Development of the Perceived Organizational Career Support Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2025, Issue: 63, 863 - 901, 27.03.2025

Çiğdem Ayanoğlu , Gökhan Arastaman

https://doi.org/10.53444/deubefd.1574353

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure teachers' perceptions of organizational career support. The research was conducted with three different sample groups consisting of a total of 809 teachers working in public schools in Turkey in the 2023-2024 academic year, determined by simple random sampling method. EFA, CFA, convergent validity and criterion-related validity analyses were used for the construct validity of the draft scale, which was created by testing the content and face validity of the item pool created within the scope of the research; and for its reliability, the test half method and the lower-upper 27% group method were used by calculating the Cronbach's Alpha coefficient, composite reliability value, item-total score correlation coefficients and Ferguson Delta coefficient. As a result of the EFA, a scale consisting of 10 items and a single dimension explaining 76.952% of the total variance was obtained. According to the CFA results, it was determined that the structure had good fit values. As a result of the criterion-related validity analysis, it was concluded that the scale had criterion-related validity. The Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale was determined as .97, the composite reliability coefficient as .98 and the Ferguson Delta coefficient as .98. By examining the item-total correlation values of the scale, it was understood that each scale item was related to the entire scale, measured the same structure and also had discrimination. Since the AVE value was determined to be .81 and the CR value and the Cronbach Alpha coefficient were determined to be greater than the AVE value, it was determined that the scale provided convergent validity. As a result of the test halving method, it was determined that there was a strong positive relationship between the responses of the participants to the two halves of the scale; as a result of the lower-upper 27% group method, it was determined that the scale and each item had high discrimination. According to the findings, it was concluded that the “Perceived Organizational Career Support Scale” developed to measure teachers' perceptions of organizational career support is a valid and reliable measurement tool.

Keywords

Career, organizational career support, perceived organizational career support, scale development, validity and reliability.

Algılanan Örgütsel Kariyer Desteği Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Abstract

Bu araştırmada öğretmenlerin örgütsel kariyer desteğine ilişkin algılarını ölçmeye yönelik geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçek geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, 2023-2024 eğitim öğretim yılında Türkiye’de resmi okullarda görev yapan basit tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen toplam 809 öğretmenden oluşan üç farklı örneklem grubu ile yürütülmüştür. Araştırma kapsamında oluşturulan madde havuzunun kapsam ve yüzey geçerliğinin test edilmesiyle oluşturulan taslak ölçeğin yapı geçerliği için AFA, DFA, yakınsama geçerliği ve ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik analizleri; güvenirliği için ise Cronbach Alpha katsayısının, birleşik güvenirlik değerinin, madde-toplam puan korelasyon katsayılarının ve Ferguson Delta katsayısının hesaplanması ile test yarılama yöntemi ve alt-üst %27’lik grup yöntemi kullanılmıştır. AFA sonucunda toplam varyansın %76.952’sini açıklayan 10 madde ve tek boyuttan oluşan bir ölçek elde edilmiştir. DFA sonuçlarına göre yapının iyi uyum değerlerine sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik analizi sonucunda ölçeğin ölçüt-bağıntılı geçerliğe sahip olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Ölçeğin Cronbach Alfa katsayısı .97, bileşik güvenirlik katsayısı .98 ve Ferguson Delta katsayısı .98 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Ölçeğe ilişkin madde-toplam korelasyon değerlerinin incelenmesiyle her bir ölçek maddesinin ölçeğin tamamı ile ilişkili olduğu, aynı yapıyı ölçtüğü ve aynı zamanda ayırt ediciliğe sahip olduğu anlaşılmıştır. AVE değerinin .81 ve CR değerinin ve Cronbach Alfa katsayısının AVE değerinden büyük olduğu tespit edildiğinden ölçeğin yakınsak geçerliği sağladığı belirlenmiştir. Test yarılama yöntemi sonucunda katılımcıların ölçeğin iki yarısına verdikleri cevaplar arasında pozitif yönde güçlü bir ilişkinin olduğu; alt-üst %27’lik grup yöntemi sonucunda ise ölçeğin ve her bir maddesinin ayırt ediciliğinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Elde edilen bulgulara göre, öğretmenlerin örgütsel kariyer desteğine ilişkin algılarını ölçmeye yönelik geliştirilen “Algılanan Örgütsel Kariyer Desteği Ölçeği”nin geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Kariyer, örgütsel kariyer desteği, algılanan örgütsel kariyer desteği, ölçek geliştirme, geçerlik ve güvenirlik

Thanks

Prof. Dr. Necati Cemaloğlu, Prof. Dr. Osman Titrek, Doç. Dr. Duygu Gür Erdoğan, Doç. Dr. Gökhan Arastaman, Doç. Dr. Nihan Demirkasımoğlu, Doç. Dr. Pınar Ayyıldız, Dr. Tuncer Fidan, Dr. Deniz Derinbay, Dr. Dinçer Ölçüm, Dr. Ergin Dikme, Dr. Ezgi Ağcihan, Dr. Hayriye Sultan Tunç ve Bilim Uzmanı Nazan Bakır’a uzman değerlendirmesi için teşekkür ederim.

