THE MEDIATING ROLE OF LEADER MEMBER EXCHANGE IN THE IMPACT OF SERVANT LEADERSHIP ON ORGANIZATIONAL CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOUR: A RESEARCH IN NON-PROFIT ORGANIZATIONS

Year 2023, Volume: 32 Issue: 3 - Cumhuriyetimiz 100 Yaşında Özel Sayısı, 1 - 19, 30.12.2023

Buse Ertan , Azmi Yalçın

https://doi.org/10.35379/cusosbil.1243961

Abstract

In the literature, the relationship between servant leadership and organizational citizenship behavior has been addressed; however, the mechanisms and boundary conditions of this relationship have not been sufficiently explored. In this study, with the aim of filling this gap, we investigate the mediating effect of leader-member exchange on organizational citizenship behavior in the effect of servant leadership. Accordingly, we assessed the data gathered from 173 people that are working in non-profit organizations in Adana. Simple linear regression and hierarchical regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses of the study. Results of the analyses indicate that servant leadership has a positive and significant effect on organizational citizenship behavior, and leader-member exchange positively mediates the effect of servant leadership on organizational citizenship behavior.

Keywords

Servant Leadership, Leader Member Exchange, Organizational Citizenship, Mediation Role

HİZMETKÂR LİDERLİK VE ÖRGÜTSEL VATANDAŞLIK DAVRANIŞI ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİDE LİDER-ÜYE ETKİLEŞİMİNİN ARACI ROLÜ: KÂR AMACI GÜTMEYEN KURULUŞLARDA BİR ARAŞTIRMA

Abstract

Hizmetkâr liderliğin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ilişkisine literatürde sıklıkla yer verilmiş olsa da bu ilişkinin mekanizmalarının ve sınırlayıcı koşullarının neler olduğu yeterince ele alınmamıştır. Bu çalışmada, bu boşluğu doldurmak amacıyla hizmetkâr liderliğin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışına etkisinde lider-üye etkileşiminin aracılık rolü ele alınmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Adana’da faaliyet gösteren kâr amacı gütmeyen kuruluşlarda çalışan 173 kişiden toplanan veri değerlendirmeye alınmıştır. Çalışmanın hipotezlerini test etmek amacıyla basit doğrusal regresyon ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda, hizmetkâr liderliğin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerinde pozitif ve anlamlı bir etkiye sahip olduğu ve hizmetkâr liderliğin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışına etkisinde lider-üye etkileşiminin pozitif yönde tam aracılık etkisine sahip olduğu olduğu bulunmuştur.

Keywords

Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı, Hizmetkâr Liderlik, Lider Üye Etkileşimi, Aracı Rol

