Covid-19 pandemi sürecinde sağlık çalışanlarında belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, ruminatif düşünme biçimi ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri

Year 2021, , 1191 - 1200, 30.09.2021

Adeviye Aydın , Berna Ersoy Özcan

https://doi.org/10.17826/cumj.925771

Cited By: 15

Abstract

Amaç: Araştırmada sağlık çalışanlarında COVID-19 pandemi sürecinde belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, ruminatif düşünce biçimleri ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve kesitsel tasarımda olan bu araştırma 310 sağlık çalışanı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu”, “Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği”, “Ruminatif Düşünme Biçimi” ve “Kısa Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır.
Bulgular: Bu araştırmada, 37 yaş ve üzerinde ve deneyimi fazla olan sağlık çalışanlarında ruminatif düşünme biçiminin daha düşük olduğu, vardiyalı çalışanlarda ise daha yüksek olduğu saptanmıştır. Çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi sonucunda belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve psikolojik sağlamlığın ruminatif düşünme biçimi üzerinde anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve psikolojik sağlamlık, ruminatif düşünme biçiminde toplam varyansın %38,5’ini açıklamakta ve her iki değişkenin ruminatif düşünme biçiminin anlamlı bir yordayıcısı olduğu saptanmıştır.
Sonuç: Sağlık çalışanlarında belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük ve ruminasyon düzeylerinin azalmasında çalışanların çalışma koşullarının ve ruhsal durumlarının yakından takip edilmesi, çalışanların oluşabilecek olumsuz ruhsal etkilerden korunması ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin artırılmasına yönelik programların oluşturulması sağlanabilir.

Keywords

COVID 19, sağlık çalışanları, ruminasyon, belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük, psikolojik sağlamları

Levels of intolerance of uncertainty, rumination and resilience among healthcare workers during the Covid-19 pandemic

Abstract

Purpose: The aim of this study is to examine the levels of intolerance of uncertainty, rumination and resilience among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted with 310 healthcare workers. Data were collected using an Introductory Information Form, the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale, the Ruminative Thought Style Questionnaire and the Brief Resilience Scale.
Results: In this study, it was found that ruminative thinking style was lower in healthcare workers aged 37 years and over and with more experience, and higher in shift workers. As a result of multiple linear regression analysis, it was determined that intolerance to uncertainty and psychological resilience have a significant effect on ruminative thinking style. Intolerance of uncertainty and resilience explained 38.5% of the total variance in rumination, and both variables were identified as significant predictors of rumination.
Conclusion: The levels of intolerance of uncertainty and rumination among healthcare workers can be reduced by closely monitoring the working conditions and mental states of the workers and developing programs to protect the workers from potential negative psychological effects and to improve their resilience.

