Karbon-Fiber Plaka Donatılı Traverslerin, B70-Tipi Öngerilmeli Beton Traverslerle Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi

Ferhat Çeçen; Bekir Aktaş; Hakan Öztürk; İrfan Şehrullah Öztürk; M. Burhan Navdar

doi:10.47072/demiryolu.1028740

Research Article

Karbon-Fiber Plaka Donatılı Traverslerin, B70-Tipi Öngerilmeli Beton Traverslerle Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi

Year 2022, Issue: 15, 97 - 110, 31.01.2022

Ferhat Çeçen , Bekir Aktaş , Hakan Öztürk , İrfan Şehrullah Öztürk , M. Burhan Navdar

https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.1028740

Cited By: 7

Abstract

Bu çalışma kapsamında, yerli karbon fiber takviyeli poliüretan plakalar ile donatılandırılmış beton traverslerin merkez negatif eğilme performansı, öngerilmeli B70 tipi traverslerle karşılaştırmalı yürütülen deneyler ile araştırılmıştır. Yapılan testler sonucunda, yeni tip traverslerin yorulma esaslı dizayn yükünün, B70 tipi öngerilmeli traverslerin 2 katına ulaşan oranda daha yüksek sonuçlandığı görülmüştür. Ayrıca yeni tip traverslerde herhangi bir öngerilme kuvveti veya etriye kullanılmamasına rağmen, B70 tipi öngerilmeli traverslerin kırılma yükünün üzerindeki yük değerlerinde dahi, meydana gelen çatlak genişliklerinin halen 0,05 mm’nin altında kaldığı görülmüştür. Bu avantajlar, raylı sistemlerde ekartman açıklıklarının korunarak deray ve kazaların önlenmesi ve travers servis ömrünün artırılması adına oldukça önemlidir.

Keywords

Karbon fiber takviyeli poliüretan, CFRP, beton travers, LCR tipi travers, YKY çevrimi

Supporting Institution

Tübitak Ardeb Dairesi Başkanlığı

Project Number

120M403/2020

Thanks

Bu çalışma, Tübitak Ardeb Dairesi Başkanlığı’nın 120M403/2020 sayılı projesi kapsamında desteklenmektedir. Ayrıca katkılarından dolayı TCDD Sivas Beton Travers Fabrikası Müdürü Sn. Ali KARABEY’e ve dowAksa® firması yetkilisi Sn. Ilgaz DOĞAN’a teşekkürlerimizi bildiririz.

