Kültürel Mirasa İlişkin Farkındalık, Algı ve Yaya Yoğunluğu: İzmir’de Bir Vaka Çalışması

Year 2025, Volume: 4 Issue: 1, 21 - 43, 20.05.2025

Ayça Uysal Üner , Ebru Cubukcu

https://doi.org/10.63673/DepArch.2025.38

Abstract

"Gezmesek de görmesek de o köy bizim köyümüzdür" sözünden yola çıkarak, bu çalışmada sıkça ziyaret edilen ve yürünebilir alanlardaki tarihi yapılara ilişkin farkındalığımız daha mı yüksektir yoksa tarihi yapıların yanından geçmesek de görmesek de onların farkında olur, tanır, değerini bilir korur muyuz gibi sorulara cevap aranmıştır. Daha somut ifade etmek gerekirse; bu çalışmada İzmir'in tarihi bölgesindeki tarihi yapıların (ve yapıların yer aldığı sokakların) kullanıcılar tarafından ne derece estetik bulunduğu ve ne derece fark edildiği ile bu sokakların yayalar tarafından ne derece tercih edildiği arasındaki ilişkinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Seçilen tarihi binaların çevresindeki yaya yoğunluğunun yürünebilirliğin bir göstergesi olduğu varsayılmıştır. Tarihi yapıların çevresindeki yaya yoğunluğu (ve yürünebilirlik) hem nesnel hem öznel yöntemlerle ölçülmüştür. Gerçek yaya yoğunluğunu ölçmek için belirli yerlerden geçen insan sayısı belirli aralıklarda gözlem yoluyla ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca anketler aracılığı ile rapor edilen yaya yoğunluğu bilgisi elde edilmiştir. Bu tarihi yapıları (Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi'ne ait kültürel mirasları) ne kadar tanıdığı / bildiği ve ne derece estetik bulduğu ise 138 katılımcının dahil olduğu anketlerle değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, iyi korunmuş ve estetik açıdan öne çıkan binaların çevresindeki sokakların yayalar tarafından daha sık tercih edildiğini; diğer bir deyişle, artan yaya yoğunluğunun kültürel miras alanlarına yönelik farkındalık ile ilişkili olduğunu göstermektedir. Ayrıca, sonuçlar estetik açıdan çekici sokakların, rekreasyon amaçlı yürüyüşler için daha uygun bulunduğuna işaret etmektedir. Bu bulgular, yürünebilir alanların kentsel planlama ve kültürel mirasın korunmasındaki değerini vurgulamakta; yaya deneyiminin, kültürel miras farkındalığını artırabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Kültürel Miras Farkındalığı , İzmir , Yaya Yoğunluğu , Yürünebilirlik.

Cultural Heritage Perception, Awareness and Pedestrian Density: A Case Study in İzmir

Abstract

Inspired by the well-known Turkish proverb "Even if we don't visit or see it, that village is still ours", this study explored whether historical buildings in frequently visited and walkable areas are more widely recognized, or if it is possible to identify, appreciate, and preserve historically significant buildings without seeing or passing by them. Specifically, this study investigates the relationship between pedestrian density and cultural heritage perception and awareness in Izmir’s historic district. Surveys were conducted with 138 residents to evaluate their knowledge of historical buildings from the Early Republican Period (or their cultural heritage awareness) and how they perceived the aesthetic quality of both the buildings and the streets where they are located. As a walkability indicator, pedestrian density around selected historical buildings was measured via objective and subjective methods. Unobtrusive observations, such as counting the number of people at specific locations during designated time intervals were used to evaluate the actual behaviour (objective measure). Additionally, surveys were employed to understand people's tendency to walk through the streets where these buildings are located (reported behaviour / subjective measure). The results show that streets surrounding well-preserved and aesthetically prominent buildings are preferred more often by pedestrians; or vice a versa. Results also confirm that increased pedestrian density is associated with a greater awareness of cultural heritage sites. Furthermore, aesthetically appealing streets are considered more suitable for recreational walking. These findings highlight the value of walkable spaces in urban planning and cultural heritage conservation, as pedestrian experience can boost awareness of cultural heritage.

Keywords

Cultural Heritage Awareness , İzmir , Pedestrian Density , Walkability.

