Formaldehyde Emission in Different Positions of Wood-Based Boards Used in Interior Architecture

Year 2022, , 91 - 104, 05.11.2022

Kemal Yıldırım , Hamza Çınar , Haldun Ender Erdem

https://doi.org/10.55755/DepArch.2022.13

Abstract

This research focused on determining the effects on the formaldehyde emission (FE) of the middle and edge parts of two different wood-based boards (WBBs) consisting of medium density fiberboard (MDF) and particleboard (PB), which are widely used in interior architecture. Samples with the thicknesses of 18 mm were analyzed for FE at a temperature of 20 °C and 65% relative moisture content for 1, 2 and 3 hours after manufacture. In the PB samples, the highest value values of FE (0.4119 ppm) was determined in the samples obtained from the center while the lowest emission values (0.0875) was observed in the samples obtained from the edge. In the MDF samples, the highest value of FE (0.3012 ppm) was determined in the samples from the center while the lowest emission values (0.1807 ppm) was observed in the samples from the edge. The PBs have a higher environmental impact (0.2497 ppm) than the MDFs (0.2454 ppm). For distances to minimum values (0.10 ppm), while the furthest value was 311% for the central samples of PB, the closest value was -12.5% for the edge samples of PB.

Keywords

Formaldehyde emission, Furniture, Interior architecture, VOC, Wood-based boards

References

• Aghakhani, M., Enayati, S. H. Nadalizadeh, H. and Pirayesh, H. (2013). The potential for using the sycamore (Platus orientalis) leaves in manufacturing particleboard. International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology, 11(2), 417-422. DOI: 10.1007/s13762-013-0327-8.
• Akkuş, M., Akbulut, T. and Candan, Z. (2021). Formaldehyde emission, combustion behavior, and artificial weathering characteristics of electrostatic powder coated wood composite panels. Journal of Wood Material Science & Engineering, Received 14 Sep 2020, Accepted 06 Mar 2021, Published online: 16 Mar 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2021.1901142
• Antov, P., Savov, V., Mantanis. G. and Neykov, N. (2021). Medium-density fibreboards bonded with phenol-formaldehyde resin and calcium lignosulfonate as an eco-friendly additive. Journal of Wood Material Science & Engineering, 16:1, 42-48, DOI: 10.1080/17480272.2020.1751279
• Benotto, E., Becker, M. and Welfring, J. (2009). Life cycle assessment of oriented strand boards (OSB): From process innovation to eco-design, Environmental Science Technology Journal. 43(15), 6003-6009. DOI: 10.1021/es900707u.
• Brockmann, C. M., Sheldon, L. S. Whitaker, D. A. and Baskir, J. N. (1998). The Application of Pollution Prevention Techniques to Reduce Indoor Air Emissions from Engineered Wood Products (Report No. EPA-600/R-98-146). Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC.
• Chuck, W.F.Y. and Jeong, T.K. (2012). Long-term impact of formaldehyde and voc emissions from wood-based products on indoor environments; and issues with recycled products. Indoor Built Environment 21;1:137–149.
• Cinar, H., Yasemin, O. and Yıldırım K. (2018). Effects of Surface Veneering, Edge Banding, Drilling Holes for Handles and Hinges of Wood Based Boards on Formaldehyde Emission. Forest Products Journal: 2018, Vol. 68, No. 3, pp. 264-271.
• Cinar, H. (2005). Eco design and furniture: Environmental impacts of wood-based panels, surface and edge finishes. Forest Products Journal 55(11), 27-33.
• Cinar, H. (2018). Effects of temperature and thickness of wood based boards on formaldehyde emission. Wood Research. 63(5):895–908.
• Cinar, H., and Erdogdu, M. (2018). Eco-Design: Effects of Thickness and Time in Service for Wood Based Boards on Formaldehyde Emission. Forest Products Journal. 68 (4), 405-413. https://doi.org/10.13073/FPJ-D-17-00027.
• Climatic Test Cabinet. (2012). NÜVE Industrial Materials for production and Trade IC. Model TK 600 (W). Volume 600 Lt. Max. Temp. -10/60°C. Ankara, Turkey.
• Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests, Psychometrika, 16(3), 297-334. DOI: 10.1007/BF02310555. EN 13986. (2015). Wood-based panels for use in construction-Characteristics, evaluation of conformity and marking. European Standard.
• Funk, M., Rupert Wimmer, R., Adamopoulos, S. (2017). Diatomaceous earth as an inorganic additive to reduce formaldehyde emissions from particleboards. Wood Material Science & Engineering, 2017 Vol. 12, No. 2, 92–97, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17480272.2015.1040066
• Goedkoop, M. and Spriensma, R. (2000). The Eco-Indicator 99-A Damage Oriented MethodfFor Life Cycle Impact Assessment (Methodology report). Product Ecology Consultants B. V., Amersfoort, Netherlands.
