • [24] Todd, S.P., 1996, Process deduction from fluvial sedimentary structures. In: Advences in Fluvial Dynamics and Stratigraphy.P.A. Carling and M.R. Dawson (eds.). Chichester, pp, 299-350.
  • [25] Harton, B.K. & Schmitt, J.G., 1996, Sedimentology of a lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA. Sedimentology, 43, 133-155.
  • [26] Flores, R.M., 1990, Tranverse and longitudinal Gilbert-type deltas, Tertiary Coalmont Formation, nort Park Basin, Colorado. USA. In: Coarse grained deltas, A. Colella and D.B. Prior (eds.),Spec. Publ. I.A.S., 223-233
  • [27] Platt, N.H., 1989, Lacustrine carbonates and pedogenesis:sedimentology and origin of palustrine deposits from the EarlyCretaceous Rupelo Formation, W Cameros Basin, N Spain.Sedimentology, 36, 665-684.
  • [28] Platt, N.H. and Wright, V.P., 1991, Lacustrine, carbonates: facies models, facies distributions and hydrocarbon Aspects. In:Lacustrine Facies Analysis (Ed. by P. Anadon, L. Cebrera and K.Kelts), pp. 57-74. Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sediment., 13.
  • [29] Alonso-Zarza, A.M. and Tanner, L.H. (2010) Carbonates in Continental Setting: Facies, Environments and Processes.Developments in Sedimentology, 61, 225-267.
  • [30] Collinson, J.D., 1996, The sedimentology of the Graind Shales and the Kinderscout Grit: a deltaic complex in the Namurian of northern England. Jour. of sedim. Petrol., 39, 194-221.
  • [31] Flores, 1984, Comparative analysis of coal accumulation in Cretaceous alluvial deposits, southern United States RockyMoumtain Basin. In: The Mesozoic of Middle North America,D.F. Stott and D.J. Glass (eds.) Can.Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem., 9,373-385.
  • [32] McCabe, P.J., 1984, Depositional environments of coal and coal-bearing strata. In: Sedimentology of Coal and Coal-bearingSequences (Ed. by R.M. Flores), Spec. Pub. of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentologist. pp 13-42.
  • [33] Nami, M. & Leeder, M.R., 1978, Changing channel morphology and magnitude in the Scalby Formation (M.Jurassic) ofYorkshire, England. In: Fluvial Sedimentology (ed. by A.d. Miall), pp. 431-440. Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 5, Calgary.
  • [34] Friend, P.F., 1978, Distinctive features of some ancient riversystems. In: Fluvial Sedimentology, A.D. Mial (eds.) Can.Soc.Petrol. Geol. Mem., 5, 531-542.
  • [35] Parkash, B., Awasthi, A.K. & Gohain, K., 1983, Lithofacies of the Merkanda terminal fan, Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. In: Modern and Ancient Fluvial system (Ed. by J.D. Collinson and J. Lewin) pp. 337-344. Spec. Pub. of International Ass. Sediment. 6.
  • [36] Kelly, S. & Olsen, H., 1993 Terminal fans – with reference toDevonian examples. In: Current research in fluvialSedimentology (Ed. By C.R. Fielding), pp. 339-374. Sedim. Geol., 85.
  • [37] Crowell, J.C.& Link, M.H. (Eds), 1982, Geologic History of Ridge Basin, southern California. Pasific Section Soc. econ. Paleont.Miner., Tulsa, 340 pp.
  • [38] Duringer, P., 1997, Dynamics of graben shoulder fan-delta and rift lakes, the example of the upper Rhine Graben (LowerTertiary, eastern France, southwestern Germany)Gaeaheidelbergensis, 4, 159-168.
Year 2024, Volume: 2 Issue: 2, 166 - 175, 30.12.2024

