SOSYAL HİZMET ALANINDA ÇALIŞAN MESLEK ELEMANLARINDA ÇOCUKLUK ÇAĞI TRAVMALARI, ÖZ-ŞEFKAT VE PSİKOLOJİK SAĞLAMLIK ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİLER

Abstract

Psikolojik sağlamlık, çocukluk çağında yaşanan travmatik deneyimlerin olumsuz etkilerinin azaltılması ve bireylerin zor deneyimlere rağmen ileriye dönük olumlu bir bakış açısı geliştirmeleri açısından önemli bir kavramdır. Öz-şefkat ise bireylerin başa çıkma becerilerine katkıda bulunarak psikolojik sağlamlıklarını güçlendiren bir kavram olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Bu kapsamda araştırmanın amacı, sosyal hizmet alanında çalışan meslek elemanlarının çocukluk çağı travma yaşantıları, öz-şefkat düzeyleri ve psikolojik sağlamlık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Araştırmaya Diyarbakır Aile ve Sosyal Hizmetler İl Müdürlüğü’ne bağlı kurum ve kuruluşlarda görev yapan, yaşları 18-60 arasında değişen 62 (%51,2) erkek, 59 (%48,8) kadın olmak üzere toplam 121 meslek elemanı (sosyal çalışmacı, psikolog, sosyolog, çocuk gelişimci, öğretmen) dahil edilmiştir. Katılımcılara Connor-Davidson Psikolojik Sağlamlık Ölçeği, Çocukluk Çağı Ruhsal Travma Ölçeği ve Öz-Duyarlık Ölçeği uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde bağımsız örneklem t-testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA), çocukluk çağı travmaları ve öz-şefkatin psikolojik sağlamlık üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisinin test edilmesinde çoklu doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılmıştır. Çoklu regresyon analizi sonucunda öz-şefkatin psikolojik sağlamlık üzerinde anlamlı bir yordayıcı etkisi olduğu, çocukluk çağı travmalarının ise psikolojik sağlamlık üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisinin anlamlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Çocukluk çağı travmalarının ise psikolojik sağlamlık üzerindeki yordayıcı etkisinin anlamlı olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında elde edilen sonuçlar ilgili alanyazın çerçevesinde tartışılmıştır.

Keywords

• Psikolojik Sağlamlık
• Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları
• Öz-Şefkat

THE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CHILDHOOD TRAUMAS, SELF-COMPASSION AND RESILIENCE IN SOCIAL SERVICE PROFESSIONALS

Abstract

Resilience is an important concept in terms of reducing the negative effects of traumatic experiences during childhood and in helping individuals to develop a positive perspective for the future despite difficult experiences. Self-compassion, on the other hand, emerges as a concept that strengthens resilience by contributing to individuals' coping skills. In this context, the aim of the research is to examine the relationships between childhood trauma experiences, self-compassion levels, and resilience levels of professionals working in the field of social services. The sample comprised 121 professionals (social worker, psychologists, sociologists, child development specialists, teachers), including 62 (%51.2) male and 59 (%48.8) female, aged between 18 and 60, working in institutions and organizations affiliated to the Diyarbakır Provincial Directorate of Family and Social Services. The Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Self-Compassion Scale were applied to the participants. Independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used in the analysis of data, and multiple linear regression analysis was used to test the predictive effects of childhood traumas and self-compassion on resilience. As a result of multiple regression analysis, it was determined that self-compassion had a significant predictive effect on resilience, while the predictive effect of childhood traumas on resilience was not significant. The results were discussed within the framework of the relevant literature.

Keywords

• Resilience
• Childhood Traumas
• Self-Compassion

References

1. Anda, R. F., Felitti, V. J., Bremner, J. D., Walker, J. D., Whitfield, C. H., Perry, B. D., ... & Giles, W. H. (2006). The enduring effects of abuse and related adverse experiences in childhood: A convergence of evidence from neurobiology and epidemiology. European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 256, 174-186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00406-005-0624-4
2. Aktepe, E. (2009). Çocukluk çağı cinsel istismarı. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 1(2), 95-119.
3. Aras, N. Y., Topkaya, N., & Şahin, E. (2023). Yetişkin bireylerde psikolojik sağlamlığın yordayıcısı olarak cinsiyet, çocukluk çağı travmaları, yaşamda anlam ve öz şefkat. İçtimaiyat Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1). 168-183. https://doi.org/10.33709/ictimaiyat.1168719
4. Aydın, E. (2018). Çocukluk çağı travmatik yaşantılarının psikolojik sağlamlık ve depresyon belirtileri üzerine etkisi. Yayımlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi, İstanbul.
5. Aydın, M., & Egemberdiyeva, A. (2018). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin incelenmesi. Türkiye Eğitim Dergisi, 3(1), 37-53.
6. Balgiu, B. A. (2017). Self-esteem, personality and resilience. Study of a students emerging adults group. Journal of Educational Sciences and Psychology, 7(1), 93-99.
7. Barlow, M. R., Turow, R. E. G., & Gerhart, J. (2017). Trauma appraisals, emotion regulation difficulties, and self-compassion predict posttraumatic stress symptoms following childhood abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect, 65, 37-47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.006
8. Baskak, İ. (2023). Çocuğa yönelik duygusal istismar. Uluslararası Sosyal Hizmet Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 61-72.