References

[1] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Yeni nesil demiryolu traversleri ve yerli frp donatı kullanımının deneysel araştırması,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, Ocak 2021, Sayı: 13, Sayfa: 53-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.803452
[2] J. Taherinezhad, M. Sofi, P. A. Mendis, T. A. Ngo, “Review of behaviour of prestressed concrete sleepers,” Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 2013, vol: 13(1), pp: 1-16
[3] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Modal and harmonic response analysis of new cfrp laminate reinforced concrete railway sleepers,” Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol: 127, no 105471, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105471
[4] C. Esveld, Modern railway track. ISBN 978-1-326-05172-3, 2014
[5] S. Li, “Railway sleeper modelling with deterministic and non-deterministic support conditions,” Division of Highway and Railway Engineering Department of Transport Science, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2012
[6] Z. Öztürk, V. Arlı, Demiryolu mühendisliği. ISBN 978-605-60958, 2009
[7] M. S. Çelik, Z. Öztürk, “Demiryolu traverslerinin çok yönlü incelenmesi ve örnek hat üzerinde kullanılan farklı tipteki traverslerin irdelenmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği ABD, Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Programı, İstanbul, 2015
[8] J. C. Bastos, “Analysis of the performance and failure of railroad concrete crossties with various track support conditions,” Master thesis, Graduate College of the University of Illinois, Urbana, 2016
[9] F. Çeçen, “Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforced concrete railway sleepers,” Master Thesis, Gazi Osman Paşa University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 156 pages, Tokat. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22723.430492019
[10] P. Mendis, “Design of high-strength concrete members, state-of-the-art,” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 2003, vol. 5 (1), pp. 1–15
[11] A. Remennikov, S. Kaewunruen, “Investigation of vibration characteristics of prestressed concrete sleepers in free-free and in-situ conditions,” 2005. [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): http://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/284
[12] H. P. J. Taylor, “The railway sleeper: 50 years of pretensioned, prestressed concrete,” 1993. [Online]. Available (15.09.2021): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288948138_The_prestressed_concrete_railway_sleepers_-_50_years_of_pretensioned_prestressed_concrete
[13] USA ACI-ASCE Committee 423, ACI 423.5R-99: State-of-the-art report on partially prestressed concrete, 2017. [Online]. Available (15.09.2021): https://www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=423599&Format=DOWNLOAD&Language=English&Units=US_Units
[14] A. Jokūbaıtıs, J. Valıvonıs, G. Marčıukaıtıs, “Analysis of strain state and cracking of concrete sleepers.” Journal Of Civil Engıneering And Management, Vol. 22(4), pp. 564–572, 2016
[15] W. Ferdous, A. Manalo, G. V. Erp, T. Aravinthan, S. Kaewunruen, A. M. Remennikov, “Composite railway sleepers – recent developments, challenges and future prospects,” Composite Structures, 2015, Vol: 134 (2015), pp. 158–168, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.058
[16] J. Sýkorová, J. Bártová, P. Štemberk, “Prestressed concrete sleeper under extreme loading conditions,” 18th International Conference Engineering Mechanics, Svratka, Czech Republic, May 14 – 17, 2012.
[17] R. You, D. Li, C. Ngamkhanong, S. Kaewunruen, “Fatigue life assessment method for prestressed concrete sleepers,” Frontiers in Built Environment, 2017, Volume 3, Article 68
[18] N. Ö. Bezgin, “Öngerilmeli beton traverslerde gözlenen zamana bağlı kısalmalarının değerlendirilmesi,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2018, Vol: 9, pp. 17-27
[19] N. Ö. Bezgin, “An insight into design of prefabricated and prestressed concrete monoblock railway ties for service loads,” Challenge Journal Of Structural Mechanics, 2018, Vol: 4, pp. 126–136
[20] S. Kaewunruen, “Experimental and numerical studies for evaluating dynamic behaviour of prestressed concrete sleepers subject to severe impact loading,” Doctor of philosophy thesis, Univeristy of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia, 2007
[21] H. E. Wolf, “Flexural Behavior Of Prestressed Concrete Monoblock Crossties,”(Master of Science Thesis, Graduate College of the University of Illinois, Civil Engineering, Urbana, 2015