References

• Aguinis, H., & Kraiger, K. (2009). Benefits of training and development for individuals and teams, organizations, and society. Annual Review of Psychology, 60, 451-474. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.60.110707.163505
• Ajayi, B. K., & Omirin, M.S. (2012). The Effect of Four Scoring Methods on Multiple Choice Agricultural Science Test Scores. Review of European Studies, 4(1), 255-259. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v4n1p255
• Alemu, A. (2024). Challenges and prospects: understanding teachers' attitudes towards the teaching profession in ethiopia. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 10, 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2024.100933
• Armstrong, M. (2012). Armstrong’s handbook of human resource management practice. Kogan Page Publishers. https://hrclub.az/files/documents/document_hrclubaz_244.pdf
• Armstrong-Stassen, M., & Ursel, N. D. (2009). Perceived organizational support, career satisfaction, and the retention of older workers. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82(1), 201-220. https://doi.org/10.1348/096317908X288838
• Arthur, M. B., Hall, D. T., & Lawrence, B. S. (1989). Generating new directions in career theory: The case for a transdisciplinary approach. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625459.003
• Aube, C., Rousseau, V., & Morin, E. M. (2007). Perceived organizational support and organizational commitment: The moderating effect of locus of control and work autonomy. Journal of Managerial Psychology, 22(5), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940710757209
• Aydın, Ö. (2018). Algılanan örgütsel destek ile örgütsel sinizmin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkileri: Atatürk havalimanı temsil-gözetim ve yönetim hizmetleri şirketlerine yönelik bir araştırma. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. İstanbul Arel Üniversitesi.
• Bearden, W. O., Sharma, S., & Teel, J. E. (1982). Sample size effects on chi-square and other statistics used in evaluating causal models. Journal of Marketing Research, 19, 425-430. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3151716
• Bird, A. (1994). Careers as repositories of knowledge: A new perspective on boundaryless careers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 15, 325-344. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030150404.
• Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2009). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. PegemA Yayıncılık
• Byrne, B. M. (2010). Structural equation modeling with AMOS. Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361909378_Structural_Equation_Modeling_With_AMO
• Campbell, D. T., & Fiske, D. W. (1959). Convergent and discriminant validation by the multitrait-multimethod matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 56(2), 81-105. https://doi.org/10.1037/h004601
• Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. Sage Publications. https://www.scribd.com/document/471356702/Carmines-y-Zeller-Reliability-and-validity
• Cheung, C., Kong, H., & Song, H. (2014). How to Influence Hospitality Employee Perceptions on Hotel Performance? International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 26(8), 1140-1178. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-02-2013-0090
• Cheung, G. W., Cooper-Thomas, H. D., Lau, R. S., & Wang, L. C. (2023). Reporting reliability, convergent and discriminant validity with structural equation modeling: A review and best‑practice recommendations. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-023-09871-y
• Cicchetti, D. V. (1994). Guidelines, criteria, and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment, 6(4), 284-290. https://doi.org/10.1037/1040-3590.6.4.284
• Cohen, R. J. & Swerdlik M.E. (2010). Psychological testing and assessment: An introduction to tests and measurement. McGraw-Hill Companies. https://perpus.univpancasila.ac.id/repository/EBUPT181396.pdf
• Comrey, A. L., & Lee, H. B. (2009). A first course in factor analysis. Taylor & Francis Group. https://compress-pdf.bcad.info/#google_vignette
• Conway, J. M., & Huffcutt, A. I. (2003). A Review & Evaluation of Exploratory Factor Analysis Practices in Organizational Research. Organizational Research Methods, 6(2), 147-168. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428103251541
• Costello, A. B., & Osborne, J. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical assessment, research, and evaluation, 10(7), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.7275/jyj1-4868
• Crawshaw, J. R., Van Dick, R., & Brodbeck, F. C. (2012). Opportunity, fair process and relationship value: career development as a driver of proactive work behaviour. Human Resource Management Journal, 22(1), 4-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-8583.2011.00169.x
