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YAPAY ZEKÂ KONUSUNUN TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET KAPSAMINDA İNCELENMESİ: MESLEKLERE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Year 2020, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 183 - 203, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.819510

Abstract

Yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin simgesi niteliğindeki robotların yeni bir aktör olarak gündelik yaşama dahil olması, yapay zekâ ve toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkisine dair tartışmaları gündeme getirmiş ve yapay zekâ uygulamalarının mevcut toplumsal cinsiyet algılarında bir değişime neden olup olmayacağı tartışılmaya başlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda bu araştırma ile, “Yapay zekâ uygulamaları toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin gelişimine hizmet eder mi, yoksa tam tersi mevcut toplumsal cinsiyet algılarının pekiştirilmesinde bir araç işlevi mi görür?” sorusuna meslek robotları üzerinden cevap aranmıştır. Daha detaylıca bahsetmek gerekirse bu çalışmanın amaçları; on farklı meslek grubu için geliştirilen meslek robotlarına yönelik toplumsal cinsiyet algılarını ölçmek, bu algıların katılımcıların cinsiyetlerine göre farklılaşıp farklılaşmadığını belirlemek ve meslek robotlarının kişilik özellikleri yönünden değerlendirilmesi durumunda da toplumsal cinsiyete dair bir algının yer alıp almadığını ortaya koymaktır. Bunun için nicel yöntemden faydalanılmıştır. Katılımcıların meslek robotlarına ilişkin toplumsal cinsiyet algılarının ölçümlenmesinde senaryo tekniğine başvurulmuş ve veriler anket aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Hipotezler tek örneklem t testi ve bağımsız örneklem t testi kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın bulguları, bir yapay zekâ uygulaması olarak robotların iş hayatına entegrasyonunun sosyal yaşantı içerisindeki toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliklerini yeniden inşa edecek şekilde ilerleyeceğini öngörmektedir. Literatüre yansımış olduğu kadarıyla yapay zekâ, meslekler ve toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkisini Türkiye’de inceleyen bir çalışmanın bulunmaması, bu araştırmanın özgün değerini oluşturmaktadır.