Ethical Statement

In this research, the necessary permissions were obtained from the relevant participants (individuals, institutions and organizations) during the survey, in-depth interview, focus group interview, observation or experiment.

References

• Abdel-Hadi, A., El-Nachar, E., & Safieldin, H. (2009, October 12-16). Pedestrian Street Life in Historic Cairo Authenticity and Counterfeit [Conference session]. International IAPS-CSBE & HOUSING Network, Istanbul, Turkey.
• Abdulla, K. M. A., Abdelmonem, M. G., & Selim, G. (2017). Walkability in historic urban spaces: Testing the safety and security in Martyrs’ Square in Tripoli. Archnet-IJAR, 11(3), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.26687/archnet-ijar.v11i3.1378
• Alfonzo, M. A. (2005). To walk or not to walk? The hierarchy of walking needs. Environment and Behavior, 37(6), 808–836. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916504274016
• Avar Arslan, A. (2009). Lefebvre’in üçlü –algilanan, tasarlanan, yaşanan mekân– diyalektiği. TMMOB Mimarlar Odası Ankara Şubesi Dosya Dergisi, 17, 7-16. http://www.mimarlarodasiankara.org/dosya/dosya17.pdf
• Appleyard, B., Appleyard, D. (2021). Liveable Streets 2.0. Elsevier.
• Ball, K., Bauman, A., Leslie, E., & Owen, N. (2001). Perceived environmental aesthetics and convenience and company are associated with walking for exercise among Australian adults. Preventive Medicine, 33(5), 434–440. https://doi.org/10.1006/pmed.2001.0912
• Barrera-Fernández, D., & Hernández-Escampa, M. (2019). Walkability in the historic city of Oaxaca, Mexico. Event Management, 23(4), 573–598. https://doi.org/10.3727/152599519X15506259855689
• Bassett, K. (2004). Walking as an aesthetic practice and a critical tool: Some psychogeographic experiments. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 28(3), 397–410. https://doi.org/10.1080/0309826042000286965
• Basu, N., Oviedo-Trespalacios, O., King, M., Kamruzzaman, M., & Haque, M. M. (2023). What do pedestrians consider when choosing a route? The role of safety, security, and attractiveness perceptions and the built environment during day and night walking. Cities, 143, 104551. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2023.104551
• Beenackers, M. A., Kamphuis, C. B. M., Prins, R. G., Mackenbach, J. P., Burdorf, A., & Van Lenthe, F. J. (2014). Urban form and psychosocial factors: Do they interact for leisure-time walking? Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 46(2), 293–301. https://doi.org/10.1249/MSS.0000000000000017
• Belge, Z. S. (2012). Increing Walkability Capacity of Historic City Centers: The Case of Mersin (Dissertation No: 318828) [Master’s Thesis, Middle East Technical University]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Benjamin, W. (2002). Pasajlar. (A. Cemal, Trns.). Yapı Kredi Yayınları.
• Bolshakov, V., & Merkuryeva, G. (2016, June 1-3). Simulation in Intelligent Management of Pedestrian Flows at Heritage Sites [Conference session]. 2nd International Conference on Systems Informatics, Modelling and Simulation, Riga, Latvia.
• Bunds, K. S., Casper, J. M., Hipp, J. A., & Koenigstorfer, J. (2019). Recreational walking decisions in urban away-from-home environments: The relevance of air quality, noise, traffic, and the natural environment. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 65, 363–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.08.006
• Campisi, T., Ignaccolo, M., Inturri, G., Tesoriere, G., & Torrisi, V. (2021). Evaluation of walkability and mobility requirements of visually impaired people in urban spaces. Research in Transportation Business and Man-agement, 40, 100592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rtbm.2020.100592
• Cao, X., Handy, S. L., & Mokhtarian, P. L. (2006). The influences of the built environment and residential self-selection on pedestrian behavior: Evidence from Austin, TX. Transportation, 33(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11116-005-7027-2
• Cetintahra, G. E. (2015). The Effect of Perceived Physical Environment on Children’s Physical Activity. Plan-ning, 25(3), 205-211. https://doi.org/10.5505/planlama.2015.32932
• Cheng, L., Caset, F., De Vos, J., Derudder, B., & Witlox, F. (2019). Investigating walking accessibility to recrea-tional amenities for elderly people in Nanjing, China. Transportation Research Part D, 76, 85–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2019.09.019