• Creswell, J.W (2005). Educational research: Planning, conducting and evaluating quantitative and qualitative research. Pearson Publications. https://compress-pdf.obar.info/
• Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (2008). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Cengage Learning.https://archive.org/details/introductiontoclassicalandmoderntesttheory/page/n7/mode/2up
• Cronbach, L. J., & Meehl, P. E. (1955). Construct validity in psychological tests. Psychological Bulletin, 52(4), 281-302. https://doi.org/10.1037/h004095
• Cureton, E. E. (1951).Validity. In E. F. Lindquist (Ed.), Educational measurement (pp. 621-694). American Council on Education. https://compress-pdf.obar.info/#google_vignette
• Çokluk, Ö., Şekercioğlu, G., & Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2016). Sosyal bilimler için çok değişkenli istatistik: SPSS ve LISREL uygulamaları. PegemA Yayıncılık.
• Davras, Ö. (2019). İşveren markasının marka bağlılığı, çalışan memnuniyeti ve örgütsel kariyer yönetimi üzerindeki etkileri: Otel çalışanları üzerinde bir araştırma. Journal of Tourism and Gastronomy Studies, 7(4), 3088-3107. https://doi.org/10.21325/jotags.2019.517
• Derinbay, D. (2011). İlköğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmenlerin algıladıkları örgütsel destek düzeyleri. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Pamukkale Üniversitesi.
• DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development theory and applications. Sage Publications. https://tms.iau.ir/file/download/page/1635238305-develis-2017.pdf
• Diamantopoulos, A. (1994). Modelling with LISREL: A Guide for the Uninitiated, Journal of Marketing Management, 10, 105-136. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.1994.9964263
• Eggen, P. O., Persson, J., Jacobsen, E. E., & Hafskjold, B. (2017). Development of an inventory for alternative conception among students in chemistry. LUMAT International Journal on Math Science and Technology Education, 5(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.31129/lumat.5.1.115
• Eisenberger, R., Armeli, S., Rexwinkel, B., Lynch, P. D., & Rhoades, L. (2001). Reciprocation of perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86(1), 42-51. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.86.1.42
• Eisenberger, R., Hungtington, R., Hutchison, S., & Sowa, D. (1986). Perceived organizational support. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.71.3.500
• Eisenberger, R., Malone, G. P., & Presson, W. D. (2016). Optimizing perceived organizational support to enhance employee engagement. Society for Human Resource Management and Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 2, 3-22. https://www.siop.org/Portals/84/docs/SIOP-SHRM%20White%20Papers/SHRM-SIOP%20POS.pdf
• Eisenberger, R., Shanock, R. L., & Wen, X. (2020). Perceived organizational support: Why caring about employees counts. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 7, 101-124. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-012119-044917
• Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., & Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. Psychological Methods, 4(3), 272-299. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272
• Feldt, L. S., & Charter, R. A. (2003). Estimating the reliability of a test split into two parts of equal or unequal length. Psychological Methods, 8(1), 102-109. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.8.1.102
• Ferketich, S. (1991). Focus on psychometrics aspects of item analysis. Research in Nursing &Health, 14(2), 165-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.4770140211
• Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS. Sage Publications. https://sadbhavnapublications.org/research-enrichment-material/2-Statistical-Books/Discovering-Statistics-Using-IBM-SPSS-Statistics-4th-c2013-Andy-Field.pdf
• Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallend, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw Hill. https://journal.uny.ac.id/index.php/jpv/article/downloadSuppFile/24354/4991
• Gao, S., Mokhtarian, P., & Johnston, R. (2008, January). Non-normality of data in structural equation models, Research Report-UCD-ITS-RR-08-47, Transportation Research Board’s 87th Annual Meeting, University of California. https://doi.org/10.3141/2082-14
• Garcia, E., & Weiss, E. (2019). The role of early career supports, continuous professional development, and learning communities in the teacher shortage. The fifth report in ‘The Perfect Storm in the Teacher Labor Market’ series. https://files.epi.org/pdf/164976.pdf
• Garson, D. (2012). Testing statistical assumptions. Statistical Associates Publishing. https://pdf4pro.com/view/testing-statistical-assumptions-37d603.html
