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MODERN SOSYOLOJİDE İŞLEVSELCİLİK - EYLEMCİLİK TEORİLERİ İKİLİĞİNİ AŞMA ÇABALARI

Year 2015, , 243 - 270, 05.06.2015
https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.282035

Abstract

Toplumu oluşturan her unsurun özel bir işlevinin olduğunu ve bunların karşılıklı olarak birbirlerini etkilediğini kabul eden “işlevselcilik” ile insanın eylemde bulunan bir edimci olduğu görüşüyle bireye etkin bir rol yükleyen “eylemcilik teorileri” arasındaki ikilik, daha doğrusu “karşıtlık” çağdaş sosyolojide ciddi bir sorun olarak görülmektedir. Sosyolojik teorilerin, “işlevselcilik” ve “eylemselcilik” olarak iki temel paradigmaya ayrılması yapı-aktör, nesnelcilik-öznelcilik, yöntemsel bütüncülük-yöntemsel bireycilik karşıtlıklarını ortaya çıkarmaktadır. 
Modern sosyolojideki teorik yaklaşımlarda klasik sosyolojideki ikiliklerin aşılması yönündeki çalışmalar önem kazanmaktadır. Bu nedenle bu makalede Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002), Jürgen Habermas (1929-) ve Anthony Giddens (1938-)’in “işlevselcilik (functionalism) teorisi” ile “eylem (action)” teorisi arasındaki ikilemi aşmak üzere geliştirdikleri yeni yaklaşımları ve buna bağlı olarak James S. Coleman (1926-1995)’ın “akılcı seçim teorisi” (rational choice theory) analiz edilmektedir.
Ayrıca çağdaş sosyologların klasik sosyolojinin temel paradigmalarının modern toplumun karmaşık yapısının analizinde yetersiz kaldığını varsayarak, “mikro ve makro” düzeylerdeki toplumsal süreçlerin “aktör” ve “yapı” bireşimi içinde çağdaş kavram ve kuramlarla yeniden ele alınması gerektiği konusundaki düşünceleri incelenmeye çalışılmıştır.