• Christian, H., Knuiman, M., Divitini, M., Foster, S., Hooper, P., Boruff, B., Bull, F., & Giles-Corti, B. (2017). A lon-gitudinal analysis of the influence of the neighborhood environment on recreational walking within the neigh-borhood: Results from RESIDE. Environmental Health Perspectives, 125(7), 077009. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP823
• Cihanger Ribeiro, D. (2019). The Poiesis of Everyday Life and Space in Yüksel Street. Journal of Ankara Studies, 7(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.5505/jas.2019.63825
• Cubukcu, E. (2013). Walking for Sustainable Living. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 85, 33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.08.335
• Çubukçu, E. (2014). Kentsel Çevrede Fiziksel Aktivite ve Aktif Yaşamı Destekleyen Mekansal Özelliklerin Belir-lenmesi: İzmir Karşıyaka Örneği (Project No: 111K383). TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin.
• Çubukçu, E. (2019). Genç Yetişkinlerin Yürümeyi Tercih Ettiği/Etmediği Mekânların Fiziksel Özelliklerinin Ana-lizine Yönelik Yeni Bir Yöntem Önerisi, (Project No: 116K385). TÜBİTAK ULAKBİM TR Dizin.
• Cubukcu, E., Hepguzel, B., Onder, Z., & Tumer, B. (2015). Active Living for Sustainable Future: A Model to Measure “Walk Scores” via Geographic Information Systems. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 168, 229–237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.228
• Cysek-Pawlak, M. M., & Pabich, M. (2021). Walkability–the New Urbanism principle for urban regeneration. Journal of Urbanism, 14(4), 409–433. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549175.2020.1834435
• Davies, N. J., Lumsdon, L. M., & Weston, R. (2012). Developing recreational trails: motivations for recreational walking. Tourism Planning and Development, 9(1), 77–88. https://doi.org/10.1080/21568316.2012.653480
• Deka, D., Brown, C. T., & Sinclair, J. (2018). Exploration of the effect of violent crime on recreational and transportation walking by path and structural equation models. Health and Place, 52, 34–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.05.004
• Ding, S., Zhang, R., Liu, Y., Lu, P., & Liu, M. (2023). Visitor crowding at World Heritage Sites based on tourist spatial-temporal distribution: A case study of the Master-of-Nets Garden, China. Journal of Heritage Tourism, 18(5), 632–657. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743873X.2023.2214680
• Endere, M. L., Chaparro, M. G., & Conforti, M. E. (2018). Making Cultural Heritage Significant for the Public. The Role of Researchers in Encouraging Public Awareness and Local Pride. Public Archaeology, 17(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/14655187.2018.1499390
• Erbay, M., & Saylam Canım, D. (2018). Review of Concept of Awareness Over Historical Environment & Build-ings in Connection with Woman Users: A Pilot Study in Trabzon City. In R. Dorczak, R. Leart-Gansiniec, C. Rug-giero, & M. A. İçbay (Eds.), Research and Development on Social Sciences (pp. 367-378). Jagiellon University Institute of Public Affairs. www.isp.uj.edu.pl
• Ernawadi, Y., & Putra, H. T. (2021). Authenticity and Walkability of Iconic Heritage Destination in Bandung In-donesia. International Journal of Sciencement, 2(4), 1082–1094. https://doi.org/10.46729/ijstm.v2i4.243
• Ewing, R., Clemente, O., Handy, S., Brownson, R. C., & Winston, E. (2005). Identifying and Measuring Urban Design Qualities Related to Walkability. Journal of Physical Activity and Health, 3(1), 1-18. https://activelivingresearch.org/sites/activelivingresearch.org/files/JPAH_15_Ewing.pdf
• Ewing, R., & Handy, S. (2009). Measuring the unmeasurable: Urban design qualities related to walkability. Journal of Urban Design, 14(1), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800802451155
• Ferrer, S., Ruiz, T., & Mars, L. (2015). A qualitative study on the role of the built environment for short walking trips. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 33, 141–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2015.07.014
• Forsyth, A. (2015). What is a walkable place? The walkability debate in urban design. Urban Design Interna-tional, 20(4), 274–292. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi.2015.22