Abstract

Project Number

CÜBAP, M-186 nolu proje

References

  • [1] Yılmaz, A., Sümengen, M., Terlemez, I., & Bilgiç, T. (1989). Geologic Map of the Sivas Quadrangle, Sheet G 23, scale1:100,000. Ankara, Turkey: General Directorate of MineralExploration and Research (MTA)
  • [2] Tekeli, O., Varol, B. ve Gökten, E., 1992, Sivas Havzasının batı kesiminin jeolojisi (Tuzla gölü-Tecer dağı arası) T.P.A.O. rap., No:3178.
  • [3] Poisson, A., Jean-Pierre, B., Kangal, Ö., Kavak, K., Temiz, H., and Bruno, V., 2012. 550 Stratigraphic studies in the Sivas Basin(Central Anatolia, Türkiye). 10th Swiss Geoscience Meeting, Bern, 2012. 204-205.
  • [4] Weerd, A. A. van de, Bruijn, H. de, Wessels, W., 2023, A small assemblage of early Oligocene rodents and insectivores fromthe Sivas basin, Turkey. Palaeobiodiversity andPalaeoenvironments. 103, 609-632. 441-458.
  • [5] Miall, 1996, The geology of fluvial deposits: Sedimentary facies, basin analysis and petroleum geology. Springer, 582 p.
  • [6] Nemec, W. and Steel, R.J., 1988, What is a fan delta and how to recognize it? . In: Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 3-13. Blackie, London.
  • [7] McPherson, J.G., Shanmugam, g.& moiola, R.J., 1988, Fan deltas and braid deltas: conceptual problems. In: Fan Deltas:Sedimentology and Tectonic Setting (Ed. by W. Nemec and R.J. Steel), pp. 14-22. Blackie, London.
  • [8] Postma, G., 1990, Depositional architecture and facies of river and fan deltas: a synthesis. In: Coarse grained deltas, A. Colella and d.B. Prior (ed.)., Spec. Pub. Of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentology, 10, 13-27.
  • [9] Talbot, M.R. & Allen, P.A., 1996, Lakes. In: Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Facies and Stratigraphy. H.G. Reading (ed.). Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp.83-124.
  • [10] Platt, N.H. and Wright, V.P., 1991, Lacustrine, carbonates: facies models, facies distributions and hydrocarbon Aspects. In:Lacustrine Facies Analysis (Ed. by P. Anadon, L. Cebrera and K.Kelts), pp. 57-74. Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sediment., 13.
  • [11] Şengör, A.M.C. and Yılmaz, Y., 1981, Tethyan evolution of Turkey : A plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
  • [12] Erkan, E.N., Özer, S., Sümengen, M. ve Terlemez, İ., 1978, Sarız, Şarkışla, Gemerek, Tomarza arasının temel jeolojisi: M.T.A. Rap., Der.No: 5646.
  • [13] Kurtman, F., 1973, Sivas-Hafik-Zara ve İmranlı bölgesinin jeolojik ve tektonik yapısı: M.T.A. Derg., 80, 1-32.
  • [14] Gökten, E., 1983, Şarkışla (Sivas) güney-güneydoğusunun stratigrafisi ve jeolojik evrimi. Türkiye Jeol. Kur. Bült., 26, 167-176s.
  • [15] Gündoğan İ, Önal M, Depçi T (2005). Sedimentology, petrography, and diagenesis of Eocene-Oligocene evaporites: the TuzhisarFormation, SW Sivas Basin, Turkey. J Asian Earth Sci 25: 791-803.
  • [16] Miall, A.D., 1977, A review of the braided-river depositionalenvironment, Earth Science Review, 13, 1-62.
  • [17] Rust, B.R., 1978, A classification of alluvial channel system. In. Fluvial sedimentology (Ed. by A.D. Miall), pp. 187-198. Mem.Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 5, Calgary..
  • [18] Lowe, D.R., 1982, Sediment grawity flows: II. Depositional models with special reference to the deposits of high-density turbidity currents. J. Sedim. Petrol., 52, 279-297.
  • [19] Kazancı, N., 1990, Fan-delta sequences in the Pleistocene-Holocene Burdur Basin: the role of basin margin configuration in the sediment entrapment and differential facies development . In: Coarse grained deltas (Ed. by A. Colella and D.B. Prior. Spec. Pub. of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentologist, 10, 185-198.
  • [20] Postma, G., 1990, Depositional architecture and facies of river and fan deltas: a synthesis. In: Coarse grained deltas, A. Colella and d.B. Prior (ed.)., Spec. Pub. Of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentologist, 10, 13-27.
  • [21] Kazancı, N., and Varol, B., 1990, Development of a mass flow dominated fan delta complex and associated carbonate reefswithin a transgressive Paleocene succession, central Anatolia,Turkey, Sediment. Geol., 68, 261-278.