References

  • Adams, Bert N. and R. A. Sydie, Contemporary Sociological Theory, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, 2002.
  • Andersen, Heine, “Individualisme og kollektivisme samfundsvidenskabelige traditioner”, Grus, Alborg 1991 bind 35, s. 7-29.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, Pratik Nedenler. çev. H. Tufan, Kesit Yayınları, İstanbul 2006.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre Toplumbilim Sorunları. (çev. Işık Ergüden), Kesit Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1997.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, Distinksjonen: En sosiologisk kritikk av drömmekraften, (Oversatt, Annick Prieur), Pax, Oslo 1995.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant, Loic J. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, Chambridge 1992.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, “The forms of Capital”, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. (Ed. J.G. Richardson), Westport 1986.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, 1984.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, “Structuralism and Theory of Sociological Knowledge”, Social Research: An International Quarterly, 1968, cilt, 35 sayı 4, s. 681:706.
  • Brante, Thomas og Andersen Heine, Leksikon i Sociologi, Akademisk Forlag Kopenhag 2007.
  • Broady, Donald, Sociologi og Epistemologi – om Pierre Bourdieus Författerskab och den historiska Epistemologin, HLS Förlag, Stokholm 1990.
  • Brubaker, Rogers, “Social Theory as Habitus”. Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives. (Ed. Calhoun Craig, Edward Li Puma and Moishe Postone), Polity Press, Cambridge 1993. s. 212-234.
  • Callewaert, Staf, Kultur, peadagogisk og videnskab. Om Pierre Bourdieus habitusbegreb og praktikteori, Akademisk Forlag, Kopenhag 1992.
  • Coleman, James S., Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1990.
  • Coleman, James S., “Microfoundation and Macrosocial Behaviour”, The Micro-Macro Link (Ed. J.C. Alexander), University of California Press, Berkeley 1987, s. 153-173.
  • Coleman, James S., “Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of Action”, American Journal of Sociology, The University of Chicago Press, 1986 vol. 91, nr.6. 1309-1335.
  • Danielsen, Arild og Marianne Nordli Hansen, “Magt i Pierre Bourdieus sosiologi”, i Om magt: Teori og kritikk, redieret av Fredrik Engelstad, Gyldendal, 1999 Oslo, 43-78.
  • Dawe, Alan, “The Two Sociologies”, British Journal of Sociology, , Free Press, London 1970, vol 21: 2, s. 207-218.
  • Demir, Ömer ve Acar, Mustafa, Sosyal Bilimler Sözlüğü, Vadi Yayınları, Ankara 1997.
  • Fibiger, Marianne Qvortrup og Smiht, Gina Gertrud, Gads Religionsleksikon, Gads Forlag, Kopenhag 1999.
  • Furseth, Inger og Repstad, Pal, Innföring i Religionssociologi, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2003.
  • Giddens, Anthony, Modernitets konsekvenser, (oversatt av Are Erikson), Pax Forlag, Oslo 1997.
  • Giddens, Anthony, Modernitet og Selvidentitet: Selvet og Samfundet under-senmondernitet, (Oversatt av Sören Schultz Jörgensen), Hans Reitzel, Kopenhag 1996.
  • Giddens, Anthony,. “A Reply to My Critics”, Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics, (Ed. D. Held and J.B. Thompson). University Press, Cambridge 1989, s 249-301.
  • Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985.
  • Giddens, Anthony, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, University of California, Berkeley 1984.
  • Giddens, Anthony, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, London, Macmillan 1981.
  • Giddens, Anthony, New Rules of Sociological Method: A Positive Critique of Interpretive Sociologies, Hutchinson, London 1976.
  • http://www.denstoredanske.dk/E.T. 01.02.2015.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, Religion and Rationality. Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity, (Ed. Eduardo Mendieta), Polity Press, Camgridge 2002.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, The Theory of Communicative Action, Lifeworld and Syste, A Critique of Functionalist Reason, Beacon Press, vol. II, Boston 1987.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, The Theory of Communicative Action, Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Beacon Press, vol. I, Boston 1984.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, Main, Frankfurt 1981.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, Communication and the Evulution of Society, (Transl. Thomas McCarthy and Heinemann), Education Books, London 1976.
  • Hansen, Peter Nörbaek og Qvist, Palle, Sumfundslex, Gyldendal, Aalborg 2009.
  • Jarvinen, Margaretha, “Pierre Bourdieu”, Klassisk og Moderne Samfundteori, Klassisk og Moderne Samfundsteori (Ed. Heinne Andersen og Lars Bo Kaspersen), Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 2011.
  • Espen, Jerlang. Et Tekstudvalg, Sociologiske taenkere, Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag, 2009.
  • Kaspersen, Lars Bo, “Anthony Giddens”, En Intruduktion til en samfundsteoritiker, Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 2001.
  • Kaspersen, Lars Bo ve Blok, Anders, “Teorisynteser og Nybrud i Moderne Sociologi, Sociologi”, En grundbog til fag, Hans Reitzel Forlag, Kopenhag 2011, s.69-91.
  • Kirman, Ali, Din Sosyolojisi Terimler Sözlüğü, 2. Baskı Rağbet Yayınları, İstanbul 2011.
  • Larsen, Steen Nepper og Pedersen, Inge Kryger, Sociologisk Leksikon, Hans Reitzels Forlag. Kopenhag 2011.
  • Marshall, Gordon, Sosyoloji Sözlüğü, çev. Osman Akınbay ve Derya Kömürcü, Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara 1999.
  • Österberg, Dag, Sociologiske nöglebegreber og deres oprindelse, (Oversat. af Manni Crone), Akademisk Forlag, Kopenhag 2005.
  • Parsons Talcott, The Structure of Social Action, The Free Press, New York: 1937.
  • Panofsky, Erwin, Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, New American Library, New York 1976.
  • Ritzer, George, Modern Sosyoloji Kuramları, (çev. Himmet Hülür), De Ki Yayım Ltd Şti, Ankara 2011.
  • Thomsen, F. Jens Peter, “Diskursanalyse”, Klassiske og Moderne Samfundsteori (Ed. Heine Andersen og Lars Bo Kaspersen), Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 2011.
  • Wallace, Ruth A. ve Wolf, Alison, Çağdaş Sosyoloji Kuramları, çev. Leyla Elburuz ve M. Rami Ayas, Punto Yayıncılık, İzmir 2004.
  • Wacquant J.D Loïc ve Bourdieu Pierre, Refleksiv sociologi, Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 1996.
  • Weber, Max. Wirtshaft und Gesellschaft, J.C. B. Mohr, Verlag Von, Tübingen1922.
  • Willis, Paul, Learning to Labour. How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs, Saxon House, Farnborough 1977.