[22] A. M. Guðmundsson, “Prestress losses in railway sleeper production with long bed systems,” Master of Science Thesis, Chalmers Unıversity Of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 2014.
[23] A. M. Remennikov, M. H. Murray, S. Kaewunruen, “Conversion of AS1085.14 for prestressed concrete sleeepers to limit states design format,” Proceeding of AusRAIL PLUS, Australia, 2007.
[24] J. Leong, M. H. Murray, “Probabilistic analysis of train–track vertical ımpact forces,” Proceedings of the ICE – Transport, 2008, Vol: 161 (1), pp. 15–21.
[25] J. Nairn, N. Stevens, “Rational design method for prestressed concrete sleepers,” in Conference on Railway Engineering, Wellington, Australia, 2010, pp. 174–190
[26] B. J. Van Dyk, M. S. Dersch, J. R. Edwards, “Technical report,” RailTEC, UIUC International Concrete Crosstie and Fastening System Survey, USA, 2012
[27] H. Thun, H. Utsi, L. Elfgren, “Load carrying capacity of cracked concrete railway sleepers,” Structural Concrete, 2008, Vol: 9 (3), pp. 153–161
[28] W. Ferdous, A. Manalo,. “Failures of mainline railway sleepers and suggested remedies –review of current practice,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014, Vol. 44, pp. 17–35
[29] S. Kaewunruen, D. Li, Y. Chen, Z. Xiang, “Enhancement of dynamic damping in eco-friendly railway concrete sleepers using waste-tyre crumb rubber,” MDPI Materials, 2018, vol. 11 (7), ID 1169
[30] R. You, S. Kaewunruen, “Evaluation of remaining fatigue life of concrete sleeper based on field loading conditions,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, vol. 105, pp. 70-86
[31] S. Kaewunruen, A. M. Remennikov, “Impact capacity of railway prestressed concrete sleepers,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2009. vol. 16 (5), pp. 1520-1532
[32] S. Mohammadzadeh, E. Vahabi, “Time-dependent reliability analysis of B70 pre-stressed concrete sleeper subject to deterioration,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2011, vol. 18(1), pp. 421-432
[33] S. Li, “Railway sleeper modelling with deterministic and non-deterministic support conditions,” Master Degree Project, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2012
[34] M. H. Murray, J. Bian, “Ultimate limit states design of concrete railway sleepers,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, August 2012, Issue TR3, Pages 215–223
[35] A. M .Remennıkov, M. H. Murray, S. Kaewunruen, “Dynamic design guidelines for prestressed concrete sleepers,” 2008. [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/492/
[36] R. Fico, “Limit states design of concrete structures reinforced with frp bars,” PH. D. Thesis, University Of Naples Federico II, Materials And Structures Engineering, 2008
[37] K. Brózda, J. Selejdak, P. Koteš, “Analysis of the crack width of beams reinforced with FRP bars,” Technical Transactions/Mechanics, 2018, Vol. 11, pp. 163-168
[38] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Lamine cfrp donatılı traverslerin deneysel ve sonlu eleman analizleriyle incelenmesi,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2021, vol: 14, pp: 26-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.869946
[39] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Incremental LUR Tests of New LCR Concrete Railway Sleepers,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, vol: 130, ID: 105793, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105793
[40] B. Aktaş, F. Çeçen, H. Öztürk, M. B. Navdar, İ. Ş. Öztürk, “Comparison of prestressed concrete railway sleepers and new LCR concrete sleepers with experimental modal analysis,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2022, vol. 131, ID: 105821, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105821
[41] Sleeper technology, [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://www.p-tec.org/en/sleeper-technology/
[42] ITB-Tradetech, [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/rail/itb-tradetech/
[43] Leeds Live, [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/news/leeds-news/gallery/leeds-train-station-platform-zero-17493047
[44] Demiryolu uygulamaları - Demiryolu - Beton traversler ve mesnetler- Bölüm 2:Öngerilmeli yekpare traversler, TS EN 13230-2:2016, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2016
[45] Demiryolu uygulamaları - Yol - Beton traversler ve mesnetler - Bölüm 3: Donatılı ikiz traversler, TS EN 13230-3:2016, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2016
[46] Demiryolu uygulamaları - Hat - Beton traversler ve taşıyıcılar - Bölüm 6: Tasarım, TS EN 13230-6:2020, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2020