References

  • Adam, A. (1996) , “Constructions of Gender in The History of Artificial Intelligence”, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 18(3), 47-53.
  • Aimi Shazwani, G., vd. (2018), “Effect of Robots Characteristics and Gender in Persuasive Human Robot Interaction” Frontiers in Robotic and AI, 5(73), 1 – 20.
  • Alexander, E. vd. (2014), “Asking For Help From A Gendered Robot”, In Proceedings Of The Annual Meeting Of The Cognitive Science Society, 36(36), 48 – 75.
  • Başfırıncı, Ç. ve Altıntaş, M. (2018), “Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Çocuk Reklâmları Aracılığıyla İnşası: Türk Televizyonlarındaki Çocuk Reklâmlarına Yönelik Bir İçerik Analizi” Istanbul Business Research, 47(2), 208-232.
  • Bandura, A. ve Richard H. W. (1977), "Social Learning Theory’’ Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Bettio, E. (1988), The Sexual Division of Labor: The Italian Case.
  • Blau, F. D., vd. (2002), The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
  • Blumer, H. (1969), Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, NJ, NJ.
  • Butler, J. (2009), “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Düzenlemeleri”, Cogito: Feminizm, 58,73-92.
  • Cartwright, A. vd. (2017), “An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Gender Binary and Occupational Discrimination Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure”, The Psychological Record, 67(1), 121-130.
  • Ceci, S. J., vd. (2009), “Women’s underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations”, Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 218–261.
  • Cejka, M. A. ve Eagly, A. H. (1999), “Gender-Stereotypic Images of Occupations Correspond to the Sex Segregation of Employment”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4), 413-423.
  • Charles, M. (1992), “Cross-national Variation in Occupational Sex Segregation”, American Sociological Review, 57(4), 483-502.
  • Correll, S. J. (2004), “Constraints into preferences: Gender, Status and Emerging Career Aspirations”, American Sociological Review, 69(1), 93–113.
  • Diekman, A. B. ve Eagly, A. H. (2000), “Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future”, Personality and Social Psycholog Bulletin, 26(10), 1171-1186.
  • Drake, C. E., vd. (2018), “Comparing Implicit Gender Stereotypes Between Women and Men with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure”, Gender Issues, 35(1), 3-20.
  • Dresden, B. E., vd. (2017), “No Girls Allowed: Women in Male-dominated Majors Experience Increased Gender Harassment and Bias”, Psychological Reports, 121(3), 459-474.
  • Eagly, A. H., vd. (2000), “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal”, The Development Social Psychology of Gender, 12, 123-174.
  • Ferrando, F. (2014), “Is The Post-Human A Post-Woman? Cyborgs, Robots, Artificial Intelligence And The Futures Of Gender: A Case Study”, Eur J Futures Res, 2(43) 2- 20.
  • Forsman, J. A. ve Barth, J. M. (2017), “The Effect of Occupational Gender Stereotypes on Men’s Interest in Female-dominated Occupations” Sex Roles, 76(7-8), 460-472.
  • Friederike, E. and Frank, H. (2012), “(S)he’s Got the Look: Gender Stereotyping of Robots”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2213–2230.
  • Gottfredson, L.S. (1981), “Circumscription and compromise: a developmental theory of occupational aspirations”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28 (6), 545-579.
  • Gottfredson, L.S. (1996), "Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise." Career Choice and Development, 179-232.
  • Guo, Y. ve He, X. (2015), “A Stereotypic Explanatory Bias Study of College Students’ Occupational Gender Stereotype”, Canadian Social Science, 11(3), 141-145.
  • Gustavsson, E. (2005), “Virtual Servants: Stereotyping Female Front-Office Employees on the Internet”, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 12(5), 401- 419.
  • Hansen, L., Perrault, G., Lofgren, B., Follet, C., Walt, M. and Boe, A. (1980), Project Born Free: Training Packet to Reduce Sex-Role Stereotyping in Career Development, Postsecondary/Higher Education Level, Newton, Education Development Center, MA.
  • Hakim, C. (1979), Occupational Segregration: A Comparative Study of the Degree of the Differentiation Between Men and Women's Work in Britain, the United States and Other Countries: by Catherine Hakim. Department of Employment.
  • Izraeli, D. N. (1979), “Sex Stracture of Occupations”, Sociology of Work and Occupations, 6(4), 404-429.
  • İlkkaracan, İ. ve Selim, R. (2007), “The Gender ,Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market”, Labour, 21(3), 563-593.
  • Janssen, S. ve Backes, G. U. (2016), “Occupational Stereotypes and Gender‐Specific Job Satisfaction”, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 55(1), 71-91.
