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AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİNİN AVRUPA KONSENSÜSÜNE BAŞVURMASI

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 27 - 82, 21.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33717/deuhfd.569971

Abstract

Dünyadaki en etkili insan hakları koruma mekanizmasını kurduğu kabul 
edilen Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesinin sözleşmeci devletlerin sağlamakla 
yükümlü olduğu hak ve özgürlükleri kavramlara dayanan ve ucu açık bir şekilde 
kaleme alması, Sözleşmenin uygun bir şekilde yorumlanması zaruretini doğur-
maktadır. Sözleşme hükümlerini yorumlayıp uygulamada geniş bir alana sahip 
olan Avrupa İnsan Hakları Mahkemesi, uluslararası hukukun geleneksel yorum 
yöntemlerini kullanmanın yanında, özerk ilke, yöntem ve teknikler de geliştir-
miştir. Konsensüs tekniği, Sözleşme hükümlerinin anlamlarının ve sözleşmeci 
devletlerin yükümlülüklerine uyup uymadığının belirlenmesinde Mahkemenin 
başvurduğu en önemli araçlardan biridir. Bu çerçevede Mahkeme, sözleşmeci 
devletlerin hukuk ve uygulaması ile uluslararası hukuktaki ilgili gelişmeleri göz 
önünde bulundurarak, ele aldığı konu hakkında bir Avrupa konsensüsünün 
bulunup bulunmadığını tespit etmeye çalışmakta ve sonuca göre bir Sözleşme 
hükmünün anlamını ve kapsamını belirleyebilmektedir. Ne var ki, Mahkemenin 
buluşu olan Avrupa konsensüsünün açık bir tanımı olmadığı gibi, tespit ve 
uygulanmasında çeşitli tutarsızlıklar da bulunmaktadır. Dahası, Mahkemenin 
çoğu kez Sözleşmedeki hakları geliştirmek için başvurduğu Avrupa konsensüsü-
nün hukukî dayanağı hususunda tereddütler ve arayışlar da vardır. Bu makale-
nin amacı sözü edilen konuları incelemektir. 

References

  • Akehurst, Michael/Malanczuk, Peter: Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, Gözden Geçirilmiş 7. Baskı, Routledge, 1997.
  • Altıparmak, Kerem/Karahanoğlulları, Onur: “Pyrrhus Zaferi: Leyla Şahin v. Türkiye, AİHM v. Hukuk, Düzenleyici İşlem v. Kanun”, Hukuk ve Adalet Dergisi, Temmuz-Eylül 2004, S. 3, s. 249-275.
  • Arai-Takahashi, Yutaka: “The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine: A Theoretical Analysis of Strasbourg’s Variable Geometry”, in: Andreas Føllesdal/Birgit Peters/Geir Ulfstein (eds.), Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context, Cambridge University Press, 2013, s. 62-105.
  • Aybay, Rona/Oral, Elif: Kamusal Uluslararası Hukuk, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Benvenisti, Eyal: “Margin of Appreciation, Consensus and Universal Standards”, New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, 1998-1999, Vol. 31, s. 843-854.
  • Black’s Law Dictionary, Bryan A. Garner (ed.), 9. Baskı, West Publishing Co., 2009.
  • Boczek, Boleslaw A.: International Law: A Dictionary, The Scarecrow Press Inc., 2005.
  • Brauch, Jeffrey A.: “The Dangerous Search for and Elusive Consensus: What the Supreme Court Should Learn from the European Court of Human Rights”, Howard Law Journal, 2008-2009, Vol. 52, s. 277-318.
  • Brems, Eva: “The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights”, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 1996, Vol. 56, s. 240-314.
  • Çavuşoğlu, Naz: “İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi’ni ‘Yaşayan Belge’ Yapan Yorum Teknikleri”, İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, 1992, S. 14, s. 131- 146.
  • Dijk, P. van/Hoof, G. J. H. Van: Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights, 3. Baskı, Kluwer Law International, 1998.
  • Doğru, Osman/Nalbant, Atilla: İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi: Açıklama ve Önemli Kararlar, C. 2: İHAS 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, Ek Protokol 1- 1, 1-2, 1-3 Maddeler, Council of Europe/TC Yargıtay Başkanlığı, 2013.
  • Dzehtsiarou, Kanstantsin: European Consensus and the Legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Forowicz, Magdalena: The Reception of International Law in the European Court of Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Gözübüyük, Şeref/Gölcüklü, Feyyaz: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi ve Uygulaması, 5. Baskı, Turhan, 2004.
  • Greer, Steven: The Margin of Appreciation: Interpretation and Discretion under the European Convention on Human Rights, Council of Europe Publishing, 2000.
  • Gündüz, Aslan: Milletlerarası Hukuk Temel Belgeler Örnek Kararlar, 5. Baskı, Beta, 2003.
  • Harris, David/O’Boyle, Michael/Bates, Ed/Buckley, Carla: Harris, O’Boyle and Warbrick’s Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, 2. Baskı, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Helfer, Laurence R.: “Consensus, Coherence and the European Convention on Human Rights”, Cornell International Law Journal, 1993, Vol 26, s. 133-165.
  • Higgins, Rosalyn: “Time and the Law: International Perspectives on an Old Problem”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1997, Vol. 46, s. 501-520.
  • Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence: “The Grand Chamber Judgment in Hassan v. UK”, EJIL: Talk!, 16.09.2014. Erişim: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the- grand-chamber-judgment-in-hassan-v-uk/.
  • Jacobs, Francis G./White, Robin C. A.: The European Convention on Human Rights, 2. Baskı, Clarendon Press, 1996.
  • Letsas, George: “The ECHR as a Living Instrument: Its Meaning and Legitimacy”, in: Andreas Føllesdal/Birgit Peters/Geir Ulfstein (eds.), Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context, Cambridge University Press, 2013, s. 106-141.
  • Londras, Fiona de/Dzehtsiarou, Kanstantsin: Great Debates on the European Convention on Human Rights, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
  • Merrills, J. G.: The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, Manchester University Press, 1988.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin: Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 1. Kitap, Gözden Geçirilmiş 12. Baskı, Turhan Kitabevi, 2014.
  • Schabas, William: The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Senden, Hanneke Ceciel Katrijn: Interpretation of Fundamental Rights in a Multilevel Legal System: An Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, Doktora Tezinin Yayımlanmamış Hâli, Leiden University, 2011.
  • Sur, Melda: Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları, Gözden Geçirilmiş 12. Baskı, Beta, 2018.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş/Erdem, Mustafa Ruhan/Sancakdar, Oğuz: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Işığında Türkiye’nin İnsan Hakları Sorunu, 2. Baskı, Seçkin, 2004.
  • The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3. Baskı, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1992.
  • Vanneste, Frédéric: General International Law before Human Rights Courts: Assessing the Specialty Claims of International Human Rights Law, Intersentia, 2010.
  • Wildhaber, Luzius/Hjartarson, Arnaldur/Donnelly, Stephen: “No Consensus on Consensus? The Practice of the European Court of Human Rights”, Human Rights Law Journal, 2013, Vol. 33, s. 248-263.
  • Ziemele, Ineta: “European Consensus and International Law”, in: Anne van Aaken/Iulia Motoc (eds.), The European Convention on Human Rights and General International Law, Oxford University Press, 2018, s. 23- 40.