Keywords

COVID 19, healthcare workers, rumination, intolerance of uncertainty

References

• 1. Afshari D., Nourollahi-Darabad M., Chinisaz N. Demographic predictors of resilience among nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Work.2021;68(2):297-303.
• 2. Aksoy YE, Koçak V. Psychological effects of nurses and midwives due to COVID-19 outbreak: The case of Turkey. Arch Psychiatr Nurs.2020;34(5):427–433.
• 3. Albott CS, Wozniak JR, McGlinch BP, Wall MH, Gold BS, Vinogradov S. Battle Buddies: Rapid deveployment of a psychological resilience ıntervention for health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Anesth Analg. 2020;131(1):43-54.
• 4. Bakioğlu F, Korkmaz O, Ercan H. Fear of COVID-19 and positivity: mediating role of ıntolerance of uncertainty, depression, anxiety, and stress. Int J Ment Health and Addiction. 2020:1-14. doi: 10.1007 / s11469-020-00331-y.
• 5. Bohlken J, Schömig F, Lemke MR, Pumberger M, Riedel-Heller SG. COVID-19 pandemic: Stress experience of healthcare workers - a short current review. Psychiatr Prax. 2020;47(4):190-197. doi: 10.1055/a-1159-5551.
• 6. Bozdağ F, Ergün N. Psychological resilience of healthcare professionals during COVID-19 pandemic. Psychological Reports. 2020. doi:10.1177/0033294120965477
• 7. Bozdağ, F. Pandemi sürecinde psikolojik sağlamlık. Turkish Studies, 2020; 15(6), 247-257.
• 8. Brinker JK, Dozois DJ. Ruminative thought style and depressed mood. J Clin Psychol. 2009;65(1):1-19.
• 9. Carleton RN, Norton, M. A., Asmundson, G. J. G. Fearing the unknown: A short version of the intolerance of uncertainty scale. Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 2007;21(1), 105-117.
• 10. Costa C, Mondello S, Micali E, Indelicato G, Licciardello A.A, Vitalle E, Briguglio G., Teodoro M., Fenga C. Night shift work in resident physicians: Does it affect mood states and cognitive levels? J Affect Disord. 2020; 1; 272:289-294. 11. Deniz ME. Self-compassion, intolerance of uncertainty, fear of COVID-19, and well-being: A serial mediation investigation. Pers Individ Dif. 2021; 177: 110824. doi: 10.1016 / j.paid.2021.110824.
• 12. Di Blasi M, Gullo S, Mancinelli E, Freda MF, Esposito G, Gelo OCG, Lagetto G, Giordano C, Mazzeschi C, Pazzagli C, Salcuni S, Lo Coco G. Psychological distress associated with the COVID-19 lockdown: A two-wave network analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders. 2021; 284,18-26.
• 13. Doğan, T. Kısa psikolojik sağlamlık ölçeği’nin Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being. 2015;3(1), 93-102.
• 14. Duman, N. Üniversite öğrencilerinde COVID-19 korkusu ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük. The Journal of Social Science. 2020; 4 (8), 426-437.
• 15. Dzhambov AM, Tilov BG, Makakova DR, Dimitrova DD. psychometric properties and contribution to mental health of the Bulgarian version of the 4-factor ruminative thought style questionnaire. folia med (plovdiv). 2019;31;61(4):529-539.
• 16. Ehrlich, H., McKenney, M; Elkbuli, A. Protecting our healthcare workers during the COVID- 19 pandemic. The American journal of emergency medicine. 2020;38(7), 1527–1528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajem.2020.04.024
• 17. Freeston MH., Rheaume JL, Letarte H, Dugas MJ, Ladouceur R. Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences. 1994; 17, 791-802, 10.1016/0191-8869(94) 90048-5
• 18. García-Fernández L, Romero-Ferreiro V, Padilla S, Lahera G, Rodriguez-Jimenez R. Different emotional profile of health care staff and general population during the COVID-19 outbreak. Psychol Trauma. 2021. doi: 10.1037/tra0001024
• 19. Gini G, Marino C, Spada MM. The role of metacognitions and thinking styles in the negative outcomes of adolescents' peer victimization. violence vict. 2019 Oct;1;34(5):752-769. doi: 10.1891/0886-6708.VV-D-18-00016.
• 20. Hiçdurmaz D, Uzar Özçetin S. COVID-19 pandemisinde ön safta çalışan hemşirelerin ruhsal sağlığının korunması ve ruhsal travmanın önlenmesi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Dergisi 7( Özel Sayı).2020;1-7
• 21. Hisli Şahin N. Stresle başa çıkma olumlu bir yaklaşım. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları. 2010: Ankara
• 22. Kalaitzaki A, Tamiolaki A, Rovithis M. The healthcare professionals amidst COVID-19 pandemic: A perspective of resilience and posttraumatic growth. Asian Journal of Psychiatry. 2020; 52, 102172.
• 23. Karataş Z, Tagay Ö. The relationships between resilience of the adults affected by the covid pandemic in Turkey and Covid-19 fear, meaning in life, life satisfaction, intolerance of uncertainty and hope. Pers Individ Dif. 2021; 172:110592. doi: 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110592.e.
• 24. Karatepe, H. T. Ruminatif Düşünce Biçimi Ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması (Tıpta uzmanlık tezi). Sağlık Bakanlığı, İstanbul Bakırköy Prof. Dr. Mazhar Osman Ruh Sağlığı ve Sinir Has. Eğt. ve Arş. Hastanesi, İstanbul, 2010.
• 25. Kasapoğlu F. COVID-19 salgını sürecinde kaygı ile maneviyat, psikolojik sağlamlık ve belirsizliğe tahammülsüzlük arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesi. Turkish Studies. 2020;15(4), 599-614.
• 26. Killgore WDS, Taylor EC, Cloonan SA, Dailey NS. Psychological resilience during the COVID-19 lockdown Psychiatry Res. 2020;291: 113216. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113216
• 27. Lai J, Ma S, Wang Y, Cai Z, Hu J, Wei N. Factors associated with mental health outcomes among health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(3) doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.
• 28. Lee A., Myung S.K., Cho J.J., Jung Y.J., Yoon J.L., Kim M.Y. Night shift work and risk of depression: Meta-analysis of observational studies. J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(7):1091-1096.