References

• Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411–423. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.103.3.411
• Aslan, A. (2020). Örgütlerde bireysel düzeyde hesap verebilirliğin öncülleri ve ardılları [Doktora tezi, Çukurova Üniversitesi]. Çukurova Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Adana.
• Aslan, A. (2023). Covid-19 risk algısı ve iş stresi arasındaki ilişkide iş güvencesizliği ve iş-yaşam kalitesinin seri çoklu aracılık etkisi (The relationship between Covid-19 risk perception and job stress: serial multi-mediation effect of job insecurity and quality of Wo. Journal of Business Research - Turk, 15(1), 685–703. https://doi.org/10.20491/isarder.2023.1612
• Bao, Y., Li, C., & Zhao, H. (2018). Servant leadership and engagement: a dual mediation model. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 33(6), 406–417. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-12-2017-0435
• Barbuto, J. E., & Wheeler, D. W. (2006). Scale development and construct clarification of servant leadership. Group and Organization Management, 31(3), 300–326. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059601106287091
• Basım, H. N., & Şeşen, H. (2006). Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ölçeği uyarlama ve karşılaştırma çalışması. Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 61(4), 83–101.
• Bateman, T. S., & Organ, D. W. (1983). Job satisfaction and the good soldier: The relationship between affect and employee “Citizenship.” Academy of Management Journal, 26(4), 587–595. https://doi.org/10.5465/255908
• Bauer, T. N., & Green, S. G. (1996). Development of leader-member exchange: A Longitudinal Test. Academy of Management Journal, 39(6), 1538–1567. https://doi.org/10.5465/257068
• Baytok, A., & Ergen, F. D. (2013). Hizmetkâr liderliğin örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışına etkisi: İstanbul ve Afyonkarahisar’daki beş yıldızlı otel işletmelerinde bir araştırma. İşletme Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(4), 105–132.
• Bedük, A., & Ertürk, E. (2015). Sosyal Mübadele Teorisi bağlamında güç mesafesi ve örgütsel adalet algılamalarının örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı üzerindeki etkisi. The Journal of Business Science, 3(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.22139/IBD.72405
• Bektaş, Ç. (2016). Liderlik yaklaşımları ve modern liderden beklentiler. Selçuk Üniversitesi Akşehir Meslek Yüksekokulu Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(7), 43–53.
• Blau, P. M. (1964). Exchange & power in social life. Transaction Publishers.
• Chiniara, M., & Bentein, K. (2018). The servant leadership advantage: When perceiving low differentiation in leader-member relationship quality influences team cohesion, team task performance and service OCB. The Leadership Quarterly, 29(2), 333–345. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.LEAQUA.2017.05.002
• Dansereau, F., Cashman, J., & Graen, G. (1973). Instrumentality theory and equity theory as complementary approaches in predicting the relationship of leadership and turnover among managers. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 10(2), 184–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(73)90012-3
• Dansereau, F., Graen, G., & Haga, W. J. (1975). A vertical dyad linkage approach to leadership within formal organizations. A longitudinal investigation of the role making process. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 13(1), 46–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(75)90005-7
• Dienesch, R. M., & Liden, R. C. (1986). Leader-member exchange model of leadership: A critique and further development. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618–634. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4306242
• Duchon, D., Green, S. G., & Taber, T. D. (1986). Vertical Dyad Linkage. A longitudinal assessment of antecedents, measures, and consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(1), 56–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.1.56
• Ehrhart, M. G., Hanges, P., Hattrup, K., Klein, K., Ployhart, R., Stevens, C., Tesluk, P., & Holcombe, K. (2004). Leadership and procedural justice climate as antecedents of unit‐level organizational citizenship behavior. Personnel Psychology, 57(1), 61–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1744-6570.2004.TB02484.X
• Farh, J. L., Zhong, C. B., & Organ, D. W. (2004). Organizational citizenship behavior in the People’s Republic of China. Organization Science, 15(2), 241–253. https://doi.org/10.1287/ORSC.1030.0051
• Graen, G. B., Liden, R. C., & Hoel, W. (1982). Short notes role of leadership in the employee withdrawal process. Journal of Applkd Psychology, 67(6), 868–872.
• Graen, G. B., Novak, M. A., & Sommerkamp, P. (1982). The effects of leader-member exchange and job design on productivity and satisfaction: Testing a dual attachment model. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 30(1), 109–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(82)90236-7
• Graen, G. B., & Uhl-Bien, M. (1995). Relationship-based approach to leadership: Development of leader-member exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership over 25 Years: Applying a Multi-Level Multi-Domain Perspective. Leadership Quarterly, 6(2), 219–247.