9. Benard, B. (1993). Fostering resiliency in kids. Educational Leadership, 51(3), 44-48.
10. Bernstein, D. P., Fink, L., Handelsman, L., Foote, J., Lovejoy, M., Wenzel, K., ... & Ruggiero, J. (1994). Initial reliability and validity of a new retrospective measure of child abuse and neglect. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 151(8), 1132-1136. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.151.8.1132
11. Bluth, K., Campo, R. A., Futch, W. S., & Gaylord, S. A. (2017). Age and gender differences in the associations of self-compassion and emotional well-being in a large adolescent sample. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4), 840-853. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-016-0567-2
12. Bolat, Z. (2013). Üniversite öğrencilerinin psikolojik sağlamlıkları ile öz-anlayışları arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi, Konya.
13. Bozdağ, F. (2020). Pandemi sürecinde psikolojik sağlamlık. Turkish Studies, 15(6), 247- 257. https://doi.org/10.7827/TurkishStudies.44890
14. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Çakmak, E. K., Akgün, Ö. E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2015). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
15. Ciydem, E., Ozturk, E., Usta, O., & Derin, G. (2023). The mediating role of resilience and perceived stress in the relationship between childhood traumas and depression in young adults. Medicine Science, (3). 730-736. https://doi.org/10.5455/medscience.2023.06.096
16. Chaiyapruk, N. (2023). The impact of childhood trauma on mental health outcomes in adulthood: A review of the literature. Archives of Clinical Psychiatry, 50(1), 104-110. https://doi.org/10.15761/0101-60830000000529
17. Craig, C. D., & Sprang, G. (2007). Trauma exposure and child abuse potential: Investigating the cycle of violence. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 77(2), 296-305. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.77.2.296
18. Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112(1), 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.112.1.155
19. Connor, K. M., & Davidson, J. R. (2003). Development of a new resilience scale: The Connor‐Davidson Resilience Scale (CD‐RISC). Depression and Anxiety, 18(2), 76-82. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.10113
20. Doğan, T., & Yavuz, K. (2020). Yetişkinlerde psikolojik sağlamlık, olumlu çocukluk deneyimleri ve algılanan mutluluk. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 12, 312-330. https://doi.org/10.18863/pgy.750839
21. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics (4th ed.). SAGE Publications.
22. Germer, C. K., & Neff, K. D. (2015). Cultivating self-compassion in trauma survivors. Mindfulness Oriented Interventions for Trauma: Integrating Contemplative Practices, 43-58.
23. Gizir, C. A. ve Aydın, G. (2006). Psikolojik sağlamlık ve ergen gelişim ölçeğinin uyarlanması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmaları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 87-99.
24. Hoşoğlu, R., Kodaz, A. F., Bingöl, T. Y., & Batık, M. V. (2018). Öğretmen adaylarında psikolojik sağlamlık. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 8(14), 217-239. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.405751
25. Hughes, M., Brown, S. L., Campbell, S., Dandy, S., & Cherry, M. G. (2021). Self-compassion and anxiety and depression in chronic physical illness populations: A systematic review. Mindfulness, 12, 1597-1610. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-021-01602-y
26. Kalaycı, Ş. (2010). Spss Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım A.Ş.
27. Karaırmak, Ö. (2006). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(26), 129-142.
28. Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
29. Kımter, N. (2020). Covid-19 günlerinde bireylerin psikolojik sağlamlık düzeylerinin bazı değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. IBAD Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 574-605. https://doi.org/10.21733/ibad.805481
30. Kohler, P. D. (1993). Best practices in transition: Substantiated or implied?. Career Development for Exceptional Individuals, 16(2), 107-121. https://doi.org/10.1177/088572889301600201
31. Küçük, M. (2020). Yetı̇şkı̇nlerı̇n öz şefkat, bağlanma stı̇llerı̇ ve psı̇kolojı̇k iyı̇ oluş özellı̇klerı̇nı̇n incelenmesı̇ (Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi.
32. Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Stevens, K. I., Dodge, K. A., Bates, J. E., Pettit & G. S. (2006). Developmental trajectories of externalizing behaviors: Factors underlying resilience in physically abused children. Development and Psychopathology, 18, 35-55. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579406060032
33. López, A., Sanderman, R., Ranchor, A. V., & Schroevers, M. J. (2018). Compassion for others and self-compassion:
34. Levels, correlates, and relationship with psychological well-being. Mindfulness, 9, 325-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0777-z
35. Luthar, S., Cicchetti, D., & Becker, B. (2000). The construct of resilience: A critical evaluation and guidelines for future work. Child Development, 71(3), 543-562. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00164