  • [22] Kangal, Ö. ve Varol, B., 1999, Sivas Havzası Alt Miyosen istifinde havza kenarı fasiyesleri. TPJD. Bülten, 11/1, 31-53.
  • [23] Harms, J.C., Southard, J.B. & Walker, R.G., 1982, Structure and Squence in Clastic Rocks. Lecture Notes: Soc. econ. Paleont.Miner. Short Course No. 9, Calgary.
  • [24] Todd, S.P., 1996, Process deduction from fluvial sedimentary structures. In: Advences in Fluvial Dynamics and Stratigraphy.P.A. Carling and M.R. Dawson (eds.). Chichester, pp, 299-350.
  • [25] Harton, B.K. & Schmitt, J.G., 1996, Sedimentology of a lacustrine fan-delta system, Miocene Horse Camp Formation, Nevada, USA. Sedimentology, 43, 133-155.
  • [26] Flores, R.M., 1990, Tranverse and longitudinal Gilbert-type deltas, Tertiary Coalmont Formation, nort Park Basin, Colorado. USA. In: Coarse grained deltas, A. Colella and D.B. Prior (eds.),Spec. Publ. I.A.S., 223-233
  • [27] Platt, N.H., 1989, Lacustrine carbonates and pedogenesis:sedimentology and origin of palustrine deposits from the EarlyCretaceous Rupelo Formation, W Cameros Basin, N Spain.Sedimentology, 36, 665-684.
  • [28] Platt, N.H. and Wright, V.P., 1991, Lacustrine, carbonates: facies models, facies distributions and hydrocarbon Aspects. In:Lacustrine Facies Analysis (Ed. by P. Anadon, L. Cebrera and K.Kelts), pp. 57-74. Spec. Publ. Int. Ass. Sediment., 13.
  • [29] Alonso-Zarza, A.M. and Tanner, L.H. (2010) Carbonates in Continental Setting: Facies, Environments and Processes.Developments in Sedimentology, 61, 225-267.
  • [30] Collinson, J.D., 1996, The sedimentology of the Graind Shales and the Kinderscout Grit: a deltaic complex in the Namurian of northern England. Jour. of sedim. Petrol., 39, 194-221.
  • [31] Flores, 1984, Comparative analysis of coal accumulation in Cretaceous alluvial deposits, southern United States RockyMoumtain Basin. In: The Mesozoic of Middle North America,D.F. Stott and D.J. Glass (eds.) Can.Soc. Petrol. Geol. Mem., 9,373-385.
  • [32] McCabe, P.J., 1984, Depositional environments of coal and coal-bearing strata. In: Sedimentology of Coal and Coal-bearingSequences (Ed. by R.M. Flores), Spec. Pub. of İnternational Ass. of Sedimentologist. pp 13-42.
  • [33] Nami, M. & Leeder, M.R., 1978, Changing channel morphology and magnitude in the Scalby Formation (M.Jurassic) ofYorkshire, England. In: Fluvial Sedimentology (ed. by A.d. Miall), pp. 431-440. Mem. Can. Soc. Petrol. Geol., 5, Calgary.
  • [34] Friend, P.F., 1978, Distinctive features of some ancient riversystems. In: Fluvial Sedimentology, A.D. Mial (eds.) Can.Soc.Petrol. Geol. Mem., 5, 531-542.
  • [35] Parkash, B., Awasthi, A.K. & Gohain, K., 1983, Lithofacies of the Merkanda terminal fan, Kurukshetra district, Haryana, India. In: Modern and Ancient Fluvial system (Ed. by J.D. Collinson and J. Lewin) pp. 337-344. Spec. Pub. of International Ass. Sediment. 6.
  • [36] Kelly, S. & Olsen, H., 1993 Terminal fans – with reference toDevonian examples. In: Current research in fluvialSedimentology (Ed. By C.R. Fielding), pp. 339-374. Sedim. Geol., 85.
  • [37] Crowell, J.C.& Link, M.H. (Eds), 1982, Geologic History of Ridge Basin, southern California. Pasific Section Soc. econ. Paleont.Miner., Tulsa, 340 pp.
  • [38] Duringer, P., 1997, Dynamics of graben shoulder fan-delta and rift lakes, the example of the upper Rhine Graben (LowerTertiary, eastern France, southwestern Germany)Gaeaheidelbergensis, 4, 159-168.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects General Geology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Özgen Kangal

Levent Karadenizli

Project Number CÜBAP, M-186 nolu proje
Publication Date December 30, 2024
Submission Date November 15, 2024
Acceptance Date November 27, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2024 Volume: 2 Issue: 2

Cite

IEEE Ö. Kangal and L. Karadenizli, “Sivas Havzası, Oligosen Yaşlı Silisiklastik-Karbonatlı Göl İstifindeki Fasiyeslerin Dağılımı ve Çökelim Süreçleri”, CÜMFAD, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 166–175, 2024.