  • Jessell, J. ve Beymer, L. (1992), The Effects Of Job Title Vs. Job Description On Occupational Sex Typing, Sex Roles, 27(1), 73-83.
  • Johnson, G. ve Solon, G. (1986), “Estimates of the Direct Effects of Comparable Worth Policy”, The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1117-1125.
  • Jonung, C. (1984), Patterns of Occupational Segregation By Sex In The Labor Market. Sociological Methodology, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
  • Kalan Gündüz, Ö. (2010), “Reklamda Çocuğun Toplumsal Cinsiyet Teorisi Bağlamında Konumlandırılışı: Kinder Reklam Filmleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(38), 75-89.
  • Karabekmez, S., vd. (2018), “Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuklarının Mesleklere Yönelik Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algılarının İncelenmesi”, Bilim Eğitim Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2(1), 51-70.
  • Kidd, M. ve Goninon, T. (2000), “Female Concentration and The Gender Wage Differential in The United Kingdom”, Applied Economics Letters, 7(5), 337-340.
  • Kuo, I - Hong vd. (2009) “Age And Gender Factors İn User Acceptance Of Healthcare Robots”, Proceedings Of The 18th IEEE International Symposium On Robot And Human Interactive Communication, In: Ro-man, Toyama, Japan, 214–219.
  • Kucuk, E. (2016), “Health perception and healthy lifestyle behaviors of female factory workers”, Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health, Vol. 71 No. 4, pp. 216-221.
  • Lin, C. H., vd. (2012), “Exploring Parents’ Perceptions Towards Educational Robots: Gender And Socioeconomic Differences”, Br J Educ Technol, 43, 31–34.
  • Macpherson, D. A. ve Barry, T. H. (1995), "Wages nd Gender Composition: Why Do Women's Jobs Pay Less?." Journal Of Labor Economics 13.3: 426-471.
  • Mead, G.H. (1934), Mind, Self and Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Niculescu, A., vd. (2010), “How Theagent’s Gender Influence Users’ Evaluation Of A QA System”, Proceedings Of The International Conference On User Science And Engineering, NJ: IEEE, 13(15), 16-20.
  • Nomura, T., vd. (2006), “Experimental İnvestigation İnto İnfluence Of Negative Attitudes Toward Robots On Human–Robot Interaction”, AI and Society, 20(2), 138-150.
  • Oakley, A. (1972), Sex, Gender and Society, Maurice Temple Smith Ltd., USA.
  • Papatya, Nurhan ve Karaca, Yasemin (2011), “Kadın İmgesi Kullanılan Reklamlara Yönelik Tüketicinin Tutum ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 69-100.
  • Roos, P. A. (1985), Gender And Work: A Comparative Analysis of Industrial Societies. SUNY Press.
  • Sainz, M., vd. (2016), “Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes Towards Information and Communication Technology Professionals in a Sample of Spanish Secondary Students”, Sex Roles, 74, 154–168.
  • Shinar, E. (1975), “Sexual Stereotypes of Occupations”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 7, 99-111.
  • Showkat, D. (2018), Gender Differences in Robot Teleoperation, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Oregon State University.
  • Siegel, M., vd. (2009), “Persuasive Robotics: The Influence Of Robot Gender On Human Behavior”, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2563-2568.
  • Sirgy, M. J. (1982), “Self-conceptin Consumer Behavior: A Critical Review”, Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3), 287-300.
  • Stoller, R. (1968), Sex and Gender: The Development of Masculinity and Femininity, Karnac Books, London.
  • Tansel, A. (1999), “Formal versus informal sector choice of wage earners and their wages in Turkey”, Economic Research Forum Working Paper, No, 9927, pp. 1-37.
  • Tay, B., vd. (2014), “When Stereotypes Meet Robots: The Double-Edge Sword Of Robot Gender And Personality In Human–Robot Interaction”, Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 75-84.
  • Wang, Y. (2014), Gendering Human-Robot Interaction: Exploring How a Person’s Gender Impacts Attitudes Toward and Interaction with Robots, Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Manitoba University.
  • White, M. J. ve White, G. B. (2006), “Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes”, Sex Roles, 55, 259-266.
  • Wilbourn, M. P. ve Kee, D. W. (2010), “Henry the Nurse is a Doctor Too: Implicitly Examining Children’s Gender Stereotypes for Male and Female Occupational Roles”, Sex Roles, 62, 670–683.
  • Willms-Herget, A. (1985), Frauenarbeit. Zur Integration Der Frauen In Den Arbeitsmarkt. Frankfurt/New York: Campus.
  • Woods, H. S. (2018), “Asking More Of Siri And Alexa: Feminine Persona In Service Of Surveillance Capitalism”, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(4), 334-349.
Year 2020, Volume: 29 Issue: 4, 183 - 203, 30.12.2020
https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.819510

