Non-muslims and Religious Education in Ottoman Society in The Age of Tanzimat and Its Aftermath

Volume: 6 Number: 15 June 1, 2008
  • Zeki Salih Zengin
EN TR

Non-muslims and Religious Education in Ottoman Society in The Age of Tanzimat and Its Aftermath

Abstract

Difference is one of the basic characteristics of societies as well as of humankind. Multiculturalism, one of the important concepts of our time, neither as a concept nor as a reality, is new. But, recent times, social relations which has increased because of communication, immigration etc., has made this concept come to the fore. It is argued how the people who live together but believe different religions should have their religious education, connected with this concept. In this article, it is showed that the approaches to religious education in the Ottoman State which has a multicultural society. With this aim, first, historical and religious roots of Ottoman State’s approach to other religions except Islam are determined. Then, religious education at the schools opened after the Tanzimat period and the rights given to non-muslims for their religious education are dealt with. There are two main characteristics which may lead people who live together in a society to conflict : Faith and ethnic origin. More than twenty groups related to different faith and ethnic origin had lived together in the Ottoman State. But, there had not almost taken place any conflict between these groups who had lived together throughout ages. This peace and tolerance atmosphere is based on two things. The first one is conception and tradition of state of Turkısh, the second one is principles of Islam. Both of them accept to respect faith and ethnical differencies. Until Tanzimat period Ottoman judicial system depended on Islamic law. Muslims and non-muslims have different statutes according to Islamic law. In other words, both groups’ responsibilities and duties to the state are different. But, this difference does not mean that non-muslims are deprived of fundamental rights and freedoms like faith, worship, education, travelling, trading etc. Therefore, there were not any pressure on non-muslims because of their faiths. On the contrary, they performed worships freely in these ages. Their educational institutions had get worked depending on their foundations, like muslim educational institutions. Ottoman state organization have changed during the Tanzimat period. Depending on this change Judicial differencies between muslims and non-muslims have been abolited gradually. In the same period, education system have been reorganized. Non-muslim members had taken part in commisions which new education system planned, too. Educational activities had been performed depending on foundations of religious communities previously, but, in the Tanzimat period together with these institutions, official schools (mekteps) have been established. Thus, laik structure had been established in the educational area administratively and mentally. In accordance with Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi dated at 1869, which designed educational organization extensively, religious communities were allowed to open their own private schools also. With the same judicial arrangement it was permitted to open primitive schools for every religious communities and to give religious lessons in schedules according to religious differences. But those lessons had not been located in high school schedules along this period. Same applications were continued after Tanzimat period, too. After Tanzimat period from the point of religious education, it is remarkable that Islamic religious lessons were located in high school schedules. The reason for this application that there were few non-muslim students in these offical schools. Statistic sources shows that non-muslim students prefer their private schools of religious commities or foreign schools which opened by United States of America and European states instead of official schools. As for non-muslim students who attended offical schools, they were exempted from Islamic religious lessons. On the other hand, location of Islamic religious lessons in the schedule of these schools which the whole students almost muslims should be taken naturally. Ottoman State has not have laic structure completely, even after Tanzimat period. However, minorities have not been deprived of fundamental rights like faith, worship and education. Moreover, rights of non-muslims have taken place in Maarif-i Umumiye Nizamnamesi and Islahat Fermanı, prepared in the Tanzimat period. As a matter of fact, these rights taking part in this documents are not new. On the contrary, all of these show that non-muslim subjects have been taken place in the state and educational organisation and they have been given their fundamental rights as it was in the past.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

-

Journal Section

-

Authors

Zeki Salih Zengin This is me

Publication Date

June 1, 2008

Submission Date

June 1, 2008

Acceptance Date

-

Published in Issue

Year 2008 Volume: 6 Number: 15

APA
Zengin, Z. S. (2008). Tanzimat ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler ve Din Eğitimi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, 6(15), 139-170. https://izlik.org/JA45DJ62SF
AMA
1.Zengin ZS. Tanzimat ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler ve Din Eğitimi. ded. 2008;6(15):139-170. https://izlik.org/JA45DJ62SF
Chicago
Zengin, Zeki Salih. 2008. “Tanzimat Ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler Ve Din Eğitimi”. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi 6 (15): 139-70. https://izlik.org/JA45DJ62SF.
EndNote
Zengin ZS (June 1, 2008) Tanzimat ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler ve Din Eğitimi. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi 6 15 139–170.
IEEE
[1]Z. S. Zengin, “Tanzimat ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler ve Din Eğitimi”, ded, vol. 6, no. 15, pp. 139–170, June 2008, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA45DJ62SF
ISNAD
Zengin, Zeki Salih. “Tanzimat Ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler Ve Din Eğitimi”. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi 6/15 (June 1, 2008): 139-170. https://izlik.org/JA45DJ62SF.
JAMA
1.Zengin ZS. Tanzimat ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler ve Din Eğitimi. ded. 2008;6:139–170.
MLA
Zengin, Zeki Salih. “Tanzimat Ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler Ve Din Eğitimi”. Değerler Eğitimi Dergisi, vol. 6, no. 15, June 2008, pp. 139-70, https://izlik.org/JA45DJ62SF.
Vancouver
1.Zeki Salih Zengin. Tanzimat ve Sonrası Dönemde Osmanlı Toplumunda Gayrimüslimler ve Din Eğitimi. ded [Internet]. 2008 Jun. 1;6(15):139-70. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA45DJ62SF