• González-García S., Feijoo, G., Widsten, P., Kandelbauer, A. and Moreira, M. T. (2009). Environmental performance assessment of hardboard manufacture. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 14(5), 456-466. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-009-0099-z
• Gonzalez-Garcia, S., Feijoo, G., Heathcote, C., Kandelbauer, A. and Moreira M. T. (2011). Environmental assessment of green hardboard production coupled with a laccase activated system. Journal of Cleaner Production 19 (5), 445-453. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.10.016.
• H’ng, P. S., Lee, S. H., and Lum, W. C. (2012). Effect of post heat treatment on dimensional stability bonded particleboard, Asian Journal of Applied Sciences. 5(5), 299-306. DOI: 10.3923/ajaps.2012.299.306
• Isaksson, M., Zimerson, E. and Bruze, M. (1999). Occupational dermatosis in composite production. Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 41(4), 261-266.
• Khanjanzadeh, H., Pirayesh, H. and Sepahvand, S. (2014). Influence of walnut shell as filler on mechanical and physical properties of MDF improved by nano-SiO2, Journal of the Indian Academy of Wood Science. 11(1), 15-20. DOI: 10.1007/s13196-014-0111-5.
• Kim, S. and Kim, H. J. (2005). Comparison of standard methods and gas chromatography method in determination of formaldehyde emission from MDF bonded with formaldehyde-based resins. Bioresource Technology 96(13), 1457-1464. DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2004.12.003.
• Klepeis, N.E., Nelson, W.C., Ott, W.R., Robinson, J.P., Tsang, A.M., Switzer, P., Behar, J.V., Hern, S.C. and Engelmann, W.H. (2000). The National Human Activity Pattern Survey (NHAPS): a resource for assessing exposure to environmental pollutants. Journal of Exposure Analysis and Environmental Epidemiology, 11 (3), pp. 231-252.
• Kouchaki-Penchah H., Sharifi, M. Mousazadeh, H. and Zarea-Hosseinabadi, H. (2016). Gate to gate life cycle assessment of flat pressed particleboard production in Islamic Republic of Iran. Journal of Cleaner Production 112 (Part 1), 343-350. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.07.056.
• Landrigan, P.J., Fuller, R., Acosta, N.J.R., Adeyi, O., Arnold, R., et al. (2017). The Lancet Commission on pollution and health. Lancet 391 (10119), 462d pr.
• Latorraca, J.V.D.F., Teixeira, D.E. and Batista, D.C. (2009). Overlay of Eucalyptus urophylla cement-bonded particleboard for application as flooring panels. Forest Prod. J. 59 (6), 65-71.
• Luo X. X., Zhang, Y. P., Wang, X. K., Qian, K., and Zhao, R. Y. (2005). Influence of temperature on formaldehyde emission parameters of dry building materials. Atmospheric Environment 41(15): 3203-3216. DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.10.081
• Nakano, K., Ando, K. Takigawa, M. and Hattori, N. (2018). Life cycle assessment of wood-based boards produced in Japan and impact of formaldehyde emissions during the use stage. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 23(4), 957-969. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-017-1343-6.
• Oliveira, S. L., Freire, T. P., Mendes, L. M. and Mendes, R. F. (2017). The effect of post-heat treatment in MDF boards. Material Research 20(1): 183-190. DOI:10.1590/1980-5373-MR-2016-0259.
• Panayides, P. (2013). Coefficient Alpha: Interpret with caution. Europe’s Journal of Psychology 9 (4), 687-696. DOI: 10.5964/ejop.v9i4.653.
• Park, B. D. and Kim, J. W. (2008). Dynamic mechanical analysis of urea-formaldehyde resin adhesives with different formaldehyde-to-urea molar ratios. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 108(3), 2045-2051. DOI: 10.1002/app.27595.
• Pearson, D. (1994). The Natural House Book: Creating a healthy, harmonious and ecologically sound home. Conran Octopus Ltd. London, UK.
• Raffael, E. (2006). Volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde in nature, wood and wood based panels. Holz als Roh-und Werkstoff 64(2), 144-149. DOI: 10.1007/s00107-005-0061-0.
• Rivela, B., Hospido, A. Moreira, T. and Feijoo, G. (2006). Life cycle inventory of particleboard: a case study in the wood sector. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 11(2), 106-113. DOI: 10.1065/lca2005.05.206.
• Rivela, B., Moreira, M. T. and Feijoo, G. (2007). Life cycle inventory of medium density fiberboard. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 12(3), 143-150. DOI: 10.1065/lca2006.12.290.
• Salem, M. Z. M. and Böhm, M. (2013). Understanding of formaldehyde emission from solid wood: An overview. BioResources 8 (3), 4775-4790. DOI: 10.15376/biores.8.3.4775-4790.