• Forsyth, A., Jacobson, J., & Thering, K. (2010). Six assessments of the same places: Comparing views of urban design. Journal of Urban Design, 15(1), 21–48. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800903429274
• Frank, L. D., Appleyard, B. S., Ulmer, J. M., Chapman, J. E., & Fox, E. H. (2021). Comparing walkability methods: Creation of street-smart walk score and efficacy of a code-based 3D walkability index. Journal of Transport and Health, 21, 101005. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.101005
• García-Hernández, M., de la Calle-Vaquero, M., & Yubero, C. (2017). Cultural heritage and urban tourism: His-toric city centres under pressure. Sustainability (Switzerland), 9(8), 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/su9081346
• Gargiulo, C., Zucaro F. & Gaglione, F. (2019). Improving accessibility to urban services for over 65: a GISsup-ported method. In C. Gargiulo & C. Zoppi (Eds.), Planning, nature and ecosystem services (pp. 839-850). Na-ples: FedOAPress. https://doi.org/10.6093/978-88-6887-054-6
• Gehl, J. (2010). Cities for People. Island Press
• Gidlow, C., Cerin, E., Sugiyama, T., Adams, M. A., Mitas, J., Akram, M., Reis, R. S., Davey, R., Troelsen, J., Schofield, G., & Sallis, J. F. (2019). Objectively measured access to recreational destinations and leisure-time physical activity: Associations and demographic moderators in a six-country study. Health and Place, 59, 102196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.102196
• Gündel, H., & Velibeyoğlu, K. (2020). Düşük karbon mahalle: yürüme ve bisiklet öncelikli kentsel tasarım. Mel-tem İzmir Akdeniz Akademisi Dergisi, 8, 5–21. https://doi.org/10.32325/iaad.2020.14
• Guo, Z., & Loo, B. P. Y. (2013). Pedestrian environment and route choice: Evidence from New York City and Hong Kong. Journal of Transport Geography, 28(C), 124–136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2012.11.013
• Husar, M., Ondrejicka, V., & Scacchi, M. (2020). Involving citizens through walking: Urban walks as a tool for awareness raising in historic built areas. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 960(2) 022087. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/960/2/022087
• Jacobs, J. (1961). The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Vintage Publisher.
• Jiménez Martín, D., Ramírez Saiz, A., & Ajuriaguerra Escudero, M. A. (2022). Urban Accessibility in World Her-itage Cities. Accessibility Considerations in Pedestrian Routes in Historic City Centres. Studies in Health Technology and Informatics, 2(297), 499–506. https://doi.org/10.3233/SHTI220879
• Kayın, E.(2013). İzmir Kent Ansiklopedisi Mimarlık. İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi.
• Kejanli, T., Koç, C., & Alkan, M. C. (2023). Tarihi bölgelere erişilebilirliğin engelli bireyler açısından değerlendirilmesi: Diyarbakır Suriçi bölgesi örneği. GRID - Architecture Planning and Design Journal, 6(2), 699-724. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1208072
• Kerdani, D. Y. El, Shafik, Z. Y., & Abdullah, M. A. (2017, November 24). Cycling And Walkability as Enablers to Preserve The Urban Heritage of Maadi Case Study: Street Number 250 [Conference session]. The 1st Interna-tional Conference: Towards A Better Quality of Life, Berlin, Germany. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3170362
• Kolsal, F., & Güven Ulusoy, F. Ö. (2022). Kent deneyimi ve belleğin imgelerle dönüşümü. GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal, 6(1), 108-132. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1060792
• Koohsari, M. J., Sugiyama, T., Hanibuchi, T., Shibata, A., Ishii, K., Liao, Y., & Oka, K. (2018). Validity of Walk Score® as a measure of neighborhood walkability in Japan. Preventive Medicine Reports, 28(9), 114–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.01.001
• Kuyulu, İ. (2000). İzmir’de Cumhuriyet Dönemi Mimarisi. Sanat Tarihi Dergisi, 10(10), 91–100.
• Lachowycz, K., & Jones, A. P. (2014). Does walking explain associations between access to greenspace and-lower mortality? Social Science and Medicine, 107(100), 9–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.02.023