INVOKING EUROPEAN CONSENSUS BY THE EUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Year 2019, Volume: 21 Issue: 1, 27 - 82, 21.06.2019
https://doi.org/10.33717/deuhfd.569971

Abstract

Since the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental 

Freedoms (the European Convention on Human Rights), which is accepted to 

have set up the most effective human rights regime, draws up the rights and 

freedoms that the contracting states are obliged to secure in a conceptual and 

open-ended manner, the Convention must be aptly interpreted. The European 

Court of Human Rights having a large area in interpreting and applying the 

Convention developed autonomous principles, methods and technics as well as 

using the traditional interpretation methods of international law. European 

consensus is one of the most important interpretative techniques that the ECtHR 

invokes in determining the meaning of the provisions of the Convention and 

whether the rights in question have been violated. In this context the ECtHR may 

identify whether there is a European consensus related to the matter in hand by 

taking into consideration relevant developments in the law and practice of the 

contracting states and international law, and may define the meaning and scope 

of a Convention provision in these premises. However European consensus, 

which is the creation of the ECtHR, has not been clearly defined, nor 

established and applied coherently. Furthermore there are various reservations 

and evaluations on the legal basis of European consensus mostly used to evolve 

and expand the rights. The purpose of this Article is to examine all the 

aforementioned issues. 