THE EFFORTS OF OVERCOMING THE DICATHOMY BETWEN FUNCTIONALIST AND ACTION THEORIES IN MODERN SOCIOLOGY

Year 2015, , 243 - 270, 05.06.2015
https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.282035

Abstract

In contemporary sociology, the “dualism” or, in other words “a contrast”
is regarded a serious issue between “functionalism” which views that every
element forming the society has a specific function and each of them has a
mutual function on one another, and “action theory” which gives an active role
to individual. Sociological theories which are divided as “functionalism” and “action
theory” have brought about other dualities such as “structure” vs. “actor”, “subjectivism”
vs. “objectivism, “methodological holism” vs. “methodological individualism”.

In modern sociology, research on overcoming the dichotomy
of classical sociology in new theoretical
approaches
stand out in contemporary
sociology
. For this reason, in this article I will analyze Pierre
Bourdieu (1930-2002), Jürgen Habermas (1929-) and Anthony Giddens (1938-) with
their new approaches which aim to overcome the duality between functionalism and action theory and consequently James
S. Coleman’s “rational choice theory”.





Furthermore I will discuss the assumptions of
modern sociologists that the fundamental paradigms of the classical sociology
is not enough for analysing the complex structure of modern society and hence
the social process on “micro-macro” levels must be refocused on the modern
concepts and theories of actor vs. structure.