Abstract

References

  • Adam, A. (1996) , “Constructions of Gender in The History of Artificial Intelligence”, IEEE Annals of the History of Computing, 18(3), 47-53.
  • Aimi Shazwani, G., vd. (2018), “Effect of Robots Characteristics and Gender in Persuasive Human Robot Interaction” Frontiers in Robotic and AI, 5(73), 1 – 20.
  • Alexander, E. vd. (2014), “Asking For Help From A Gendered Robot”, In Proceedings Of The Annual Meeting Of The Cognitive Science Society, 36(36), 48 – 75.
  • Başfırıncı, Ç. ve Altıntaş, M. (2018), “Toplumsal Cinsiyetin Çocuk Reklâmları Aracılığıyla İnşası: Türk Televizyonlarındaki Çocuk Reklâmlarına Yönelik Bir İçerik Analizi” Istanbul Business Research, 47(2), 208-232.
  • Bandura, A. ve Richard H. W. (1977), "Social Learning Theory’’ Prentice-Hall: Englewood Cliffs, NJ.
  • Bettio, E. (1988), The Sexual Division of Labor: The Italian Case.
  • Blau, F. D., vd. (2002), The Economics of Women, Men, and Work, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
  • Blumer, H. (1969), Symbolic Interactionism: Perspective and Method, Englewood Cliffs, Prentice Hall, NJ, NJ.
  • Butler, J. (2009), “Toplumsal Cinsiyet Düzenlemeleri”, Cogito: Feminizm, 58,73-92.
  • Cartwright, A. vd. (2017), “An Investigation Into the Relationship Between the Gender Binary and Occupational Discrimination Using the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure”, The Psychological Record, 67(1), 121-130.
  • Ceci, S. J., vd. (2009), “Women’s underrepresentation in science: Sociocultural and biological considerations”, Psychological Bulletin, 135(2), 218–261.
  • Cejka, M. A. ve Eagly, A. H. (1999), “Gender-Stereotypic Images of Occupations Correspond to the Sex Segregation of Employment”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 25(4), 413-423.
  • Charles, M. (1992), “Cross-national Variation in Occupational Sex Segregation”, American Sociological Review, 57(4), 483-502.
  • Correll, S. J. (2004), “Constraints into preferences: Gender, Status and Emerging Career Aspirations”, American Sociological Review, 69(1), 93–113.
  • Diekman, A. B. ve Eagly, A. H. (2000), “Stereotypes as Dynamic Constructs: Women and Men of the Past, Present, and Future”, Personality and Social Psycholog Bulletin, 26(10), 1171-1186.
  • Drake, C. E., vd. (2018), “Comparing Implicit Gender Stereotypes Between Women and Men with the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure”, Gender Issues, 35(1), 3-20.
  • Dresden, B. E., vd. (2017), “No Girls Allowed: Women in Male-dominated Majors Experience Increased Gender Harassment and Bias”, Psychological Reports, 121(3), 459-474.
  • Eagly, A. H., vd. (2000), “Social Role Theory of Sex Differences and Similarities: A Current Appraisal”, The Development Social Psychology of Gender, 12, 123-174.
  • Ferrando, F. (2014), “Is The Post-Human A Post-Woman? Cyborgs, Robots, Artificial Intelligence And The Futures Of Gender: A Case Study”, Eur J Futures Res, 2(43) 2- 20.
  • Forsman, J. A. ve Barth, J. M. (2017), “The Effect of Occupational Gender Stereotypes on Men’s Interest in Female-dominated Occupations” Sex Roles, 76(7-8), 460-472.
  • Friederike, E. and Frank, H. (2012), “(S)he’s Got the Look: Gender Stereotyping of Robots”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 42(9), 2213–2230.
  • Gottfredson, L.S. (1981), “Circumscription and compromise: a developmental theory of occupational aspirations”, Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28 (6), 545-579.
  • Gottfredson, L.S. (1996), "Gottfredson's Theory of Circumscription and Compromise." Career Choice and Development, 179-232.
  • Guo, Y. ve He, X. (2015), “A Stereotypic Explanatory Bias Study of College Students’ Occupational Gender Stereotype”, Canadian Social Science, 11(3), 141-145.
  • Gustavsson, E. (2005), “Virtual Servants: Stereotyping Female Front-Office Employees on the Internet”, Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 12(5), 401- 419.
  • Hansen, L., Perrault, G., Lofgren, B., Follet, C., Walt, M. and Boe, A. (1980), Project Born Free: Training Packet to Reduce Sex-Role Stereotyping in Career Development, Postsecondary/Higher Education Level, Newton, Education Development Center, MA.
  • Hakim, C. (1979), Occupational Segregration: A Comparative Study of the Degree of the Differentiation Between Men and Women's Work in Britain, the United States and Other Countries: by Catherine Hakim. Department of Employment.
  • Izraeli, D. N. (1979), “Sex Stracture of Occupations”, Sociology of Work and Occupations, 6(4), 404-429.
  • İlkkaracan, İ. ve Selim, R. (2007), “The Gender ,Wage Gap in the Turkish Labor Market”, Labour, 21(3), 563-593.
  • Janssen, S. ve Backes, G. U. (2016), “Occupational Stereotypes and Gender‐Specific Job Satisfaction”, Industrial Relations: A Journal of Economy and Society, 55(1), 71-91.
  • Jessell, J. ve Beymer, L. (1992), The Effects Of Job Title Vs. Job Description On Occupational Sex Typing, Sex Roles, 27(1), 73-83.