• Saravia-Cortez, A.M., Herva, M., García-Diéguez, C. and Roca, E. (2013). Assessing environmental sustainability of particleboard production process by ecological footprint. Journal of Cleaner Production 52, 301-308. DOI: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.02.006.
• Schafer M., and Roffael, E. (2000). On the formaldehyde release of wood. Holz Roh-Werkst 58:259-264.
• Salthammer, T., Mentese, S. and Marutzky, R. (2010). Formaldehyde in the indoor environment. Chem. Rev. 110 (4), 2536v. 110.
• Shalbafan, A., Tackmann, O. and Welling, J. (2016). Using of expandable fillers to produce low density particleboard. Eur. J. Wood Wood Prod. 74 (1), 15, 15
• Silva, D.A.L., Lahr, F.A.R. and Pavan, a.L.R. (2014). Do wood-based boards made with agro-industrial residues provide environmentally benign alternatives? An LCA case study of sugarcane bagasse addition to particle board manufacturing. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 19 (10), 1767-1778. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-014-0776-4
• Silva, D.A.L., Lahr, F.A.R., Garcia, R. P., Freire, F.M.C.S. and Ometto, A.R. (2013). Life cycle assessment of medium density particleboard (MDP) produced in Brazil. International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 18(7), 1404-1411. DOI: 10.1007/s11367-013-0583-3.
• Tang, X. J., Bai, Y. Duong, A. Smith, M.T., Li, L. and Zhang, L. (2009). Formaldehyde in China: production, consumption, exposure levels, and health effects. Environment International 36 (8), 1210-1224. DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2009.06.002.
• Trianoski, R., Iwakiri, S., Machado, L. and Rosa, T.S.d. (2017). Feasibility of Cordia trichotoma (Vell.) wood and its by-products for particleboard manufacturing. J. Sustain. Forest. 36 (8), 833-839
• TS 2471. (2005). Wood - determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS EN 312. (2005). Particleboards- Specifications- Part 3: Requirements for boards for interior fitments (including furniture) for use in dry conditions. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS EN 326-1. (1999). Wood based panels, Sampling, cutting and inspection. Part 1. Sampling test pices and expression of test results. Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, 1-12.
• TS EN 622-5. (2008). “Fiberboards - Specifications - Part 5: Requirements for dry process boards (MDF), Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• TS EN 717-1. (2006). Wood-based panels - Determination of formaldehyde release - Part 1: Formaldehyde emission by the chamber method, Turkish Standards Institute, Ankara, Turkey.
• USEPA. (1998). Emission factor documentation for AP-42 - Section 10.6.3: Medium density fiberboard manufacturing. MRI Project 4945. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington D. C., U.S.
• USEPA. (2001). Emission factor documentation for AP-4 - Section 10.6.2: Particleboard manufacturing. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. U.S.
• Wilson, J. (2010). Life-cycle inventory of medium density fiberboard in terms of resources, emissions, energy and carbon, Wood and Fiber Science: Journal of the Society of Wood Science and Technology 42, 107-124. DOI: https://wfs.swst.org/index.php/wfs/article/view/1349/1349.
• WHO (2014). Health and the environment: addressing the health impact of air pollution. J.Chem. Phys. 19 (11), 1345–1351.
• Yildirim, K. (2013), Bitkilerin iç mekân kirleticileri üzerindeki etkileri (The effects of plants on interior space pollutants), İçmimar Dergisi, Vol. 28, pp. 107-115 (in Turkish).
• Zhongkai, H., Zhang, Y. and Wei, W. (2012). Formaldehyde and VOC emissions at different manufacturing stages of wood-based panels, Building and Environment 47, 197-204. DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2011.07.023.
• Zhang, J., Song, F., Tao, J., Zhang, Z. and Shi, Q.S. (2018). Research Progress on Formaldehyde Emission of Wood-Based Panel, International Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 2018, pp1-8.https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/9349721.
• Zhangcan H., Jianyin X., Kazukiyo K. and Wenhao C. (2019). An improved mechanism-based model for predicting the long-term formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products with exposed edges and seams, Environment International, 132, 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2019.105086.
• Zhuge, Y., Qian, H., Zheng, X.H., Huang, C., Zhang, Y.P. and Zhang, M. (2018). Residential risk factors for childhood pneumonia: a cross-sectional study in eight cities of China. Journal of Environment International. 116, 83-91.