• Gorsuch, R. L. (1983). Factor analysis. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://archive.org/details/factoranalysis0000gors_l0r1
• Gouldner, A. W. ( 1960). The norm of reciprocity: A Preliminery Statement. American Sociological Review, 25(2), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2092623
• Graafland, J. J., & Rutten, B. (2004). Perceived organisational support and profitability. CentER Discussion Paper, 45, 1-30. https://pure.uvt.nl/ws/files/601335/45.pdf
• Grieder, S., & Steiner, M. D. (2022). Algorithmic jingle jungle: A comparison of implementations of principal axis factoring and promax rotation in R and SPSS. Behavior Research Methods, 54(1), 54-74. https://journals.scholarsportal.info/browse/15543528/v54i0001
• Gulliksen, H. (1987). Theory of mental tests. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203052150
• Gül, A. L. (2010). Lise öğretmenlerinin algılarına göre örgütsel destek (Ankara ili örneği). [Doktora Tezi]. Hacettepe Üniversitesi. https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/466518
• Hafstad, M. D. (2024). Beyond the individual: A multilevel model of employees perceived organizational support. http://dx.doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/3awc5
• Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Tatham, R. L. (2010). Multivariate Data Analysis. Pearson Publications. https://www.drnishikantjha.com/papersCollection/Multivariate%20Data%20Analysis.pdf
• Hall, D. T. (1996). Protean Careers of The 21st Century. The Academy of Management Executive, 10(4), 8-16. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4165349
• Hankins, M. (2008). How discriminating are discriminative instruments? Health Qual Life Outcomes, 6, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-6-36.
• Harrigton, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/16841/1/12.pdf
• Hawkins, D. (1980). Identification of outliers. Chapman and Hall Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-015-3994-4_3
• Hirsh, W., Jackson C., & Jackson C. (1995). Careers in organisations: Issues for the future. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED391091.pdf
• Hooper, D., Coughlana, J., & Mullen, M. R. (2008). Structural equation modelling: guidelines for determining model fit. The Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/297019805.pdf
• Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cut-off criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: convenfional criteria versus new alternafives. Structural equafion model-ling. Ref. Bibliográfica, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
• Hu, L., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure analysis: Sensitivity to underparameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3(4), 424−453. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.3.4.424 Izquierdo, I., Olea, J., & Abad, F.J. (2014). Exploratory factor analysis in validation studies: Uses and recommendations. Psicothema, 26(3), 395-400. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2013.349
• İlhan, M., Teker, G. T., & Güler, N. (2019, Nisan). Ölçme aracının ayırt ediciliğine ilişkin bir istatistik: Ferguson Delta. XII. International Congress of Educational Research, Rize. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344806054_OLCME_ARACININ_AYIRT_EDICILIGINE_ILISKIN_BIR_ISTATISTIK_FERGUSON_DELTA
• İnandı, Y., Yaman, Ş., & Ataş, M. (2022). The relation between career barriers faced by teachers & level of stress and job satisfaction. Participatory Educational Research, 9(2), 240-260. http://dx.doi.org/10.17275/per.22.38.9.2
• Ji, M. F. (1999, January). A primer on conducting item and test analyses. Annual meeting of the Southwest Educational Research Association. San Antonio. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED428080.pdf
• Johnson, R. A., & Wichern, D. W. (2002). Applied multivariate statistical analysis. Upper Saddle River. https://alimoradi.iut.ac.ir/sites/alimoradi.iut.ac.ir/files//file_basepage/richard_arnold_johnson_dean_w._wichern_applied_bookzz.org_.pdf
• Jones, J. A., & Waller, N. G. (2013) Abstract: The Normal-Theory and Asymptotic Distribution-Free Covariance Matrix of Standardized Regression Coefficients, Multivariate Behavioral Research, 48, 1. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2013.751307
• Jöreskog, K. G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). Structural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS command language. Scientific Software International. https://www.scribd.com/document/72531790/Joreskog-Sorbom-LISREL-8-Structural-Equation-Modeling-With-Simplis-Command-Language-1998-iki1psl
• Kalağan, G. (2009). Araştırma görevlilerinin örgütsel destek algıları ile örgütsel sinizm tutumları arasındaki ilişki. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Akdeniz Üniversitesi.
• Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
• Kaya, B. (2012). Algılanan örgütsel destek düzeyinin ve çalışanların kariyer tatminin işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkileri: Konaklama işletmelerinde bir uygulama. [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Akdeniz Üniversitesi.
• Kelley, T. L. (1939). Selection of upper and lower groups for the validation of test items. Journal of Educational Psychology, 30(1), 17-24. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0057123
• Kinnunen, U., Feldt T., & Mäkikangas A. (2008). Testing the effort-reward imbalance model among Finnish managers: The role of perceived organizational support. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(2), 114-127. https://doi.org/10.1037/1076-8998.13.2.114
• Kline, P. (1994). An easy guide to factor analysis. Routledge. https://books.google.com.tr/books/about/An_Easy_Guide_to_Factor_Analysis.html?id=6PHzhLD-bSoC&redir_esc=y
• Kline, P. (2000). The Handbook of psychological testing. Routledge. https://books.google.com.pe/books?id=lm2RxaKaok8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=ferguson&f=false
• Kline, R. B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. Guilford. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235932894_Principles_And_Practice_Of_Structural_Equation_Modeling
• Kozlowski, S. W., & Farr, J. L. (1988). An integrative model of updating and performance. Human Performance, 1, 5-29. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327043hup0101_1
• Kraimer, M. L., & Wayne, S. J. (2004). An examination of perceived organizational support as a multidimensional construct in the context of an expatriate assignment. Journal of Management, 30(2), 209-237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jm.2003.01.001
• Kraimer, M. L., Seibert, S. E., Wayne, S. J., Liden, R. C., & Bravo, J. (2011). Antecedents and outcomes of organizational support for development: The critical role of career opportunities. Journal of Applied Psychology, 96(3), 485–500. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021452
• Krishnan, J., & Mary, V. S. (2012). Perceived organisational support – an overview on ıts antecedents and consequences, International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 2(4), 1-13. http://www.zenithresearch.org.in/images/stories/pdf/2012/April/ZIJMR/1_ZIJMR_APRIL12_VOL2_ISSUE4.pdf
• Krishnan, V. (2013). The early child development instrument (EDI): An item analysis using Classical Test Theory (CTT) on Alberta’s data. University of Alberta. https://www.ualberta.ca/community-university-partnership/media-library/community-university-partnership/research/ecmap-reports/ediitemanalysisctt.pdf
• Lance, C. E., Butts, M. M., & Michels, L. C. (2006). The sources of four commonly reported cutof criteria: What did they really say? Organizational, Research Methods, 9(2), 202–220. https://doi.org/10.1177/1094428105284919
• Laura, J. B., & Stephanie M. M. (2011). Survey instrument validity part I: Principles of survey ınstrument development and validation in athletic training education research. Athletic Training Education Journal, 6(1), 27-35. https://doi.org/10.4085/1947-380X-6.1.27
• Lawshe, C. H. (1975). A quantitative approach to content validity. Personnel psychology, 28(4), 563-575. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-6570.1975.tb01393.x
• Ledesma, R. D., & Valero-Mora, P. (2007). Determining the number of factors to retain in EFA: An easy-to-use computer program for carrying out parallel analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 12(2), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.7275/wjnc-nm63
• Lee, Y. (2006). Dependability of scores for a new ESL speaking assessment consisting of integrated and independent tasks. Language Testing, 23(2), 131-166. https://doi.org/10.1191/0265532206lt325oa
• Lingga, P. A. J., Setiawan, Z., Wahyudi, L., Siswanto, A., & Sutanto, A. (2022). Influence of the relationship between purchase ıntentions and tourism behavior of environmentally friendly products in ındonesia using the PLS SEM method. Budapest International Research and Critics Institute-Journal (BIRCI-Journal), 5(3), 23514-23526. https://www.bircu-journal.com/index.php/birci/article/view/6366/pdf