• 29. Luceño-Moreno L, Talavera-Velasco B, García-Albuerne Y, Martín-García J. Symptoms of posttraumatic stress, anxiety, depression, levels of resilience and burnout in spanish health personnel during the COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020; 30;17(15):5514. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17155514.
• 30. Lyubomirsky S, Layous K, Chancellor J, Nelson SK. Thinking about rumination: the scholarly contributions and intellectual legacy of Susan Nolen-Hoeksema. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2015; 11:1-22.
• 31. Nolen-Hoeksema S, Wisco BE, Lyubomirsky S. Rethinking Rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science. 2008;3(5):400-424. doi:10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x
• 32. Nolen-Hoeksema S.J. Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Abnorm Psychol. 1991;100(4):569-82. doi: 10.1037//0021-843x.100.4.569.
• 33. Ocalan S, Uzar-Ozcetin YS. COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde ruminasyon ve ruh sağlıgına etkileri. Journal of Education and Research in Nursing, 2020;17 (4), 354-358.
• 34. Pak H, Süsen Y, Denizci Nazlıgül M., Griffiths M. The mediating effects of fear of COVID-19 and depression on the association between ıntolerance of uncertainty and emotional eating during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Turkey. Int J Ment Health Addict. 2021; 4:1-15. doi: 10.1007/s11469-021-00489-z.
• 35. Parlapani E, Holeva V, Nikopoulou VA, Sereslis K, Athanasiadou M, Godosidis A, Stephanou T, Diakogiannis I. Intolerance of uncertainty and loneliness in older adults during the COVID-19 pandemic. Front Psychiatry. 2020;19; 11:842. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00842. eCollection 2020.
• 36. Petzold MB, Bendau A, Plag J, Pyrkosch L, Mascarell Maricic L, Betzler F, Rogoll J, Große J, Ströhle A. Risk, resilience, psychological distress, and anxiety at the beginning of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Germany. Brain Behav. 2020;10(9): e01745. doi: 10.1002/brb3.1745.
• 37. Polizzi, C, Lynn, S. J., P. A. Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry. 2020;17(2),59–62. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204
• 38. Reizer A, Geffen L, Koslowsky M. Life under the COVID-19 lockdown: On the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and psychological distress. Psychol Trauma. 2021; 4. doi: 10.1037/tra0001012.
• 39. Rettie, H.,Daniels, J. Coping and tolerance of uncertainty: Predictors and mediators of mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic. American Psychologist. Advance online publication. 2020; 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/amp0000710
• 40. Sağlık Bakanlığı. Türkiye COVID 19 Hasta Tablosu. Erişim Adresi: https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ Erişim Tarihi: 17.04.2021
• 41. Sarıçam, H., Erguvan, F. M., Akın, A. & Akça, M. Ş. Belirsizliğe Tahammülsüzlük Ölçeği (BTÖ-12) Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Route Educational and Social Science Journal. 2014; 1(3), 148-157.
• 42. Satici B, Saricali M, Satici S.A. et al. Intolerance of Uncertainty and Mental Wellbeing: Serial Mediation by Rumination and Fear of COVID-19. Int J Ment Health Addiction. 2020 ;15:1-12. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-020-00305-0
• 43. Sauer KS, Jungmann SM, Witthöft M. Emotional and behavioral consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic: the role of health anxiety, ıntolerance of uncertainty, and distress (ın)tolerance. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(19):7241.
• 44. Scharmer C, Martinez K, Gorrell S, Reilly EE, Donahue JM, Anderson DA. Eating disorder pathology and compulsive exercise during the COVID‐19 public health emergency: Examining risk associated with COVID‐19 anxiety and intolerance of uncertainty. Int J Ye Disord. 2020; 53 (12): 2049-2054.
• 45. Smith, B. W., Dalen, J., Wiggins, K., Tooley, E., Christopher, P., Jennifer Bernard, J. The brief resilience scale: Assessing the ability to bounce back. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2008;15, 194–200.
• 46. Thanoi W, Klainin-Yobas P. Assessing rumination response style among undergraduate nursing students: A construct validation study. Nurse Educ Today. 2015;35(5):641-6. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2015.01.001.
• 47. Tull MT, Barbano AC, Scamaldo KM, Richmond JR, Edmonds KA, Rose JP, Gratz KL. The prospective influence of COVID-19 affective risk assessments and intolerance of uncertainty on later dimensions of health anxiety. J Anxiety Disord. 2020; 75:102290.
• 48. Voitsidis P, Nikopoulou VA, Holeva V, Parlapani E, Sereslis K, Tsipropoulou V, Karamouzi P, Giazkoulidou A, Tsopaneli N, Diakogiannis I. The mediating role of fear of COVID-19 in the relationship between intolerance of uncertainty and depression. Psychol Psychother. 2020;20;10.1111/papt.12315. doi: 10.1111/papt.12315.
• 49. Wang C, Pan R, Wan X, Tan Y, Xu L, Ho CS, Ho RC. Immediate psychological responses and associated factors during the ınitial stage of the 2019 Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Epidemic among the General Population in China. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020 Mar; 6;17(5):1729. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17051729.
• 50. World Health Organization. Mental health and psychosocial considerations during the COVID-19 outbreak. Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2021 https://www.who.int › default-source › coronaviruse. Erişim Tarihi: 02.04.2020
• 51. Ye B, Wu D, Im H, Liu M, Wang X, Yang Q. Stressors of COVID-19 and stress consequences: The mediating role of rumination and the moderating role of psychological support. Children and Youth Services Review. 2020;118, 105466.