36. Mancini, A. D., & Bonanno, G. A. (2006). Resilience in the face of potential trauma: Clinical practices and illustrations. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(8), 971-985. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.20283
37. Masten A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience process in development. American Psychologist, 56 (3), 227-238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.56.3.227
38. Marsh, I. C., Chan, S. W., & MacBeth, A. (2018). Self-compassion and psychological distress in adolescents — a Meta-analysis. Mindfulness, 9, 1011-1027. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-017-0850-7
39. Masten, A.S. & Coastworth, J. D. (1998). The development of competence in favorable and unfavorable environments: Lessons from research on successful children. American Psychologist, 53(2), 205-220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.53.2.205
40. Masten, A. S. (1994). Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. In M. C. Wang & E. W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational resilience, in inner-city America: Challenges and prospects (pp. 3–25). Lawrence Erlbaum.
41. Masten, A. S. (1994). Resilience in individual development: Successful adaptation despite risk and adversity. M.C. Wang & E.W. Gordon (Eds.), Educational resilience in inner-city America: Challenges and prospects. (pp. 3-25). Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrance Erlbaum.
42. Mayordomo, T., Viguer, P., Sales, A., Satorres, E., & Meléndez, J. C. (2021). Resilience and coping as predictors of well-being in adults. In Mental Health and Psychopathology, 265-277. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223980.2016.1203276
43. Mennen, F. E., Kim, K., Sang, J., & Trickett, P. K. (2010). Child neglect: Definition and identification of youth’s experiences in official reports of maltreatment. Child Abuse & Neglect, 34(9), 647–658. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2010.02.007
44. Min, J. A., Lee, N. B., Lee, C. U., Lee, C., & Chae, J. H. (2012). Low trait anxiety, high resilience, and their interaction as possible predictors for treatment response in patients with depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 137(1-3), 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2011.12.026
45. Miron, L. R., Seligowski, A. V., Boykin, D. M., & Orcutt, H. K. (2016). The potential indirect effect of childhood abuse on posttrauma pathology through self-compassion and fear of self-compassion. Mindfulness, 7, 596-605. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-016-0493-0
46. Neff, K. D. (2003). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860390209035
47. Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860309032
48. Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225-240. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298860902979307
49. Neff, K. D., & Germer, C. K. (2013). A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 69(1), 28-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.21923
50. Neff, K. D., Long, P. Knox, M., Davidson, O., Kuchar, A., Costigan, A., Williamson, Z., Rohleder, N., Tóth-Király, I., & Breines, J. (2018). The forest and the trees: Examining the association of self-compassion and its positive and negative components with psychological functioning. Self and Identity, 17(6), 627-645. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2018.1436587
51. Neff, K. D., & Knox, M. C. (2017). Self-compassion. In V. Zeigler-Hill, & T. K. Shackelford. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences, 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8_1159-1
52. Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2006.03.004
53. Newman, R. (2005). APA's resilience initiative. Professional psychology: research and practice, 36(3), 227-229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0735-7028.36.3.227
54. Olsson, C. A., Bond, L., Burns, J. M., Vellabrodrick, D. A. ve Sawyer, S. M. (2003). Adolescent resilience: A concept analysis. Journal of Adolescence, 26(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-1971(02)00118-5
55. Oyuncakçı, S., & Güloğlu, B. (2024). Çocukluk Çağı Travmaları, Psikolojik Sağlamlık, Affetme ve Olumlu-Olumsuz Duygular. Baskent University Journal of Education, 11(1), 66-76.
56. Özgentürk, İ. (2014). Child abuse and neglect Çocuk istismarı ve ihmal. Journal of Human Sciences, 11(2), 265-278.
57. Pallant, J. (2013). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using IBM SPSS. London: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003117452
58. Park, J. Y., Lee, C. W., Jang, Y., Lee, W., Yu, H., Yoon, J., ... & Myung, W. (2023). Relationship between childhood trauma and resilience in patients with mood disorders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 323, 162-170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.003
59. Paslı, F. (2020). Çocuğa yönelik cinsel istismar. Sosyal Politika ve Sosyal Hizmet Çalışmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 60-72.
60. Phillips, W. J., & Hine, D. W. (2021). Self-compassion, physical health, and health behaviour: A meta-analysis. Health Psychology Review, 15(1), 113-139. https://doi.org/10.1080/17437199.2019.1705872
61. Pruessner, M., King, S., Vracotas, N., Abadi, S., Iyer, S., Malla, A. K., ... & Joober, R. (2019). Gender differences in childhood trauma in first episode psychosis: Association with symptom severity over two years. Schizophrenia Research, 205, 30-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.schres.2018.06.043