• Luturmas, Y. (2022). Religion, customs, and village government in collaborating the pillars of rural development. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation, 2(4), 440-447. https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku1066
• Lynch, P. D., Eisenberger, R., & Armeli, S. (1999). Perceived organizational support: Inferior versus superior performance by wary employees. Journal of applied psychology, 84(4), 467-483. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.84.4.467
• Mageshkumar, D. (2016). Influence of perceived organizational support, organizational commitment on organizational citizenship behavior among marketing executives. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(1), 194-201. https://ijip.in/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/18.01.140.20160401.pdf
• Marsh, H. W., Hau, K. T., & Artelt, C., Baumert, J., & Peschar, J.L. (2006).OECD’s brief self-report measure of educational psychology’s most useful affective constructs: Cross-cultural, psychometric comparisons across 25 countries. International Journal of Testing, 6(4), 311-360. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327574ijt0604_1
• Martinkova, P., & Zvara, K. (2010). Reliability of composite dichotomous measurements, European Journal for Biomedical Informatics, 6(2),103-109. https://doi.org/10.24105/ejbi.2010.06.2.4
• Maurer, T. J., & Lippstreu, M. (2008). Who will be committed to an organization that provides support for employee development? Journal of Management Development, 27, 328 –347. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621710810858632
• McDonald, R. P., & Ho, M. H. R. (2002). Principles and practice in reporting structural equation analyses. Psychological Methods, 7(1), 64. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989X.7.1.64
• Meng, X. (2009). Perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and the retention of employees after ındustry restructuring. International Conference on Innovation Management, 22-25. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIM.2009.11
• Mertler, C. A., Vannatta, R.A., & LaVenia, K. N. (2021). Advanced and multivariate statistical methods: Practical application and interpretation. Routledge Publishing. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367848194
• Meyer, A. M. (2016). The impact of onboarding levels on perceived utility, organizational commitment, organizational support, and job satisfaction. [Dissertation of Doctoral], Southern Illinois University at Edwardsville.
• Mitchell, R. J. (2001). Path Analysis: Pollination. In S. M. Scheiner & J. Gurevitch (Eds.), Design and analysis of ecological experiments (pp. 211-231). Chapman and Hall Inc. https://academic.oup.com/book/51108
• Mulaik, S. A., James, L. R., Alstine, J. V., Bennett N., Lind, S., & Stilwell C. D. (1989). Evaluation of goodness-of-fit ındices for structural equation models. Psychological Bulletin, 105(3), 430-445. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.105.3.430
• Naeem, R. M., Channa, K.A., Hameed, Z., Akram, M., & Sarki, I. H. (2019). How does perceived career support make employees bright-eyed and bushy-tailed? The mediating role of career self-efficacy. Australian Journal of Career Development, 28(2), 92-102, https://doi.org/10.1177/1038416218822122.
• Nayır, F. (2011). İlköğretim okulu yöneticilerinin öğretmenlere sağlanan örgütsel desteğe ilişkin görüşleri, öğretmenlerin örgütsel destek algısı ve örgütsel bağlılıkla ilişkisi. [Doktora Tezi], Ankara Üniversitesi.
• Norman, G. R. (2008). Discrimination and reliability: equal partners? Health Qual Life Outcomes. 6(81), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-6-81.
• Novick, M. R., & Lewis, C. (1967). Coefficient alpha: A basic introduction from the perpectives of classical test theory and structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 2(3), 255-273. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519509540013
• Nunnally, J., & Bernstein, I. (1994). Psychometric theory. McGraw-Hill. https://www.scribd.com/document/366667341/Jum-Nunnally-Ira-Bernstein-Psychometric-Theory
• Osburn, H. G. (2000). Coefficient alpha and related internal consistency reliability coefficients. Psychological Methods, 5(3), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1037/1082-989x.5.3.343
• Özdamar, K. (2015). SPSS ile biyoistatistik. Nisan Kitabevi.
• Pallant, J. (2001). SPSS survival manual. Open University Press.