• Lai, K. Y., Kumari, S., Gallacher, J., Webster, C., & Sarkar, C. (2022). Associations of residential walkability and greenness with arterial stiffness in the UK Biobank. Environment International, 158, 106960. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2021.106960
• Lai, T. F., Chang, C. S., Liao, Y., Hsueh, M. C., Koohsari, M. J., Shibata, A., & Oka, K. (2021). Does neighborhood built environment support older adults’ daily steps differ by time of day? Journal of Transport and Health, 22, 101234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2021.101234
• Lee, J., Kim, J., Ahn, J., & Woo, W. (2019). Context-aware risk management for architectural heritage using historic building information modeling and virtual reality. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 38, 242–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2018.12.010
• Lee, S., Lee, C., Nam, J. W., Abbey-Lambertz, M., & Mendoza, J. A. (2020). School walkability index: Applica-tion of environmental audit tool and GIS. Journal of Transport and Health, 18, 100880. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jth.2020.100880
• Lehman, M., Boyle, M., Mix, T., & DeCoursey, W. J. (2007). Healthy and Walkable Communities. Institute for Public Administration College of Human Services, Education & Public Policy University of Delaware. https://udspace.udel.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/dee8610a-0da1-47db-a779-94bace46140a/content
• Lewis, E. (2015). Stepping Towards Sustainability: Analyzing Walkability in Urban Environments. Student The-ses 2015-Present. 184, 1-68. https://research.library.fordham.edu/environ_2015/184
• Li, Q., Lv, S., Cui, J., Zhang, J., & Liu, Y. (2024). Environmental Perception about Pedestrian Environment on Cul-tural Visitation Roads. Sustainability (Switzerland), 16(16), 7097. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16167097
• Lo, R. H. (2009). Walkability: What is it? Journal of Urbanism, 2(2), 145–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/17549170903092867
• Lomadze, E. (2024). Pedestrian Perception of Walkability in Public Spaces Example of a Historical Neigh-bourhood in Batumi [Master’s dissertation, Malmö University]. Publikationer från Malmö Universitet.
• Ma, X., Chi Kwan, C., & Hung Kit Lai, J. (2021). Critical Factors Influencing the Comfort Evaluation for Recrea-tional Walking in Urban Street Environments. Cities, 116(0), 103286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2021.103286
• Maniei, H., Askarizad, R., Pourzakarya, M., & Gruehn, D. (2024). The Influence of Urban Design Performance on Walkability in Cultural Heritage Sites of Isfahan, Iran. Land, 13(9), 1523. https://doi.org/10.3390/land13091523
• Marín-Nicolás, J., & Sáez-Pérez, M. P. (2022). An Evaluation Tool for Physical Accessibility of Cultural Heritage Buildings. Sustainability (Switzerland), 14(22), 15251. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142215251
• McIlroy, R. C., Nam, V. H., Bunyasi, B. W., Jikyong, U., Kokwaro, G. O., Wu, J., Hoque, M. S., Plant, K. L., Preston, J. M., & Stanton, N. A. (2020). Exploring the relationships between pedestrian behaviours and traffic safety attitudes in six countries. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 68, 257–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2019.11.006
• Mehanna, W. A. E. H., & Mehanna, W. A. E. H. (2019). Urban renewal for traditional commercial streets at the historical centers of cities. Alexandria Engineering Journal, 58(4), 1127–1143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aej.2019.09.015
• Mehta, V. (2019). Streets and social life in cities: a taxonomy of sociability. Urban Design International, 24(1), 16–37. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-018-0069-9
• Middleton, J. (2010). Sense and the city: Exploring the embodied geographies of urban walking. Social and Cultural Geography, 11(6), 575–596. https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2010.497913
• Middleton, J. (2018). The socialities of everyday urban walking and the ‘right to the city.’ Urban Studies, 55(2), 296–315. https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098016649325
• Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2020). Urban and transport planning pathways to carbon neutral, liveable and healthy cities; A review of the current evidence. Environment International, 140, 105661. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105661