• Greenleaf, R. (1977). Servant leadership: A journey into the nature of legitimate power and greatness. Paulist Press.
• Güçel, C., & Begeç, S. (2012). The effect of the servant leadership on organizational citizenship behavior: Case study of a university. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanity Studies, 4(1), 1309–8063.
• Gürbüz, S., & Şahin, F. (2018). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri. Seçkin.
• Hanse, J. J., Harlin, U., Jarebrant, C., Ulin, K., & Winkel, J. (2016). The impact of servant leadership dimensions on leader–member exchange among health care professionals. Journal of Nursing Management, 24(2), 228–234. https://doi.org/10.1111/JONM.12304
• Harwiki, W. (2016). The impact of servant leadership on organization culture, organizational commitment, organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB) and employee performance in women cooperatives. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 219, 283–290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2016.04.032
• Hollander, E. P. (1980). Leadership and social exchange processes. In K. J. Gergen, M. S. Greenberg, & R. H. Willis (Eds.), Social Exchange, 103–118. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-3087-5_5
• Hu, J., & Liden, R. C. (2011). Antecedents of team potency and team effectiveness: An examination of goal and process clarity and servant leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(4), 851–862. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022465
• Ilies, R., Nahrgang, J. D., & Morgeson, F. P. (2007). Leader-member exchange and citizenship behaviors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 92(1), 269–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.92.1.269
• İplik, F. N. (2010). Örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı . Nobel Kitabevi.
• Karasar, N. (2013). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi (25. ed.). Nobel.
• Kılıç, K. C., & Aydın, Y. (2016). Hizmetkâr liderlik ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlaması: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik çalışması. KMÜ Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 18(30), 106–113.
• Lee, A., Lyubovnikova, J., Tian, A. W., & Knight, C. (2020). Servant leadership: A meta-analytic examination of incremental contribution, moderation, and mediation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 93(1), 1–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/JOOP.12265
• Liden, R. C., & Graen, G. (1980). Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership. Academy of Management Journal, 23(3), 451–465. https://doi.org/10.5465/255511
• Liden, R. C., & Maslyn, J. M. (1998). Multidimensionality of leader-member exchange: An empirical assessment through scale development. Journal of Management, 24(1), 43–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639802400105
• Liden, R. C., Wayne, S. J., Zhao, H., & Henderson, D. (2008). Servant leadership: Development of a multidimensional measure and multi-level assessment. Leadership Quarterly, 19(2), 161–177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.01.006
• Newman, A., Schwarz, G., Cooper, B., & Sendjaya, S. (2017). How servant leadership influences organizational citizenship behavior: The roles of LMX, empowerment, and proactive personality. Journal of Business Ethics, 145(1), 49–62. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2827-6
• Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington Books.
• Organ, D. W. (1997). Organizational citizenship behavior: It’s construct clean-up time. Human Performance, 10(2), 85–97. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup1002_2
• Özdemir, S., Başel, H., & Şenocak, H. (2010). Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları (STK)’nın artan önemi ve Üsküdar’da faaliyet gösteren bazı STK’lar üzerine bir araştırma. Journal of Social Policy Conferences, 56, 152–234.
• Özutku, H., Ağca, V., & Cevrioğlu, E. (2008). Lider-Üye Etki̇leşi̇m Teori̇si̇ çerçevesi̇nde yöneti̇ci̇-ast etki̇leşi̇mi̇ ile örgütsel bağlılık boyutları ve iş performansi arasındaki Iili̇şki̇ ampi̇ri̇k bi̇r inceleme. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 22(2), 193.
• Page, D., & Wong, P. T. P. (2000). A conceptual framework for measuring servant leadership. In A. Adjibolosoo (Ed.), The human factor in shaping the course of history and development. University Press of America.
• Podsakoff, N. P., Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Maynes, T. D., & Spoelma, T. M. (2014). Consequences of unit‐level organizational citizenship behaviors: A review and recommendations for future research. Wiley Online Library, 35(S1), 87–119. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.1911
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & And, C. H. (1993). Organizational citizenship behaviors and managerial evaluations of employee performance: A review and suggestions for future research. In G. R. Ferris (Ed.), Search in personnel and human resources management, 1–40. JAI Press.
• Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Paine, J. B., & Bachrach, D. G. (2000). Organizational citizenship behaviors: A critical review of the theoretical and empirical literature and suggestions for future research. Journal of Management, 26(3), 513–563. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920630002600307