• Palmer, M. J. (1993). Performans değerlendirmeleri. (Çev. Şahiner, Doğan). Kişisel Gelişim ve Yöneti. Dizisi. Rota Yayıncılık.
• Park, H. S., Dailey, R., & Lemus, D. (2002). The Use of Exploratory Factor Analysis and Principal Components Analysis in Communication Research. Human Communication Research, 28(4), 562-577. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2958.2002.tb00824.x
• Pazy, A. (2011). The relationship between pay contingency and types of perceived support: Effects on performance and commitment. EuroMed Journal of Business, 6(3), 342-358. https://doi.org/10.1108/14502191111170169
• Peterson, R. A., & Kim, Y. (2013). On the relationship between coefficient alpha and composite reliability. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 194–198. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030767
• Poon, J. M. (2013). Relationships among perceived career support, affective commitment, and work engagement. International Journal of Psychology, 48(6), 1148–1155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207594.2013.768768
• Raykov, T., & Marcoulıdes, G. A. (2006). A first course in structural equation modeling, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. https://books.google.co.cr/books?id=nl-C3Z3WGTUC&printsec=copyright#v=onepage&q&f=false
• Rhoades, L., & Eisenberger, R. (2002). Perceived organizational support: A review of the literature. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 698-714. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.698
• Rozaini, R., Norailis, A. W., & Aida, B. (2015). Roles of organizational support in quality of work life in insurance industry. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(8), 753-757. http://www.joebm.com/papers/280-M008.pdf
• Sacon, G. (2000). Assessment of reliability when test items are not essentially tau-equivalent. Developments in Survey Methodology, 15, 23-35. http://mrvar.fdv.uni-lj.si/pub/mz/mz15/socan.pdf
• Savalei, V. (2012). The relationship between root mean square error of approximation and model misspecification in confirmatory factor analysis models. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 72(6), 910-932. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164412452564
• Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H., & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models: Tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods Of Psychological Research, 8(2), 23-74. https://typeset.io/papers/evaluating-the-fit-of-structural-equation-models-tests-of-4lmsoac5b1
• Schumacker, R. E., & Lomax, R. G. (2010). A beginner’s guide to structural equation modeling. Routledge. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/362079746
• Sedgwick, P. M. (2012). Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient, BMJ, 345, 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.e4483
• Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2010). Research methods for business: A skill building approach. John Wiley & Sons. https://9afi.com/storage/daftar/onTXVlzEDQNtC4khg3Yklhj0g5V5wyFsQqNDZOpL.pdf
• Shaw, S., & Crisp, V. (2011). Tracing the evolution of validity in educational measurement: past issues and contemporary challenges. Research Matters, 11, 14-19. https://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.100522
• Siswanto, A., Setiawan, Z., Iryanto, R. V., Afifah, Z., & Abdurohim, A. (2023). The analysis of role of motivation, career development and compensation on performance of vocational high school teachers. Journal on Education, 5(4), 15154-15159. https://doi.org/10.31004/joe.v5i4.2604
• Smith, K. W. (1974). On estimating the reliability of composite indexes through factor analysis. Sociological Methods and Research, 2(4), 485–510. https://doi.org/10.1177/004912417400200405
• Stapleton, C. D. (1997, January). Basic concepts and procedures of confirmatory factor analysis. The Annual Meeting of the South West Educational Research Association, Austin. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED407416.pdf
• Suhr, D. D. (2006, March). Exploratory or confirmatory factor analysis? Proceedings of the 31st Annual SAS? Users Group International Conference. University of Northern Colorado. https://support.sas.com/resources/papers/proceedings/proceedings/sugi31/200-31.pdf
• Tabachnick B. G., & Fidell L. S. (2012). Using multivariate statistics. Person Education. https://ebook.upgrisba.ac.id/ebook/komputer-informasi-referensi-umum/6th-edition-using-multivariate-statistics-pearson/downloa
• Theodorus, I., Purwati, W. D., & Hilmy, M. R. (2021). Effect of perceived organizational support and organizational justice on nurses’ work engagement with ıntermediate factors of organizational trust. Jurnal Medicoeticolegal dan Manajemen Rumah Sakit, 10(3), 241-254. https://doi.org/10.18196/jmmr.v10i3.12218
