Research Article

INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM

Volume: 13 Number: 1 April 29, 2026
TR EN

INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM

Abstract

This study offers an in-depth examination of the nature of human consciousness and ethical responsibilities, focusing on the nature of the intellectualism in Tom Stoppard’s The Hard Problem. The intellectual debate, which is the main focus of the study, is discussed through ideas and concepts such as, ‘altruism’ and ‘the prisoner’s dilemma’ and ‘selfish gene’ theory. This study elaborates on these concepts and ideas through the protagonist Spike, who explains human nature entirely in terms of evolutionary biology and the selfish gene theory, and Hilary, who is sceptical of evolutionary approaches that explain human nature solely as a result of physical actions and emphasises the necessity and importance of the concept of altruism. This article questions the feasibility of true altruism in terms of intellectualism and offers a glimpse into debates in evolutionary biology which suggests that what appears to be a noble endeavour is often intertwined with self-interest. The article further discusses the roles, responsibilities and positions of intellectuals in contemporary societies and compares the two main ideas in the play in the light of the theories on intellectuals of Louis Althusser, Antonio Gramsci, Julien Benda and Edward Said. The article offers a critical perspective on the role and identity of intellectuals in contemporary society dealing with the philosophical ideas and the hard problem of consciousness.

Keywords

References

  1. Althusser, L. (2014). On the reproduction of capitalism: Ideology and ideological state apparatuses (G. M. Goshgarian, Trans.). Verso. (Original work published 1971).
  2. Benda, J. (2007). The Treason of the intellectuals (R. Aldington, Trans.) [eBook edition]. Transaction Publishers. (Original work published 1927).
  3. Chalmers, David J. (1995). Facing up to the problem of consciousness. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2 (3), 200-219.
  4. Dawkins, R. (2006). The selfish gene. Oxford University Press.
  5. Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: the birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Original work published 1975).
  6. Gramsci, A. (1999). Selections from the prison notebooks (Q. Hoare & G. N. Smith, Trans. & Eds.) [eBook edition]. (Original work published 1948-1951).
  7. Habermas, J. (1972). Knowledge and human interests (J. J. Shapiro, Trans.). Beacon Press. (Original work published 1968).
  8. Merleau-Ponty, M. (2005). Phenomenology of perception (D. A. Landes, Trans.). Routledge. (Original work published 1945).

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture, Contemporary Drama Studies

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

April 29, 2026

Submission Date

October 29, 2024

Acceptance Date

March 19, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 13 Number: 1

APA
Pala, Y. (2026). INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1575553
AMA
1.Pala Y. INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;13(1):1-16. doi:10.69878/deuefad.1575553
Chicago
Pala, Yavuz. 2026. “INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 13 (1): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1575553.
EndNote
Pala Y (April 1, 2026) INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 13 1 1–16.
IEEE
[1]Y. Pala, “INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1–16, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.69878/deuefad.1575553.
ISNAD
Pala, Yavuz. “INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 13/1 (April 1, 2026): 1-16. https://doi.org/10.69878/deuefad.1575553.
JAMA
1.Pala Y. INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026;13:1–16.
MLA
Pala, Yavuz. “INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 13, no. 1, Apr. 2026, pp. 1-16, doi:10.69878/deuefad.1575553.
Vancouver
1.Yavuz Pala. INTELLECTUAL PURSUITS AND ETHICAL DILEMMAS: A CRITICAL ANALYSIS OF TOM STOPPARD’S THE HARD PROBLEM. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi. 2026 Apr. 1;13(1):1-16. doi:10.69878/deuefad.1575553