  • Johnson, G. ve Solon, G. (1986), “Estimates of the Direct Effects of Comparable Worth Policy”, The American Economic Review, 76(5), 1117-1125.
  • Jonung, C. (1984), Patterns of Occupational Segregation By Sex In The Labor Market. Sociological Methodology, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass.
  • Kalan Gündüz, Ö. (2010), “Reklamda Çocuğun Toplumsal Cinsiyet Teorisi Bağlamında Konumlandırılışı: Kinder Reklam Filmleri Üzerine Bir İnceleme”, İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(38), 75-89.
  • Karabekmez, S., vd. (2018), “Okul Öncesi Dönem Çocuklarının Mesleklere Yönelik Toplumsal Cinsiyet Algılarının İncelenmesi”, Bilim Eğitim Sanat ve Teknoloji Dergisi, 2(1), 51-70.
  • Kidd, M. ve Goninon, T. (2000), “Female Concentration and The Gender Wage Differential in The United Kingdom”, Applied Economics Letters, 7(5), 337-340.
  • Kuo, I - Hong vd. (2009) “Age And Gender Factors İn User Acceptance Of Healthcare Robots”, Proceedings Of The 18th IEEE International Symposium On Robot And Human Interactive Communication, In: Ro-man, Toyama, Japan, 214–219.
  • Kucuk, E. (2016), “Health perception and healthy lifestyle behaviors of female factory workers”, Archives of Environmental and Occupational Health, Vol. 71 No. 4, pp. 216-221.
  • Lin, C. H., vd. (2012), “Exploring Parents’ Perceptions Towards Educational Robots: Gender And Socioeconomic Differences”, Br J Educ Technol, 43, 31–34.
  • Macpherson, D. A. ve Barry, T. H. (1995), "Wages nd Gender Composition: Why Do Women's Jobs Pay Less?." Journal Of Labor Economics 13.3: 426-471.
  • Mead, G.H. (1934), Mind, Self and Society, University of Chicago Press, Chicago.
  • Niculescu, A., vd. (2010), “How Theagent’s Gender Influence Users’ Evaluation Of A QA System”, Proceedings Of The International Conference On User Science And Engineering, NJ: IEEE, 13(15), 16-20.
  • Nomura, T., vd. (2006), “Experimental İnvestigation İnto İnfluence Of Negative Attitudes Toward Robots On Human–Robot Interaction”, AI and Society, 20(2), 138-150.
  • Oakley, A. (1972), Sex, Gender and Society, Maurice Temple Smith Ltd., USA.
  • Papatya, Nurhan ve Karaca, Yasemin (2011), “Kadın İmgesi Kullanılan Reklamlara Yönelik Tüketicinin Tutum ve Davranışlarının Değerlendirilmesi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 29(1), 69-100.
  • Roos, P. A. (1985), Gender And Work: A Comparative Analysis of Industrial Societies. SUNY Press.
  • Sainz, M., vd. (2016), “Gender Stereotypes and Attitudes Towards Information and Communication Technology Professionals in a Sample of Spanish Secondary Students”, Sex Roles, 74, 154–168.
  • Shinar, E. (1975), “Sexual Stereotypes of Occupations”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 7, 99-111.
  • Showkat, D. (2018), Gender Differences in Robot Teleoperation, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Oregon State University.
  • Siegel, M., vd. (2009), “Persuasive Robotics: The Influence Of Robot Gender On Human Behavior”, IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, 2563-2568.
  • Sirgy, M. J. (1982), “Self-conceptin Consumer Behavior: A Critical Review”, Journal of Consumer Research, 9(3), 287-300.
  • Stoller, R. (1968), Sex and Gender: The Development of Masculinity and Femininity, Karnac Books, London.
  • Tansel, A. (1999), “Formal versus informal sector choice of wage earners and their wages in Turkey”, Economic Research Forum Working Paper, No, 9927, pp. 1-37.
  • Tay, B., vd. (2014), “When Stereotypes Meet Robots: The Double-Edge Sword Of Robot Gender And Personality In Human–Robot Interaction”, Computers in Human Behavior, 38, 75-84.
  • Wang, Y. (2014), Gendering Human-Robot Interaction: Exploring How a Person’s Gender Impacts Attitudes Toward and Interaction with Robots, Yayınlanmış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Manitoba University.
  • White, M. J. ve White, G. B. (2006), “Implicit and Explicit Occupational Gender Stereotypes”, Sex Roles, 55, 259-266.
  • Wilbourn, M. P. ve Kee, D. W. (2010), “Henry the Nurse is a Doctor Too: Implicitly Examining Children’s Gender Stereotypes for Male and Female Occupational Roles”, Sex Roles, 62, 670–683.
  • Willms-Herget, A. (1985), Frauenarbeit. Zur Integration Der Frauen In Den Arbeitsmarkt. Frankfurt/New York: Campus.
  • Woods, H. S. (2018), “Asking More Of Siri And Alexa: Feminine Persona In Service Of Surveillance Capitalism”, Critical Studies in Media Communication, 35(4), 334-349.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Büşra Sedef Çifci 0000-0002-6602-4609

Cigdem Basfirinci 0000-0003-1194-9804

Publication Date December 30, 2020
Submission Date November 1, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2020 Volume: 29 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Çifci, B. S., & Basfirinci, C. (2020). YAPAY ZEKÂ KONUSUNUN TOPLUMSAL CİNSİYET KAPSAMINDA İNCELENMESİ: MESLEKLERE YÖNELİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA. Çukurova Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 29(4), 183-203. https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.819510