References

  • Akehurst, Michael/Malanczuk, Peter: Akehurst’s Modern Introduction to International Law, Gözden Geçirilmiş 7. Baskı, Routledge, 1997.
  • Altıparmak, Kerem/Karahanoğlulları, Onur: “Pyrrhus Zaferi: Leyla Şahin v. Türkiye, AİHM v. Hukuk, Düzenleyici İşlem v. Kanun”, Hukuk ve Adalet Dergisi, Temmuz-Eylül 2004, S. 3, s. 249-275.
  • Arai-Takahashi, Yutaka: “The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine: A Theoretical Analysis of Strasbourg’s Variable Geometry”, in: Andreas Føllesdal/Birgit Peters/Geir Ulfstein (eds.), Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context, Cambridge University Press, 2013, s. 62-105.
  • Aybay, Rona/Oral, Elif: Kamusal Uluslararası Hukuk, İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2016.
  • Benvenisti, Eyal: “Margin of Appreciation, Consensus and Universal Standards”, New York University Journal of International Law & Politics, 1998-1999, Vol. 31, s. 843-854.
  • Black’s Law Dictionary, Bryan A. Garner (ed.), 9. Baskı, West Publishing Co., 2009.
  • Boczek, Boleslaw A.: International Law: A Dictionary, The Scarecrow Press Inc., 2005.
  • Brauch, Jeffrey A.: “The Dangerous Search for and Elusive Consensus: What the Supreme Court Should Learn from the European Court of Human Rights”, Howard Law Journal, 2008-2009, Vol. 52, s. 277-318.
  • Brems, Eva: “The Margin of Appreciation Doctrine in the Case-Law of the European Court of Human Rights”, Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 1996, Vol. 56, s. 240-314.
  • Çavuşoğlu, Naz: “İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi’ni ‘Yaşayan Belge’ Yapan Yorum Teknikleri”, İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, 1992, S. 14, s. 131- 146.
  • Dijk, P. van/Hoof, G. J. H. Van: Theory and Practice of the European Convention on Human Rights, 3. Baskı, Kluwer Law International, 1998.
  • Doğru, Osman/Nalbant, Atilla: İnsan Hakları Avrupa Sözleşmesi: Açıklama ve Önemli Kararlar, C. 2: İHAS 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, Ek Protokol 1- 1, 1-2, 1-3 Maddeler, Council of Europe/TC Yargıtay Başkanlığı, 2013.
  • Dzehtsiarou, Kanstantsin: European Consensus and the Legitimacy of the European Court of Human Rights, Cambridge University Press, 2015.
  • Forowicz, Magdalena: The Reception of International Law in the European Court of Human Rights, Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Gözübüyük, Şeref/Gölcüklü, Feyyaz: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi ve Uygulaması, 5. Baskı, Turhan, 2004.
  • Greer, Steven: The Margin of Appreciation: Interpretation and Discretion under the European Convention on Human Rights, Council of Europe Publishing, 2000.
  • Gündüz, Aslan: Milletlerarası Hukuk Temel Belgeler Örnek Kararlar, 5. Baskı, Beta, 2003.
  • Harris, David/O’Boyle, Michael/Bates, Ed/Buckley, Carla: Harris, O’Boyle and Warbrick’s Law of the European Convention on Human Rights, 2. Baskı, Oxford University Press, 2009.
  • Helfer, Laurence R.: “Consensus, Coherence and the European Convention on Human Rights”, Cornell International Law Journal, 1993, Vol 26, s. 133-165.
  • Higgins, Rosalyn: “Time and the Law: International Perspectives on an Old Problem”, International and Comparative Law Quarterly, 1997, Vol. 46, s. 501-520.
  • Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence: “The Grand Chamber Judgment in Hassan v. UK”, EJIL: Talk!, 16.09.2014. Erişim: https://www.ejiltalk.org/the- grand-chamber-judgment-in-hassan-v-uk/.
  • Jacobs, Francis G./White, Robin C. A.: The European Convention on Human Rights, 2. Baskı, Clarendon Press, 1996.
  • Letsas, George: “The ECHR as a Living Instrument: Its Meaning and Legitimacy”, in: Andreas Føllesdal/Birgit Peters/Geir Ulfstein (eds.), Constituting Europe: The European Court of Human Rights in a National, European and Global Context, Cambridge University Press, 2013, s. 106-141.
  • Londras, Fiona de/Dzehtsiarou, Kanstantsin: Great Debates on the European Convention on Human Rights, Palgrave Macmillan, 2018.
  • Merrills, J. G.: The Development of International Law by the European Court of Human Rights, Manchester University Press, 1988.
  • Pazarcı, Hüseyin: Uluslararası Hukuk Dersleri, 1. Kitap, Gözden Geçirilmiş 12. Baskı, Turhan Kitabevi, 2014.
  • Schabas, William: The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary, Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Senden, Hanneke Ceciel Katrijn: Interpretation of Fundamental Rights in a Multilevel Legal System: An Analysis of the European Court of Human Rights and the Court of Justice of the European Union, Doktora Tezinin Yayımlanmamış Hâli, Leiden University, 2011.
  • Sur, Melda: Uluslararası Hukukun Esasları, Gözden Geçirilmiş 12. Baskı, Beta, 2018.
  • Tezcan, Durmuş/Erdem, Mustafa Ruhan/Sancakdar, Oğuz: Avrupa İnsan Hakları Sözleşmesi Işığında Türkiye’nin İnsan Hakları Sorunu, 2. Baskı, Seçkin, 2004.
  • The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, 3. Baskı, Houghton Mifflin Co., 1992.
  • Vanneste, Frédéric: General International Law before Human Rights Courts: Assessing the Specialty Claims of International Human Rights Law, Intersentia, 2010.
  • Wildhaber, Luzius/Hjartarson, Arnaldur/Donnelly, Stephen: “No Consensus on Consensus? The Practice of the European Court of Human Rights”, Human Rights Law Journal, 2013, Vol. 33, s. 248-263.
  • Ziemele, Ineta: “European Consensus and International Law”, in: Anne van Aaken/Iulia Motoc (eds.), The European Convention on Human Rights and General International Law, Oxford University Press, 2018, s. 23- 40.
There are 34 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law in Context
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ali Bal This is me 0000-0002-0543-0136

Publication Date June 21, 2019
Submission Date April 1, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 21 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Bal, Ali. “AVRUPA İNSAN HAKLARI MAHKEMESİNİN AVRUPA KONSENSÜSÜNE BAŞVURMASI”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi 21, no. 1 (June 2019): 27-82. https://doi.org/10.33717/deuhfd.569971.

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