• Nyaupane, G., & Timothy, D. (2009). Public Awareness and Perceptions of Heritage Buildings in Arizona, USA. Travel and Tourism Research Association: Advancing Tourism Research Globally. 32, 1-11. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14394/48197
• Önen, S. (2016). Kenti Yürüyerek Keşfetmenin Sosyolojisi. Kent Araştırmaları Dergisi (Journal of Urban Studies), 7(18), 286–303. http://idealkentdergisi.com
• Özdemir, N. (2009). Kültür Ekonomisi Ve Endüstrileri İle Kültürel Miras Yönetimi İlişkisi. Milli Folklor Dergisi, 11(84), 73-86.
• Özkaraca Özalp, N., & Halaç, H. H. (2023). Tarihi Çevrede Korumanın Üçüncü Boyutu Olarak Silüet: Korunma Sorunlarının Medya Perspektifinden İncelenmesi. GRID - Architecture Planning and Design Journal, 7(1), 1-35. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.1077009
• Pehlivan, G. F., Baldiran, A., & Pehlivan, E. (2021). Kültürel mirasın belgelenmesinde farklı tekniklerin karşılaştırılması: Iasos Bouleuterionu örneği. GRID - Architecture, Planning and Design Journal, 5(1), 53-71. https://doi.org/10.37246/grid.946786
• Pikora, T. J., Giles-Corti, B., Knuiman, M. W., Bull, F. C., Jamrozik, K., & Donovan, R. J. (2006). Neighborhood environmental factors correlated with walking near home: Using SPACES. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 38(4), 708–714. https://doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0000210189.64458.f3
• Pizarro-Reyes, L., Díaz-Lazcano, V., Zumelzu, A., & Prieto, A. J. (2022). Resilience and sustainability assess-ment of cultural heritage and built environment: The Libertad pedestrian walkway in Valdivia, Chile. Journal of Cultural Heritage, 53, 154–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.culher.2021.11.013
• Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., Black, J. B., & Chen, D. (2003). Neighborhood-Based Differences in Physical Activi-ty: An Environment Scale Evaluation. American Journal of Public Health, 93(9), 1552–1558. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.93.9.1552
• Saelens, B. E., Sallis, J. F., & Frank, L. D. (2003). Environmental correlates of walking and cycling: Findings from the transportation, urban design, and planning literatures. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 25(2), 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM2502_03
• Shankar, B., & Swamy, C. (2013). Creating Awareness for Heritage Conservation in the City of Mysore: Issues and Policies. International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER), 3(2), 698-703. https://www.ijmer.com/papers/Vol3_Issue2/AQ32698703.pdf
• Shatu, F., & Yigitcanlar, T. (2018). Development and validity of a virtual street walkability audit tool for pedes-trian route choice analysis—SWATCH. Journal of Transport Geography, 70, 148–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2018.06.004
• Sheng, N., & Wa Tang, U. (2011). Spatial analysis of urban form and pedestrian exposure to traffic noise. Inter-national Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(6), 1977–1990. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8061977
• Shimray, S. R. (2019). Ways to Create Awareness on Cultural Heritage: An overview. Philosophy and Practice, 2577, 1-7. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac
• Southworth, M. (2005). Designing the Walkable City. Journal Of Urban Planning And Development, 131(4), 246-257. https://doi.org/10.1061/ASCE0733-94882005131:4246
• Spoon, S. C., Khattak, A. J., Richard, E., & Killingsworth, M. P. H. (2005). What Defines Walkability: Walking Behavior Correlates [Master’s Dissertation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]. Carolina Digital Re-pository.
• Sugiyama, T., Cerin, E., Owen, N., Oyeyemi, A. L., Conway, T. L., Van Dyck, D., Schipperijn, J., Macfarlane, D. J., Salvo, D., Reis, R. S., Mitáš, J., Sarmiento, O. L., Davey, R., Schofield, G., Orzanco-Garralda, R., & Sallis, J. F. (2014). Perceived neighbourhood environmental attributes associated with adults[U+05F3] recreational walking: IPEN Adult study in 12 countries. Health and Place, 11(28), 22–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthplace.2014.03.003