• Thomas, L. T., & Ganster, D. C. (1995). Impact of family-supportive work variables on work-family conflict and strain: A control perspective. Journal of applied psychology, 80(1), 6-15. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.80.1.6
• Tomarken, A. J., & Waller, N. G. (2004). Structural equatıon modelıng: Strengths, limitations and misconceptions. Annual Review Of Clinical Psychology, 1, 31-65. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.1.102803.144239
• Tucker, L. R., & Lewis, C. (1973). A Reliability Coefficient for Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis. Psychometrika, 38, 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02291170
• Ullman, J. B. (2012). Structural equation modeling. In B. G. Tabachnik & L. S. Fidell (Eds.), Using multivariate statistics. Person Education. https://ebook.upgrisba.ac.id/ebook/komputer-informasi-referensi-umum/6th-edition-using-multivariate-statistics-pearson/downloa
• Urbina, S. (2004). Essentials psychological testing. John Wiley & Sons Inc. http://pustaka.unp.ac.id/file/abstrak_kki/EBOOKS/Essentials%20of%20Psychological%20Testing.pdf
• UTSA (2021). Univariate, bivariate, correlation and causation. The University of Texas at San Antonio.https://mathresearch.utsa.edu/wiki/index.php?title=Univariate,_Bivariate,_Correlation_and_Causation
• Van den Broeck, A., Vansteenkiste, M., De Witte, H., & Lens, W. (2008). Explaining the relationships between job characteristics, burnout, and engagement: The role of basic psychological need satisfaction. Work & Stress, 22(3), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/02678370802393672
• Wang, M. V., & Stanley, J. C. (1970). Differential weighting: A review of methods and empirical studies. Review of Educational Research, 40(5), 663-705. https://doi.org/10.2307/1169462
• Warrens, M. J. (2015). A comparison of reliability coefficients for psychometric tests that consist of two parts. Advances in Data Analysis and Classification, 10, 71-84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11634-015-0198-6
• Wilkinson, A. Redman, T., & Dundon, T. (2001). Contemporary human resource management. Pearson Publications. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/38911/1/3%202017.pdf
• Woo, B., & Chelladurai, P. (2012). Dynamics of perceived support and work attitudes: The case of fitness club employees. Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 6-18 https://doi.org/10.5923/j.hrmr.20120201.02
• Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research: A content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
• Wu, N., & Zhang, J. (2006) Factor-analysis based anomaly detection and clustering. Decision Support Systems, 42, 375-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2005.01.005
• Yang, Y., & Green, S. B. (2011). Coefficient alpha a reliability coefficient for the 21st century? Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 29(4), 377-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282911406668
• Yaşlıoğlu, M. M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması. İstanbul Üniversitesi İşletme Fakültesi Dergisi, Özel Sayı, 46, 74-85. http://dergipark.ulakbim.gov.tr/iuisletme
• Yim, M. S. (2019). A study on factor analytical methods and procedures for pls-sem (partial least squares structural equation modeling). International Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business, 10(5), 7-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.13106/ijidb.2019.vol10.no5.7.
• Yokuş, İ. (2006). Erkek egemen işlerde çalışanların örgütsel destek algıları ve örgütsel bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişki [Yüksek Lisans Tezi], Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Yong, A. G., & Pearce, S. (2013). A beginner’s guide to factor analysis: Focusing on exploratory factor analysis. Tutorials in Quantitative Methods for Psychology, 9(2), 79-94. https://doi.org/10.20982/tqmp.09.2.p079
• Yoshimura, K. E. (2003). Employee traits, perceived organizational support, supervisory communication, affective commitment, and intent to leave: group differences. [Dissertation of Master]. North Carolina State University. https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.16/2916/etd.pdf?sequence=1
• Yu, C. Y., & Muthén, B. O. (2002). Evaluation of model fit indices for latent variable models with categorical and continuous outcomes. [Dissertation of Doctoral ]. University of Cali-fornia.
• Zaro, S. (2018). Mutfak çalışanlarının örgütsel destek algılarının işe yabancılaşma eğilimlerine etkisi: Nevşehir ilinde bir araştırma [Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi.
• Zhang, Y., Farh, J. L., & Wang, H. (2012). Organizational antecedents of employee perceived organizational support in China: A grounded investigation, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 23(2), 422-446. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2011.560886