62. Richardson, T., Sood, M., Bayliss, P., & Newman‐Taylor, K. (2023). Self‐compassion as a mediator of the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and psychotic symptoms in clinical and non‐clinical groups. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 62(3), 689-697. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12429
63. Rizal, F., Egan, H., Cook, A., Keyte, R., & Mantzios, M. (2020). Examining the impact of mindfulness and self-compassion on the relationship between mental health and resiliency. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 8(4), 279-288. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2020.100792
64. Runyan D., Wattam C., Ikeda R., Hassan F., & Ramiro L. (2002). Child abuse and neglect by parents and other caregivers. World Health Organization, 57-86.
65. Sagone, E., & De Caroli, M. E. (2014). Relationships between psychological well-being and resilience in middle and late adolescents. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 141, 881-887. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.05.154
66. Sameroff, A. (2005). Early resilience and its developmental consequences. Tremblay, RE., Barr, RG., Peters, RDeV. (Eds.). Encyclopedia on Early Childhood Development, 1-6.
67. Song, S., Yang, X., Yang, H., Zhou, P., Ma, H., Teng, C., ... & Zhang, N. (2021). Psychological resilience as a protective factor for depression and anxiety among the public during the outbreak of COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 618509. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.618509
68. Suh, H., & Jeong, J. (2021). Association of self-compassion with suicidal thoughts and behaviors and non-suicidal self injury: A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 633482. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633482
69. Şar, V., Öztürk, P. E. ve İkikardeş, E. (2012). Çocukluk çağı ruhsal travma ölçeğinin türkçe uyarlamasının geçerlilik ve güvenilirliği. Türkiye Klinikleri Journal of Medical Sciences, 32(4), 1054-1063. https://doi.org/10.5336/medsci.2011-26947
70. Tabachnick, B. G. ve Fidell, L. S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. Boston: MA Pearson.
71. Taner, Y., & Gökler, B. (2004). Çocuk istismarı ve ihmali: Psikiyatrik yönleri. Acta Medica, 35(2), 82-86.
72. Tao, J., He, K., & Xu, J. (2021). The mediating effect of self-compassion on the relationship between childhood maltreatment and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 291, 288-293. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.019
73. Turan, M. E. (2021). The relationship between social emotional learning competencies and life satisfaction in adolescents: Mediating role of academic resilience. International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 13(4). https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2021.04.012
74. Tolin, D. F., & Foa, E. B. (2006). Sex differences in trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder: A quantitative review of 25 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 132(6), 959-992. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.132.6.959
75. Trompetter, H. R., Kleine, E., & Bohlmeijer, E. T. (2017). Why does self-compassion improve well-being? The role of resilience and gratitude. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(3), 743-755. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9774-0
76. Vanderpol, M. (2002). Resilience: A missing link in our understanding of survival. Harvard Revision Psychiatry, 10, 302-306. https://doi.org/10.1080/10673220216282
77. Verma, Y., & Tiwari, G. K. (2017). Self-compassion as the predictor of flourishing of the students. The International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(3), 10-29. https://doi.org/10.25215/0403.122
78. Yarnell, L. M., Stafford, R. E., Neff, K. D., Reilly, E. D., Knox, M. C., & Mullarkey, M. (2015). Meta-analysis of gender differences in self-compassion. Self and Identity, 14(5), 499-520. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2015.1029966
79. Zessin, U., Dickhäuser, O., & Garbade, S. (2015). The relationship between self-compassion and well-being: A meta-analysis. Applied Psychology: Health and Well-Being, 7(3), 340-364. https://doi.org/10.1111/aphw.12051
80. Warren, R., Smeets, E., & Neff, K. (2016). Being compassionate to oneself is associated with emotional resilience and psychological well-being. Current Psychiatry, 15(12), 18-32.
81. Watters, E. R., Aloe, A. M., & Wojciak, A. S. (2023). Examining the associations between childhood trauma, resilience, and depression: A multivariate meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(1), 231-244. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211029397
82. Werner, E. E. (1989). High-risk children in young adulthood: A longitudinal study from birth to 32 years. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry. 59, 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-0025.1989.tb01636.x
83. Wollast, R., Riemer, A. R., Sarda, E., Wiernik, B. M., & Klein, O. (2020). How self-compassion moderates the relation between body surveillance and body shame among men and women. Mindfulness, 11, 2298-2313. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12671-020-01448-w