References

  • Adams, Bert N. and R. A. Sydie, Contemporary Sociological Theory, Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks, 2002.
  • Andersen, Heine, “Individualisme og kollektivisme samfundsvidenskabelige traditioner”, Grus, Alborg 1991 bind 35, s. 7-29.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, Pratik Nedenler. çev. H. Tufan, Kesit Yayınları, İstanbul 2006.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre Toplumbilim Sorunları. (çev. Işık Ergüden), Kesit Yayıncılık, İstanbul 1997.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, Distinksjonen: En sosiologisk kritikk av drömmekraften, (Oversatt, Annick Prieur), Pax, Oslo 1995.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre and Wacquant, Loic J. An Invitation to Reflexive Sociology, Chambridge 1992.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, “The forms of Capital”, Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of Education. (Ed. J.G. Richardson), Westport 1986.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, Distinction. A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Cambridge, 1984.
  • Bourdieu, Pierre, “Structuralism and Theory of Sociological Knowledge”, Social Research: An International Quarterly, 1968, cilt, 35 sayı 4, s. 681:706.
  • Brante, Thomas og Andersen Heine, Leksikon i Sociologi, Akademisk Forlag Kopenhag 2007.
  • Broady, Donald, Sociologi og Epistemologi – om Pierre Bourdieus Författerskab och den historiska Epistemologin, HLS Förlag, Stokholm 1990.
  • Brubaker, Rogers, “Social Theory as Habitus”. Bourdieu: Critical Perspectives. (Ed. Calhoun Craig, Edward Li Puma and Moishe Postone), Polity Press, Cambridge 1993. s. 212-234.
  • Callewaert, Staf, Kultur, peadagogisk og videnskab. Om Pierre Bourdieus habitusbegreb og praktikteori, Akademisk Forlag, Kopenhag 1992.
  • Coleman, James S., Foundations of Social Theory. Harvard University Press, Cambridge 1990.
  • Coleman, James S., “Microfoundation and Macrosocial Behaviour”, The Micro-Macro Link (Ed. J.C. Alexander), University of California Press, Berkeley 1987, s. 153-173.
  • Coleman, James S., “Social Theory, Social Research, and a Theory of Action”, American Journal of Sociology, The University of Chicago Press, 1986 vol. 91, nr.6. 1309-1335.
  • Danielsen, Arild og Marianne Nordli Hansen, “Magt i Pierre Bourdieus sosiologi”, i Om magt: Teori og kritikk, redieret av Fredrik Engelstad, Gyldendal, 1999 Oslo, 43-78.
  • Dawe, Alan, “The Two Sociologies”, British Journal of Sociology, , Free Press, London 1970, vol 21: 2, s. 207-218.
  • Demir, Ömer ve Acar, Mustafa, Sosyal Bilimler Sözlüğü, Vadi Yayınları, Ankara 1997.
  • Fibiger, Marianne Qvortrup og Smiht, Gina Gertrud, Gads Religionsleksikon, Gads Forlag, Kopenhag 1999.
  • Furseth, Inger og Repstad, Pal, Innföring i Religionssociologi, Universitetsforlaget, Oslo, 2003.
  • Giddens, Anthony, Modernitets konsekvenser, (oversatt av Are Erikson), Pax Forlag, Oslo 1997.
  • Giddens, Anthony, Modernitet og Selvidentitet: Selvet og Samfundet under-senmondernitet, (Oversatt av Sören Schultz Jörgensen), Hans Reitzel, Kopenhag 1996.
  • Giddens, Anthony,. “A Reply to My Critics”, Social Theory of Modern Societies: Anthony Giddens and His Critics, (Ed. D. Held and J.B. Thompson). University Press, Cambridge 1989, s 249-301.
  • Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1985.
  • Giddens, Anthony, The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, University of California, Berkeley 1984.
  • Giddens, Anthony, A Contemporary Critique of Historical Materialism, London, Macmillan 1981.
  • Giddens, Anthony, New Rules of Sociological Method: A Positive Critique of Interpretive Sociologies, Hutchinson, London 1976.
  • http://www.denstoredanske.dk/E.T. 01.02.2015.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, Religion and Rationality. Essays on Reason, God, and Modernity, (Ed. Eduardo Mendieta), Polity Press, Camgridge 2002.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, The Theory of Communicative Action, Lifeworld and Syste, A Critique of Functionalist Reason, Beacon Press, vol. II, Boston 1987.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, The Theory of Communicative Action, Reason and the Rationalization of Society, Beacon Press, vol. I, Boston 1984.
  • Habermas, Jürgen. Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns, Main, Frankfurt 1981.
  • Habermas, Jürgen, Communication and the Evulution of Society, (Transl. Thomas McCarthy and Heinemann), Education Books, London 1976.
  • Hansen, Peter Nörbaek og Qvist, Palle, Sumfundslex, Gyldendal, Aalborg 2009.
  • Jarvinen, Margaretha, “Pierre Bourdieu”, Klassisk og Moderne Samfundteori, Klassisk og Moderne Samfundsteori (Ed. Heinne Andersen og Lars Bo Kaspersen), Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 2011.
  • Espen, Jerlang. Et Tekstudvalg, Sociologiske taenkere, Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag, 2009.
  • Kaspersen, Lars Bo, “Anthony Giddens”, En Intruduktion til en samfundsteoritiker, Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 2001.
  • Kaspersen, Lars Bo ve Blok, Anders, “Teorisynteser og Nybrud i Moderne Sociologi, Sociologi”, En grundbog til fag, Hans Reitzel Forlag, Kopenhag 2011, s.69-91.
  • Kirman, Ali, Din Sosyolojisi Terimler Sözlüğü, 2. Baskı Rağbet Yayınları, İstanbul 2011.
  • Larsen, Steen Nepper og Pedersen, Inge Kryger, Sociologisk Leksikon, Hans Reitzels Forlag. Kopenhag 2011.
  • Marshall, Gordon, Sosyoloji Sözlüğü, çev. Osman Akınbay ve Derya Kömürcü, Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları, Ankara 1999.
  • Österberg, Dag, Sociologiske nöglebegreber og deres oprindelse, (Oversat. af Manni Crone), Akademisk Forlag, Kopenhag 2005.
  • Parsons Talcott, The Structure of Social Action, The Free Press, New York: 1937.
  • Panofsky, Erwin, Gothic Architecture and Scholasticism, New American Library, New York 1976.
  • Ritzer, George, Modern Sosyoloji Kuramları, (çev. Himmet Hülür), De Ki Yayım Ltd Şti, Ankara 2011.
  • Thomsen, F. Jens Peter, “Diskursanalyse”, Klassiske og Moderne Samfundsteori (Ed. Heine Andersen og Lars Bo Kaspersen), Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 2011.
  • Wallace, Ruth A. ve Wolf, Alison, Çağdaş Sosyoloji Kuramları, çev. Leyla Elburuz ve M. Rami Ayas, Punto Yayıncılık, İzmir 2004.
  • Wacquant J.D Loïc ve Bourdieu Pierre, Refleksiv sociologi, Hans Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhag 1996.
  • Weber, Max. Wirtshaft und Gesellschaft, J.C. B. Mohr, Verlag Von, Tübingen1922.
  • Willis, Paul, Learning to Labour. How Working Class Kids Get Working Class Jobs, Saxon House, Farnborough 1977.
There are 51 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Articles
Authors

İsa Kuyucuoğlu This is me

Publication Date June 5, 2015
Submission Date December 28, 2016
Published in Issue Year 2015

Cite

ISNAD Kuyucuoğlu, İsa. “MODERN SOSYOLOJİDE İŞLEVSELCİLİK - EYLEMCİLİK TEORİLERİ İKİLİĞİNİ AŞMA ÇABALARI”. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 41 (June 2015), 243-270. https://doi.org/10.21054/deuifd.282035.