Comparative Investigation of Carbon-Fiber Laminate Reinforced Sleepers with B70-Type Prestressed Concrete Sleepers

Year 2022, Issue: 15, 97 - 110, 31.01.2022

Ferhat Çeçen , Bekir Aktaş , Hakan Öztürk , İrfan Şehrullah Öztürk , M. Burhan Navdar

https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.1028740

Cited By: 7

Abstract

In this study, the center negative bending performance of concrete sleepers reinforced with domestic carbon fiber reinforced polyurethane laminates is investigated by comparative experiments with prestressed B70 type concrete sleepers. According to the test results, the fatigue-based design load of the new type of sleepers is two times higher than the B70 type prestressed sleepers. In addition, although no prestressing force or stirrups are used in the new type of sleepers, the crack widths that occur are still below 0.05 mm, even at the load values above the breaking load of the B70 type prestressed sleepers. These advantages are significant to prevent derailment and accidents by protecting rail gauge openings and increasing the service life of the sleeper.

Keywords

Carbon fiber reinforced polyurethane, CFRP, concrete sleeper, LCR type sleeper, LUR cycle

Project Number

120M403/2020

References

[1] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Yeni nesil demiryolu traversleri ve yerli frp donatı kullanımının deneysel araştırması,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, Ocak 2021, Sayı: 13, Sayfa: 53-64. doi: https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.803452
[2] J. Taherinezhad, M. Sofi, P. A. Mendis, T. A. Ngo, “Review of behaviour of prestressed concrete sleepers,” Electronic Journal of Structural Engineering, 2013, vol: 13(1), pp: 1-16
[3] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Modal and harmonic response analysis of new cfrp laminate reinforced concrete railway sleepers,” Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol: 127, no 105471, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105471
[4] C. Esveld, Modern railway track. ISBN 978-1-326-05172-3, 2014
[5] S. Li, “Railway sleeper modelling with deterministic and non-deterministic support conditions,” Division of Highway and Railway Engineering Department of Transport Science, School of Architecture and the Built Environment, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2012
[6] Z. Öztürk, V. Arlı, Demiryolu mühendisliği. ISBN 978-605-60958, 2009
[7] M. S. Çelik, Z. Öztürk, “Demiryolu traverslerinin çok yönlü incelenmesi ve örnek hat üzerinde kullanılan farklı tipteki traverslerin irdelenmesi,” Yüksek lisans tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İnşaat Mühendisliği ABD, Ulaştırma Mühendisliği Programı, İstanbul, 2015
[8] J. C. Bastos, “Analysis of the performance and failure of railroad concrete crossties with various track support conditions,” Master thesis, Graduate College of the University of Illinois, Urbana, 2016
[9] F. Çeçen, “Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) reinforced concrete railway sleepers,” Master Thesis, Gazi Osman Paşa University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, 156 pages, Tokat. doi: https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22723.430492019
[10] P. Mendis, “Design of high-strength concrete members, state-of-the-art,” Progress in Structural Engineering and Materials, 2003, vol. 5 (1), pp. 1–15
[11] A. Remennikov, S. Kaewunruen, “Investigation of vibration characteristics of prestressed concrete sleepers in free-free and in-situ conditions,” 2005. [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): http://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/284
[12] H. P. J. Taylor, “The railway sleeper: 50 years of pretensioned, prestressed concrete,” 1993. [Online]. Available (15.09.2021): https://www.researchgate.net/publication/288948138_The_prestressed_concrete_railway_sleepers_-_50_years_of_pretensioned_prestressed_concrete
[13] USA ACI-ASCE Committee 423, ACI 423.5R-99: State-of-the-art report on partially prestressed concrete, 2017. [Online]. Available (15.09.2021): https://www.concrete.org/store/productdetail.aspx?ItemID=423599&Format=DOWNLOAD&Language=English&Units=US_Units
[14] A. Jokūbaıtıs, J. Valıvonıs, G. Marčıukaıtıs, “Analysis of strain state and cracking of concrete sleepers.” Journal Of Civil Engıneering And Management, Vol. 22(4), pp. 564–572, 2016
[15] W. Ferdous, A. Manalo, G. V. Erp, T. Aravinthan, S. Kaewunruen, A. M. Remennikov, “Composite railway sleepers – recent developments, challenges and future prospects,” Composite Structures, 2015, Vol: 134 (2015), pp. 158–168, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.08.058
[16] J. Sýkorová, J. Bártová, P. Štemberk, “Prestressed concrete sleeper under extreme loading conditions,” 18th International Conference Engineering Mechanics, Svratka, Czech Republic, May 14 – 17, 2012.
[17] R. You, D. Li, C. Ngamkhanong, S. Kaewunruen, “Fatigue life assessment method for prestressed concrete sleepers,” Frontiers in Built Environment, 2017, Volume 3, Article 68
[18] N. Ö. Bezgin, “Öngerilmeli beton traverslerde gözlenen zamana bağlı kısalmalarının değerlendirilmesi,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2018, Vol: 9, pp. 17-27
[19] N. Ö. Bezgin, “An insight into design of prefabricated and prestressed concrete monoblock railway ties for service loads,” Challenge Journal Of Structural Mechanics, 2018, Vol: 4, pp. 126–136
[20] S. Kaewunruen, “Experimental and numerical studies for evaluating dynamic behaviour of prestressed concrete sleepers subject to severe impact loading,” Doctor of philosophy thesis, Univeristy of Wollongong, New South Wales, Australia, 2007