• Sugiyama, T., Gunn, L. D., Christian, H., Francis, J., Foster, S., Hooper, P., Owen, N., & Giles-Corti, B. (2015). Quality of public open spaces and recreational walking. American Journal of Public Health, 105(12), 2490–2495. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2015.302890
• Tarek, M., Hassan, G. F., Elshater, A., & Elfayoumi, M. (2021). Investigating Built Environment Indicators to De-velop a Local Walkability Index. Journal of Contemporary Urban Affairs, 5(2), 235–251. https://doi.org/10.25034/ijcua.2021.v5n2-7
• Teixeira, J. F., Silva, C., Seisenberger, S., Büttner, B., McCormick, B., Papa, E., & Cao, M. (2024). Classifying 15-minute Cities: A review of worldwide practices. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 189, 104234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2024.104234
• Traunmuller, M., & Schieck, A. F. (2013, June 29-02). Introducing the Space Recommender System: How crowd-sourced voting data can enrich Urban Exploration in the digital Era [Conference Session]. 6th Interna-tional Conference on Communities and Technologies, Munich, Germany.
• Türkelleri, B. (2004). İzmir’de Erken Cumhuriyet Dönemi Eserleri (Tez No: 146419)[Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Ün-iversitesi]. YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi.
• Ulusan, E. (2022). Kültürel Miras Yönetim Planlaması Kavramsal Çerçevesi ve İlgili Lisansüstü Araştırmalar Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Journal of Planning, 33(1), 40-57. https://doi.org/10.14744/planlama.2022.93276
• Wali, B., Frank, L. D., Saelens, B. E., Young, D. R., Meenan, R. T., Dickerson, J. F., Keast, E. M., & Fortmann, S. P. (2024). Associations of walkability, regional and transit accessibility around home and workplace with active and sedentary travel. Journal of Transport Geography, 116, 103776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2023.103776
• Wang, H., & Yang, Y. (2019). Neighbourhood walkability: A review and bibliometric analysis. Cities, 93(6), 43–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.04.015
• Wang, Y., & Wong, Y. D. (2020). Repositioning urban heritage for active mobility: Indications from news cover-age in Singapore. Cities, 98(102525), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2019.102525
• Wekerle, G. (2000). From Eyes on the Streets to Safe Cities. Places, 13(1), 44-51. https://placesjournal.org/assets/legacy/pdfs/from-eyes-on-the-street-to-safe-cities.pdf
• Wunderlich, F. M. (2008). Walking and rhythmicity: Sensing urban space. Journal of Urban Design, 13(1), 125–139. https://doi.org/10.1080/13574800701803472
• Xu, J. L. (2019). From walking buffers to active places: An activity-based approach to measure human-scale urban form. Landscape and Urban Planning, 191, 103452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2018.10.008
• Yoon, Y. J., Kim, S. Y., Lee, Y. K., Ham, N., Kim, J. H., & Kim, J. J. (2023). GIS-Based Multi-Objective Routing Ap-proach for Street-Based Sporting-Event Routing. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 13(14), 8453. https://doi.org/10.3390/app13148453
• Zainol, R., Ahmad, F., Nordin, N. A., & Aripin, A. W. M. (2014, August 26-29). Evaluation of users’ satisfaction on pedestrian facilities using pair-wise comparison approach [Conference Session]. 8th International Symposium of the Digital Earth (ISDE8), Sarawak, Malaysia. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/18/1/012175
• Zainol, R., Wang, C., Ali, A. S., Ahmad, F., Mohd Aripin, A. W., & Salleh, H. (2016). Pedestrianization And Walk-ability In A Fast Developing Unesco World Heritage City. Open House International, 41(1), 112–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2016-B0016
• Zhenrao, C., Chaoyang, F., Qian, Z., & Fulong, C. (2021). Joint development of cultural heritage protection and tourism: the case of Mount Lushan cultural landscape heritage site. Heritage Science, 9(86), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-021-00558-5
• Zhou, H., He, S., Cai, Y., Wang, M., & Su, S. (2019). Social inequalities in Neighbourhood visual walkability: Using street view imagery and deep learning technologies to facilitate healthy city planning. Sustainable Cit-ies and Society, 50, 101605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2019.101605