• Rasoolimanesh, S. M., Wang, M., Roldán, J. L., & Kunasekaran, P. (2021). Are we in right path for mediation analysis? Reviewing the literature and proposing robust guidelines. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 48(2), 1447–6770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.07.013
• Scandura, T. A., & Graen, G. B. (1984). Moderating effects of initial leader-member exchange status on the effects of a leadership intervention. Journal of Applied Psychology, 69(3), 428–436. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.69.3.428
• Scandura, T. A., Graen, G. B., & Novak, M. A. (1986). When managers decide not to decide autocratically. An investigation of leader-member exchange and decision influence. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(4), 579–584. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.4.579
• Schneider, S. K., & George, W. M. (2011). Servant leadership versus transformational leadership in voluntary service organizations. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 32(1), 60–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/01437731111099283/FULL/HTM
• Sendjaya, S., Sarros, J. C., & Santora, J. C. (2008). Defining and measuring servant leadership behaviour in organizations. Journal of Management Studies, 45(2), 402–424. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1467-6486.2007.00761.X
• Spears, L. C. (1998). Tracing the growing impact of servant leadership. In L. C. Spears (Ed.), Insights on leadership: Service, stewardship, spirit, and servant-leadership, 1–12. John Wiley and Sons.
• Turnipseed, D. L. (2002). Are good soldiers good? Exploring the link between organization citizenship behavior and personal ethics. Journal of Business Research, 55(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00217-X
• Van Dierendonck, D. (2011). Servant leadership: A review and synthesis. Journal of Management, 37(4), 1228–1261. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206310380462
• Van Dyne, L., Graham, J. W., & Dienesch, R. M. (1994). Organizational citizenship behavior: construct redefinition, measurement, and validation. Academy of Management Journal, 37(4), 765–802. https://doi.org/10.5465/256600
• Vecchio, R. P., & Gobdel, B. C. (1984). The vertical dyad linkage model of leadership: Problems and prospects. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 34(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(84)90035-7
• Vondey, M. (2010). The relationships among servant leadership, Ooganizational citizenship behavior, person-organization fit, and organizational identification. International Journal of Leadership Studies, 6(1), 3–27.
• Wakabayashi, M., Graen, G., Graen, M., & Graen, M. (1988). Japanese management progress: Mobility into middle management. Journal of Applied Psychology, 73(2), 217–227. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.73.2.217
• Walumbwa, F. O., Hartnell, C. A., & Oke, A. (2010). Servant leadership, procedural justice climate, service climate, employee attitudes and organizational citizenship behavior: A cross-level investigation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(3), 517–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0018867
• Wang, L., Jiang, W., Liu, Z., & Ma, X. (2017). Human performance shared leadership and team effectiveness: The examination of LMX differentiation and servant leadership on the emergence and consequences of shared leadership. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2017.1345909
• Wayne, S. J., & Green, S. A. (1993). The effects of leader-member exchange on employee citizenship and impression management behavior. Human Relations, 46(12), 1431–1440. https://doi.org/10.1177/001872679304601204
• Williams, L. J., & Anderson, S. E. (1991). Job satisfaction and organizational commitment as predictors of organizational citizenship and in-role behaviors. Journal of Management, 17(3), 601–617. https://doi.org/10.1177/014920639101700305
• Wu, J., Liden, R. C., Liao, C., & Wayne, S. J. (2020). Journal of applied psychology does manager servant leadership lead to follower serving behaviors? It depends on follower self-interest. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000500
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. Istanbul University Journal of the School of Business İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, 2017, 74–85.
• Zehir, C., Akyuz, B., Eren, M. S., & Turhan, G. (2013). The indirect effects of servant leadership behavior on organizational citizenship behavior and job performance: Organizational justice as a mediator. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147- 4478), 2(3), 01–13. https://doi.org/10.20525/IJRBS.V2I3.68
• Zhang, Y., Zheng, Y., Zhang, L., Xu, S., Liu, X., & Chen, W. (2021). A meta-analytic review of the consequences of servant leadership: The moderating roles of cultural factors. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 38(1), 371–400. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-018-9639-z
• Zhao, C., Liu, Y., & Gao, Z. (2016). An identification perspective of servant leadership’s effects. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 31(5), 898–913. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMP-08-2014-0250