[21] H. E. Wolf, “Flexural Behavior Of Prestressed Concrete Monoblock Crossties,”(Master of Science Thesis, Graduate College of the University of Illinois, Civil Engineering, Urbana, 2015
[22] A. M. Guðmundsson, “Prestress losses in railway sleeper production with long bed systems,” Master of Science Thesis, Chalmers Unıversity Of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden, 2014.
[23] A. M. Remennikov, M. H. Murray, S. Kaewunruen, “Conversion of AS1085.14 for prestressed concrete sleeepers to limit states design format,” Proceeding of AusRAIL PLUS, Australia, 2007.
[24] J. Leong, M. H. Murray, “Probabilistic analysis of train–track vertical ımpact forces,” Proceedings of the ICE – Transport, 2008, Vol: 161 (1), pp. 15–21.
[25] J. Nairn, N. Stevens, “Rational design method for prestressed concrete sleepers,” in Conference on Railway Engineering, Wellington, Australia, 2010, pp. 174–190
[26] B. J. Van Dyk, M. S. Dersch, J. R. Edwards, “Technical report,” RailTEC, UIUC International Concrete Crosstie and Fastening System Survey, USA, 2012
[27] H. Thun, H. Utsi, L. Elfgren, “Load carrying capacity of cracked concrete railway sleepers,” Structural Concrete, 2008, Vol: 9 (3), pp. 153–161
[28] W. Ferdous, A. Manalo,. “Failures of mainline railway sleepers and suggested remedies –review of current practice,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2014, Vol. 44, pp. 17–35
[29] S. Kaewunruen, D. Li, Y. Chen, Z. Xiang, “Enhancement of dynamic damping in eco-friendly railway concrete sleepers using waste-tyre crumb rubber,” MDPI Materials, 2018, vol. 11 (7), ID 1169
[30] R. You, S. Kaewunruen, “Evaluation of remaining fatigue life of concrete sleeper based on field loading conditions,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2019, vol. 105, pp. 70-86
[31] S. Kaewunruen, A. M. Remennikov, “Impact capacity of railway prestressed concrete sleepers,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2009. vol. 16 (5), pp. 1520-1532
[32] S. Mohammadzadeh, E. Vahabi, “Time-dependent reliability analysis of B70 pre-stressed concrete sleeper subject to deterioration,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2011, vol. 18(1), pp. 421-432
[33] S. Li, “Railway sleeper modelling with deterministic and non-deterministic support conditions,” Master Degree Project, Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2012
[34] M. H. Murray, J. Bian, “Ultimate limit states design of concrete railway sleepers,” Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, August 2012, Issue TR3, Pages 215–223
[35] A. M .Remennıkov, M. H. Murray, S. Kaewunruen, “Dynamic design guidelines for prestressed concrete sleepers,” 2008. [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://ro.uow.edu.au/engpapers/492/
[36] R. Fico, “Limit states design of concrete structures reinforced with frp bars,” PH. D. Thesis, University Of Naples Federico II, Materials And Structures Engineering, 2008
[37] K. Brózda, J. Selejdak, P. Koteš, “Analysis of the crack width of beams reinforced with FRP bars,” Technical Transactions/Mechanics, 2018, Vol. 11, pp. 163-168
[38] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Lamine cfrp donatılı traverslerin deneysel ve sonlu eleman analizleriyle incelenmesi,” Demiryolu Mühendisliği, 2021, vol: 14, pp: 26-38. doi: https://doi.org/10.47072/demiryolu.869946
[39] F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, “Incremental LUR Tests of New LCR Concrete Railway Sleepers,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2021, vol: 130, ID: 105793, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105793
[40] B. Aktaş, F. Çeçen, H. Öztürk, M. B. Navdar, İ. Ş. Öztürk, “Comparison of prestressed concrete railway sleepers and new LCR concrete sleepers with experimental modal analysis,” Engineering Failure Analysis, 2022, vol. 131, ID: 105821, doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105821
[41] Sleeper technology, [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://www.p-tec.org/en/sleeper-technology/
[42] ITB-Tradetech, [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://www.railway-technology.com/contractors/rail/itb-tradetech/
[43] Leeds Live, [Online]. Available (25.11.2021): https://www.leeds-live.co.uk/news/leeds-news/gallery/leeds-train-station-platform-zero-17493047
[44] Demiryolu uygulamaları - Demiryolu - Beton traversler ve mesnetler- Bölüm 2:Öngerilmeli yekpare traversler, TS EN 13230-2:2016, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2016
[45] Demiryolu uygulamaları - Yol - Beton traversler ve mesnetler - Bölüm 3: Donatılı ikiz traversler, TS EN 13230-3:2016, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2016
[46] Demiryolu uygulamaları - Hat - Beton traversler ve taşıyıcılar - Bölüm 6: Tasarım, TS EN 13230-6:2020, Türk Standartları Enstitüsü, Ankara, 2020

There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Journal Section	Article
Authors	Ferhat Çeçen 0000-0003-2100-8071 Bekir Aktaş 0000-0003-3072-7983 Hakan Öztürk 0000-0003-2819-273X İrfan Şehrullah Öztürk 0000-0002-2775-5433 M. Burhan Navdar 0000-0002-9069-5816
Project Number	120M403/2020
Publication Date	January 31, 2022
Submission Date	November 26, 2021
Published in Issue	Year 2022 Issue: 15

Cite

IEEE	F. Çeçen, B. Aktaş, H. Öztürk, İ. Ş. Öztürk, and M. B. Navdar, “Karbon-Fiber Plaka Donatılı Traverslerin, B70-Tipi Öngerilmeli Beton Traverslerle Karşılaştırmalı İncelenmesi”, Demiryolu Mühendisliği, no. 15, pp. 97–110, January 2022, doi: 10.47072/demiryolu.1028740.